I-hydrogen RDS-37: iimpawu, imbali

Elishumi yokuqala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II (WWII) wasincamela umthwalo onzima emagxeni abantu Soviet. Restoration yoshishino, ezolimo, utshintsho ukusuka kwimeko imfazwe emva yoluntu jikelele kwenzeka phantsi ngokwenyusa kancinane nengcinezelo iingalo ugqatso longquzulwano cwaka phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini elikhulu ixesha: eSoviet Union kunye United States.

Engineering ubungqondi mazwe mabini minyaka yonke ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza kwi intsimbi ngakumbi yoyikekayo ngakumbi nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi. Kulo uhlanga ebandayo eSoviet Union atyhoboza, angena kulo akhokelayo phakathi Second World War, akamvumela kwizikhundla zabo de ebizwa ngokuba "ingxaki enomjukujelwa Cuba". Yayilixesha ngqa kwilizwe lethu yabonisa ihlabathi isigaba-ezimbini mbawula hydrogen umthamo ngaphezu kwe-1 Mt, ezizezi RDS-37.

izixhobo ezintsha

survey Engineering ukuba hydrogen entsha zinamandla waqalisa eSoviet Union ngowe-1952 ngendlela top-iqalwa lilo iphinde ivalwe Bureau yoyilo KB-11. Nangona kunjalo, uphando enkulu kwizifundo theoretical kunye nokusebenza ngumzekelo yaqala kwiminyaka emibini kuphela kamva.

Kule efanayo 1954 ityala odityaniswe kwiingqondo inkulu ixesha:. Ya B. Zeldovich kunye A. D. Saharov. RDS-37 - H-ibhombu ye isizukulwana esitsha - luchaza igama elitsha ngokupheleleyo amabutho eSoviet Union. May 31, 1955 uMphathiswa Medium Machine Building kunye noSekela-sihlalo ngesigqibo USSR iBhunga labaPhathiswa Zavenyaginym A. P. yenziwa ukuba amkele kwizikim ecetywayo pilot CB-11 isixhobo esitsha.

RDS-37, yonke ezama izifinyezo leyo, ngokutsho kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuvakala ngathi: "Russia wenza ngokwalo" okanye "Rocket Injini Stalin kaThixo", kodwa enyanisweni ukuba "injini ye jet ekhethekileyo", wavuka isiqalo bakhe ebomini.

design

Savela RDS-3, ubugcisa omtsha iingcamango ezingundoqo theoretical component implosion, ebizwa ngokuba yi-dubulo ngaphakathi yokuwa omxhuzulane. Inxalenye izibalo belibolekiwe kuquka kwi RDS-6s, superbomb ngaxeshanye kuphuhliswa, kunjalo, uhlobo olunye-eqongeni, nto leyo iye ihlolwe ngempumelelo ngo-Agasti 1953 kwisiza elaliseLo- Semipalatinsk.

Kuba ngenxa RDS-37 yakhethwa njengoko siseko liqonga-ezimbini isigxina implosion hydrodynamic. Kanye ukubala kwakunzima indlela indlela yokulandelelana ngelo xesha. UbuNjineli computing namakhono bokuqala ngamahlanu ayinakuze ithelekiswe ngeteknoloji ezikhoyo computer. Ukulinganisa mode ucinezelo unit lesibini kufutshane imo spherically twatsa (implosion, ukusuka implosion IsiNgesi -. "Implosion") lwenziwa kwi "supercomputer 'ekhaya ngelo xesha - on the electronic computer" Strela ".

Iiyantlukwano RDS-37

Iimpawu izixhobo ezintsha kuyimfihlo ngokuthembeka ukususela ngabemi abaqhelekileyo. Nanamhlanje, amaxesha kunzima ukufumana izinto ethembekileyo parameters zayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umahluko ophambili yaba ukusetyenziswa ukuqhushumba yenyukliya neyuranium-238 Isotope entsha. Le ntlawulo eyayenziwe Lithium-6 deuterium, into oluzinzileyo kunene, precluding detonation kulogo.

, Kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-eneji ye-dubulo lokuqala amandla yesibini dubulo, ngokusekelwe hydrodynamic kwimigaqo implosion. Abakhi mkhanya waphawula cotton kabini ngecala elingaphesheya okubulala kunye isandi efana nditshaye umbane kakhulu kwaye elibukhali. Ukukhutshwa ukukhanya kwaba kukhulu ukuba kumgama ozikilometa ezintathu ukusuka nombindi dubulo ephakamayo nangoko waza wayitshisa iphepha.

komhlaba

Ukuze ukuvavanya RDS-37 ezitsha ukuqhushumba yenyukliya, amandla okulinganiselwa malunga 3 Mt, wakhethwa 2 State Central Uvavanyo Site (2 GTSIP) ivaliwe Kurchatov sixeko, km 130 kumntla-ntshona wesixeko Semipalatinsk (ummandla Kazakhstan namhlanje) . Kwezinye iimephu kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka, lo mzi ikwabizwa ngokuba "eMoscow-400", "Beach" (elandelayo okuphuma Irtysh River), "Semipalatinsk-21," "Kuphela" (in g / igama station), kwakunye "Moldary" (le lali yafakwa kwisixeko Kurchatov). ezibiza amandla ngexesha iimvavanyo kwagqitywa ukunciphisa ngesiqingatha, ukuba malunga 1.6 Mt

uqeqesho

Ukunciphisa ithuba yemisebe kwezibonelelo ngeenxa zonke, kwagqitywa ukuvula i-RDS-37 bengabaveleli ezinobude ka-1500 ubude ukusuka emhlabeni. Ukunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi le dubulo kwi yenethiwekhi moya uthathe amanyathelo ukwandisa kuluhlu kunye namanyathelo ukunciphisa ifuthe ubushushu phezu kwakhe. I TU-16 elikhethwe njenge moya yenethiwekhi. Ukusuka emazantsi fuselage wahlanjwa ivanishi, zonke iindawo ezinzima zipeyintwe umbala omhlophe, iintini indawo ngomlilo ngakumbi ukumelana. Samu sazo swi iparashute ukunciphisa imveliso ukuphakama ekujongwe dubulo.

ESoviet Union ukulungele ngenyameko ukuze ukuvavanya ibhombu entsha RDS-37. Iimvavanyo zabanjwa ivalekile lotnom isithuba, moya-Isithuthi unogada MIG-17, flight izixhobo ulawulo kunye kuqhutywa ngamanqaku umyalelo VS.

Ukuqokelela iisampulu moya evela imiphumo uqhushumbo bagcine intshukumo efini radioactive sele inikezelwe ngqo eziliqela IL-28. November 20, 1955, kusasa, iiyure 9 kunye nemizuzu engama-30, lo moya zokumiswa ezikhethekileyo ekhwele phezu ukuqhushumba Sanduluka i isikhululo seenqwelo-moya Jean-Families. Noko ke, izinto azizange zihambe njengoko bekucwangcisiwe.

imeko kaxakeka

Kuba ushwankathelo imozulu kuqikelelo lwemozulu kwi ngexesha lovavanyo umntu ophethe nesangoma oyintloko lizwe Ek Fedorov. usuku ukuba icace libalele. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo lo oyilwayo waba izicwangciso zalo. Ngexesha run-up idle imozulu wajika embi, kunye nesibhakabhaka amafu. Kwagqitywa ukuphumeza nkongomiso wa ufakelo radar ababekhwele kweso moya, kodwa ingasebenziyo. Ngokuba zonke izicelo iziko dispatcher uthumela umyalelo omnye kuphela: ". Linda"

Kwakukho imeko embi likaxakeka. Ngaba zange yenziwa ngesinyanzelo igqampe-moya kunye ukuqhushumba yenyukliya ababekhwele. Centre ucinga iinketho eziliqela, kuquka nokugxothwa RDS-37 ukusuka zokuhlala ezintabeni, kwi "ndingenzi bang", okt. E. Ngaphandle kwaqala warhead Inyukliya. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, bonke bephela ziye zabukulwa.

Xa amafutha lalisele phantse kwi zero, ukugaleleka moya kuvumelekile. Oku kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba buqu Zel'dovich kunye yiSakharov watyikitya izimvo ezibhaliweyo malunga nokhuseleko igqampe kunye hydrogen ebhodini.

kuqhuma

Emva kweentsuku ezimbini zovavanyo ziye yenziwa ngempumelelo. Nenqwelo-moya yenethiwekhi kwintaba ephakame 12 km lucwangciswe ngempumelelo ezi RDS-37, nto leyo ladubula kwintaba ephakame yeemitha 1550. Ukufudukela ngesantya of km 870 / h, TU-16, kwaba kumgama-15 km ukusuka kuqhuma, kodwa okubulala sekufike ngqo imizuzwana 224. Eli qela waziva nefuthe oshushu kwi kwimimandla ubuze namandla.

Emva kwemizuzu-7 emva kokuba dubulo RDS-37 ubukhulu "mushroom" zafikelela 30 km, kwaye ukuphakama kwayo kwaba km 14.