Hydrocarbon Halogenated: yokufumana, iimpawu imichiza, ukusetyenziswa

Hydrocarbon - kwiklasi enkulu kakhulu iikhompawundi ezinxulumene organic. Ziquka amaqela ezininzi ezinkulu kwezinto, phakathi apho phantse wonke umntu ufumana isicelo ngokubanzi kushishino, ubomi, indalo. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa ke hydrocarbon halogenated, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Bathi nje ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu zorhwebo, kodwa into ebalulekileyo ekrwada Imathiriyeli syntheses ezininzi lwekhemikhali, yokulungiselela imithi kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ebalulekileyo. Sinikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ubume babo eziphilayo, iimpawu, kunye nezinye iimpawu.

hydrocarbon Halogenated: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngokwembono chemistry, kule uhlobo iikhompawundi zibandakanya zonke ezo hydrocarbon apho enye okanye ngaphezulu athom hydrogen na indawo enye okanye enye halogen. Olu didi ebanzi kakhulu kwezinto, ekubeni kubaluleke kakhulu mveliso. Kwisithuba olude elifutshane abantu baye bafunda ukuba nokulungelelanisa phantse zonke hydrocarbon halogenated, ukusetyenziswa apho kuyimfuneko amayeza, kushishino lwekhemikhali, ishishini ukutya kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Indlela ezisisiseko ukulungiselela ezi zihlanganisi - indlela eyenziweyo kwi elebhu kunye noshishino ngokunjalo kwindalo phantse lungenzeki namnye kubo. Ngenxa halogen ukuba izidubuli kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa igqiba isicelo yabo kwemichiza kudibaniso njengento imveliso eliphakathi.

Njengoko abameli hydrocarbon halogenated kuninzi, ukuba mabazihlele ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo. Isiseko kugaywe isakhiwo kunye ubuninzi kokufakelwa zeesekethe, kwaye umahluko atom halogen kunye nendawo kwindawo yazo.

hydrocarbon Halogenated: yokuhlela

A ngobuwena yokuqala okuhlamba isekelwe kwimigaqo iyinto eyamkelekileyo ukuba isebenza kubo bonke oganikhi khompawundi. Ulwahlulo isekelwe umahluko udidi Ikhonkco carbon, cyclicality yayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ayikhuphi:

• umda hydrocarbon halogenated;
• unsaturated;
• elimnandi;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

ukwahlukana olandelayo isekelwe kwi-atom halogen nokuqulethileyo nobuninzi molecule. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• kakutsha;
• tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye njalo-njalo.

Xa sithetha halogen, ngoko ke igama sub-iqela iquka amagama amabini. Umzekelo, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken njalo njalo.

Kwakhona, kukho omnye abe ngumfuziselo yokuhlelwa, ezo ezahlulwe hydrocarbon befumile kukhethwa halogenated. Eli linani carbon atom kuyo halogen iqhotyoshelwe apha. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• yezabelo eziziiprayimari;
• zamabanga;
• emfundo ephakamileyo, njalo-njalo.

ummeli ngasinye kufuneka ubalwe njengako konke ukwalatha kunye ukucacisa indawo ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo ye-oganikhi khompawundi. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ezimbaxa kunye nokwakhiwa CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ ukuba zihlelwe. Lo mda aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

isakhiwo molecule

Ukubakho athom halogen ayikwazi kodwa kuchaphazela zombini iipropati ngokwasemzimbeni imichiza, kunye nesakhiwo jikelele kwemolekyuli. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele le udidi zithako ifom R-Hal, apho R - ezizizembiwa olukhulu simahla nasiphi na isakhiwo, yaye Hal - i-atom halogen, enye okanye ngaphezulu. Unxibelelwano phakathi carbon kunye halogen namaza ngamandla, apho molecule lilonke lidla yeziphumo ezimbini:

• inductance ezimbi;
• mesomeric HIV.

Apha, owokuqala apho inamandla kakhulu, ngoko atom Hal usoloko ebonisa iimpawu substituent electron-wokususa.

