I-fungi yahlukile kwizityalo kunye nezinye izinto

Amakhowa - a eziphilileyo ekhethekileyo. iintlobo Amazing kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukwakha ngokuncedisana iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana nezityalo ibanika uluhlu olubanzi. Ezi akadliwa yahlukile kwezinye izinto eziphilayo yaye kutheni bema ngaphandle ummandla elizimeleyo zehlabathi ophilileyo? Ngapha koko, le miqondiso yangaphandle amakhowa eziphezulu zifana izityalo. Igwele kwalo fungi kweseli single-, ngeendlela ezininzi ezifana iintsholongwane. Ngoko ke yintoni fungi yahlukile kwizityalo nezilwanyana?

yokwahlukanisa Brief

Zonke izinto eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu, oosonzululwazi zahlulwe izikumkani ezintlanu:

• Kingdom Animal;
• i plant umbuso;
• fungus;
• umbuso bacterium;
• Ngamagciwane ubukumkani.

Makhowa ezahlukileyo kumalungu ezinye izikumkani yaye kutheni owabelwe? Izazinzulu bazi ngaphezulu kwe-100 lamawaka iintlobo zomngundo. Nabo ke, ukuba ihlelwa amasebe amathathu:

• le awafanele;
• oomycetes;
• ulele.

Ukufunda umba ngaphezu fungi yahlukile kwizityalo nezilwanyana, libandakanywe mycology yezenzululwazi.

Ngokungafaniyo izityalo fungi

Higher fungi mycelium ithatha indawo enkulu. Iindidi ezininzi ziphila ngokuncedisana kunye neengcambu zemithi wokusungula mycorrhiza. Inxalenye olungaphandle ngundo - umzimba fruiting - iphatha umsebenzi ukuzala. Yaye akadliwa yahlukile kwizityalo? Impendulo siyifumana kakhulu ngendlela apho fungi Khipha izondlo.

• Ngokungafaniyo izityalo amakhowa kuswela yiklorofili - babe nako ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo entweni ezingaphiliyo. Xa uhlobo kukutya, njengezinto eziphilileyo, zibe heterotrophs. Phakathi mushroom uye izinambuzane ezibangela izifo zezilwanyana nezityalo. izifo ezifana kuthiwa mycoses. Kukho saprophytes, recycle izinto ezifileyo organic - iintsalela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Okubaluleke ezithile ksilofity ohlaba iplanga eliphilileyo nabafileyo. Eziphila bazuze "inkosi", licatshulwa intsebenziswano inzuzo ngokwabo. Kukho nkqu amakhowa abazingeli abahlala umaleko womhlaba kunye feed umhlaba ziintshulube ezincinane.
• Nethe of nomngundo iyafana izilwanyana. Iiproteni, isityalo ngokungafaniyo - ngokupheleleyo, kwaye imveliso isiphelo ukuthotywa yi urea. Phezu yokubola kweziyi ngundo abafileyo lwanamathela alkaloid izilwanyana - poison cadaveric. Amakhowa amandla eveliswe kukwahlukana glucose kunye nezityalo - carbon dioxide. Nethe i lecithin langoku, glycogen, ingeyo zizityalo.
• amakhowa Ityhefu kwisakhiwo imichiza efana ityhefu izilwanyana (iinyoka), kodwa hayi izityalo.
• Udonga Iseli in nomngundo sicacisiwe yaye ubunjwe iiprothini kunye ngechitin, abafane njengoko izityalo - kwincindi.

Ukuze amakhowa ebonakala ngathi izityalo. umehluko ifungi nezilwanyana asezantsi kakhulu.

Makhowa abahluke kwizilwanyana

Nakuba kunjalo, kukho umngundo olusenza kuzo izityalo.

• Iintsholongwane ayiyo ukufunxa izondlo lonke kumphezulu - kungekho inkqubo yokwetyisa.
• Kanye izityalo, fungi kufuneka udonga iseli ngqongqo - iiseli zezilwanyana ukuba iqokobhe eziliqela ezahlukeneyo.
• Iseli mitosis kwaye ukuyilwa iiseli ezintsha nomngundo iyafana naleyo ulwelwe brown.
• Awafanele azikwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela.

Omnye ngaphezu fungi bohlukile kwizilwanyana nezityalo - eziseleni ukuze umphakathi ezimbini, kunye nemfundo ezizodwa - thalli - aqulathe ezininzi umphakathi. Ingesosityalo okanye oku anayenza izilwanyana - iseli usoloko uqulathe engundoqo enye.

Umngundo kunye neentsholongwane

I-fungi yahlukile yibhaktheriya? Kwindawo yokuqala, phakathi iintsholongwane bobabini autotrophs kunye heterotrophs. Okunye iiyantlukwano:

• Iiseli babe eziba iintsholongwane.
• Iintsholongwane - kuphela eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli.
• Bacterium obungabonakaliyo ubukhulu, kwaye inkoliso nomngundo kunokubonwa naked ngeliso.
• Ezinye iintlobo iintsholongwane bayakwazi ukuba ngokuzimeleyo encediswa misila.

Enye into ebalulekileyo eyenza fungi yibhaktheriya - nophuhliso nendawo yokuhlala. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba sokubumba (leyo engekho ngaphezu mycelium le ngundo) ibonakaliswe zizazinzulu enye yeenkokheli eziphilayo elide ukuze bambambe kummandla iintsholongwane eseleyo yokuhlala. Amaqondo obushushu kunye neminye imiqondiso amagciwane okusingqongileyo eliphezulu lee koko zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.