Kuzo zonke ezinye iimpawu noshowo ezo molekyuli akukho zahlukile kwezo hydrocarbon eziqhelekileyo. Iimpawu echaza isakhiwo kunye eyayizalwa yayo umxokelelwane, inani athom carbon, iimpawu amandla enuka kamnandi.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka nokuhlelwa of hydrocarbon halogenated. ukuba kuthiwe udibaniso data? Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka balandele imithetho embalwa.

1. chain ukubala iqala ngohlangothi kuyo kufutshane i-atom halogen. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na iqhina ezininzi, Countdown iqala kunye naye, kungekhona substituents electron-wokususa.
2. Igama Hal kubonisiwe isimaphambili, kufuneka ibonise inani athom carbon ukusuka apho Isuka.
3. Inyathelo lokugqibela unikwa igama athom chain eziphambili (okanye isangqa).

Umzekelo amagama afana: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Igama makanikwe kunye nokuhlelwa enengqondo. Kulo mzekelo, olukhulu ukulibiza igama, uze - kunye isimamva halogen -id. Umzekelo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br - propyl bromide.

Njengezinye iindidi ze-oganikhi khompawundi, hydrocarbon halogenated zoba ngokwesakhiwo esithile. Oku kuvumela amalungu amaninzi ityumbe amagama zembali. Umzekelo, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Ukufumaneka halogens ezintathu molecule inika iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kweziyobisi. Oku kusetyenziswa amayeza, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa amagama zembali.

iindlela zokwenziwa

Iindlela ekulungiseleleni hydrocarbon halogenated kakhulu zahlukene. Kukho iindlela ezintlanu ezisisiseko Yindibanisela ezi zihlanganisi elebhu kunye noshishino.

1. Halogenation lobume eqhelekileyo hydrocarbon eziqhelekileyo. scheme reaction Jikelele: H. + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Iimpawu zenkqubo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: chlorine kunye bromine qiniseka imitha yelanga, basabela nge-ayodini cishe kungenakwenzeka okanye olucothayo kakhulu. Ekubeni fluorine intsebenziswano iyasebenza kakhulu, ngoko ke sebenzisa halogen esebenzayo kwifomu yayo enyulu akakwazi. Ngaphezu koko, xa lo halogenation avela enuka kufuneka usebenzise ehlanganisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo - i-Lewis acid. Umzekelo, chloride zentsimbi okanye aluminium.
2. Ukulungiswa hydrocarbon halogenated nazo kwenziwa gidrogalogenirovaniya. Noko ke, le ezimbaxa lokuqala kufuneka ibe hydrocarbon unsaturated. Umzekelo: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. Kwiimeko ezininzi Ukongeza efanayo electrophilic isetyenziselwa ukuze ufumane chloroethene okanye IVinyl chloride, ekubeni le ezimbaxa kuyinto ebaluleke ekrwada Imathiriyeli syntheses industrial.
3. Iziphumo alkoholi gidrogalogenov. Ifom ngokubanzi yokusabela: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. In umba phambi imbopheleleko yenu kuvala. Imizekelo inkqubo accelerators enokuthi isetyenziswe: kloride phosphorus, isalfure, izinc okanye intsimbi, sulphuric acid, isisombululo zinc chloride in zehydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation of neetyuwa acid kwi arhente oxidizing. Elinye igama le ndlela - indlela Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Umongo sikuko cleavage ye molecule carbon dioxide avela zesilivere ye asidi carboxylic xa usethubeni lokuba arhente oxidizing - halogen. Ngenxa yoko, hydrocarbon halogenated kwakheka. Ukusabela ngokubanzi zezi zilandelayo: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. Synthesis galoformov. Ngamanye amazwi, a methane reception trigalogenproizvodnyh. Indlela elula ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze - sesichengeni acetone ialakalin halogens isisombululo. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iimolekyuli ukubunjwa galoformnyh. Kuhlelwe ngendlela efanayo kushishino halogenated hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe ukuze kuyondelelaniswe abameli ezihluthiyo kule klasi. Indlela esisiseko - ifuthe neetyuwa alkynes imetyhuri nobhedu ebusweni halogens, nto leyo ebangela imveliso ngokuzikhanyeza ephindiweyo kwikhonkco.