Yintoni umahluko ukusuka fungi ulele

Division Ulele - unit nomenclatural zobukumkani zomngundo. Ngokungafaniyo fungi of ulele na ukuba owokugqibela ngaphezu kokuba ngokuncedisana of ulwelwe nokungunda. Mycelium imisonto ihlangene zenza umzimba ulele naphakathi zixhobo baphile blue-eluhlaza okanye eluhlaza ulwelwe - elilodwa. Ulele uhlala apho kukho ukukhanya. mycelium nokungunda afunxa amanzi nezimbiwa iziqalelo kokusingqongileyo, kwakunye nezityalo zazifunyanwa esesibhakabhakeni carbon dioxide kunye ezi zinto ukuba kuhlelwe evela zomgquba. Ngenxa yoko, uhlobo lokutya - avtogeterotrofny, ulele enika iingenelo ezithile zombini makhowa eyiyo kunye nezityalo phambi.

Izazinzulu sekunjalo afikelele kwisivumelwano uyintoni na olusekwe ngundo kwakunye nezityalo. Ngokutsho kwenye inkolelo, Kuyinto zokuxhamla intsebenziswano. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, ulele - ngundo ekumfimfitheni on lisiza. Ngenxa yokuba lisiza sandisa ngokukhawuleza, lungenzeki intshabalalo yawo epheleleyo. Kwaye ngobuwena wesithathu, impefumlelwano mkhuhlane kunye lisiza zimelwe njengoko parasitism macala ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo umthetho ayiphikisani.

Yokuvelela amakhowa

Iintsholongwane ayiyo zahlukahlukene kakhulu kubume kunye nezityalo. Bazise umntu zombini inzuzo kunye nomonakalo. Eyona njongo yale fungi kwi ukuhamba kwezinto - nokurisayikilisha izinto ezifileyo organic, ingakumbi ziinkuni, kwaye ukuyilwa lomhlaba. Iintsholongwane ayiyo ukuvelisa inani elikhulu kwezinto eziphilayo esebenzayo kwaye kuxhomekeke uphuhliso nelobugcisa eziphilayo kunye nebiotechnology.

fungi Veliswa kwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Le yenye ngaphezu fungi yahlukile kwizityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, adla kusetyenziswa 1-2 indlela lokuzala. Xa fungi abantwana kuphela:

• Kwezityalo - yinxalenye mycelium, amagqabi okanye imfundo professional.
• Maqanda - by imbewu (conidia okanye ama).
• Obuni - by ukuhlanganisa ulwazi mycelia zaseprayimari ezimbini.

Le ndlela isekelwe ukuphinda-Ukuhlelwa fungi ngaphakathi ubukumkani.

Iintlobo amakhowa

Iintlobo neendlela ukuzala nokondla inkqubo - oku koko fungi yahlukile kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Edume kakhulu phakathi fungi baqhawula shlyapochnye amakhowa, ngokuba fruiting abantu babo umzimba sebenzisa ukutya. Iiprothini kokubaluleka ifaniswa inyama yezilwanyana. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu 8,000 ezikhula emhlabeni wonke. Eyona nto yayixabiseke mushroom emhlophe, puffball amakhowa kunye, ngaphezu kwabo bonke kunye zinezinto eziphilisayo.

Amakhowa zilwanyana ezidala umonakalo omkhulu kwimisebenzi yezolimo. fungi Smut ludala izifo ipapa irusi khangela ngathi akhanya, kunye Polypore tywa phezu zemithi. Kwanala single-ezineseli ngundo Mucor umonakalo ukutya, ekusekeni ukutyabeka emhlophe phezu kwawo. Uhlobo lo ngundo edlala indima entle, kodwa ntonje ingunobangela ukonakala isonka, imifuno kunye neziqhamo. Iintsholongwane ayiyo ye sodidi Aspergillus kunye penicillum ayifungi ephezulu, kodwa amanyathelo ukutya yatshabalalisa Mucor. Ukongeza ekwandeni zeendawana, lo mycelium kwizicatshulwa mycotoxins ezinokubangela ityhefu abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Le impahla abantu basebenzisa kunye neenjongo ezintle: ezinye iintlobo fungi ukuvelisa iziyobisi - antibiotics ngazo ukunyanga izifo bacteria. fungi Lower ludala izifo ezininzi iziqhamo kunye nemifuno: ". umhlaza olungagqibekanga" imbabala kade, "blackleg",

Amagwele nabo obude. Ezi ezincinane eziphilayo multicellular bayanda okweqanda kwimeko osisityebi iswekile. Ngenxa uncedo, umntu luvelisa newayini, ibhiya kunye nezinye ezinxilisayo iziselo, elithozamisayo zezonka, bona ukondla izilwanyana. Igwele parasitism izityalo kukhokelela nesifo ekuthiwa "angumgubo nesihumba", yaye abantu kunye nezilwanyana babangela thrush.

Amakhowa imiqondiso rodnyaschie nabo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Xa imbonakalo ayefana ngakumbi izityalo, kunye utshintshiselwano kwezinto kunye nohlobo lokutya - kwizilwanyana. Ezininzi kwiseli fungi afana eneentsholongwane, kodwa kukho ebonakalayo umahluko, ubukhulu becala yinkqubo yokuzalana. Ngoko ke oosonzululwazi ngokufanelekileyo ukwahlula ezi zidalwa emangalisayo ubukumkani eyahlukileyo - ubukumkani zomngundo.