hydrocarbon Halogenated enuka ezifunyenwe halogenation reactions arenes okanye ikhonkco kwicala alkylarene. Ezi mveliso mveliso ezibalulekileyo, ekubeni zisetyenziswa izinambuzane kwezolimo.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze hydrocarbon halogenated ixhomekeke ngqo kwi isakhiwo molecule. Ikwiqondo lobushushu abilayo kunye nemeko yokunyibilika ka udibaniso kuchaphazela inani athom carbon ezikwi kunye namasebe kangangoko kwinxalenye ecaleni. Okukhona, amanani liphezulu. Ngokubanzi siya ziimpawu physical parameters kwiindawo eziliqela.

1. Inkangeleko: abameli kuqala ephantsi - iigesi, emva C ₁₂ - ulwelo ngentla - umzimba esiqinileyo.
2. Yiba ivumba ethile ezingemnandi ezibukhali, phantse bonke abameli.
3. Sixazalala enyibilikayo emanzini, kodwa wena - izinyibilikisi ezigqwesileyo. Le organic iqhawulwa kakuhle kakhulu.
4. Okubila nawokunyibilika ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nokwandisa inani athom kwekhabhoni kwikhonkco engundoqo.
5. Zonke unxulumano, ngaphandle avela fluorine, inzima ngaphezu kwamanzi.
6. Amasebe ngakumbi kwikhonkco engundoqo, inowuthi lokubila kweziyobisi.

Kunzima ukuchonga iimpawu ezininzi ezifanayo ezifanayo, ngenxa yokuba nabameli ziyahluka kakhulu kumafa kunye nesakhiwo. Ngoko ke, i amaxabiso japan elingcono ezimbaxa ngamnye ethile le ngcelele hydrocarbon.

iipropati chemical

Enye i parameters ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka athathe ingqalelo imichiza shishino kunye kuyondelelaniswe reactions zimpahla lwemichiza hydrocarbon halogenated. They are fana ukuba onke amalungu, njengoko kukho izizathu umahluko.

1. Ubume kwikhonkco carbon. Indlela elula endaweni reaction (uhlobo nucleophilic) zivela halides alkyl lesibini nelesithathu.
2. uhlobo Halogen nayo ibalulekile. Unxibelelwano phakathi carbon kunye Hal ke namaza ngamandla, kwaye kunikeza elula komsipha ukukhulula radicals simahla. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela elula ukunxibelelana lento eqwengiweyo phakathi iodine carbon ngenxa utshintsho zendalo (unciphiso) e ndibopha amandla kuthotho: F-Cl-Br-I.
3. Ubukho kwiqhina enuka ezinkulu okanye ezininzi.
4. Ubume kunye eyayizalwa ngayo ngokugqibeleleyo.

Ngokubanzi, kungcono alkyl halides basabela endaweni kanye nucleophilic. Emva ingaphezulu le carbon emva komsipha ngenxa halogen bagxila kwentlawulo ngokungaphelelanga HIV. Oku kuvumela i ngokugqibeleleyo xa bebonke babe acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh amasuntswana. Umzekelo:

• OH ^-;
• SO ₄ ^2;
• NO ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- kunye nabanye.

Oku kucacisa into yokuba ukusuka ezizizembiwa halogenated angaya phantse naluphi na udidi lwe-oganikhi khompawundi kufuneka nje ukuba ukhethe reagent efanelekileyo nto leyo iza kubonelela ukusebenza oyifunayo.

Ngokubanzi kunokuthiwa ukuba iimpawu yemichiza ye-hydrocarbon halogenated abhalwe liyakwazi ukudibana zilandelayo.

1. Kunye amasuntswana nucleophilic zohlobo eyahlukileyo - basabela endaweni. Isiphumo abe: alkoholi, glycol, esters, iikhompawundi nitro, amine, nitriles, asidi carboxylic.
2. Wokukhutshwa eluhlwini reaction okanye dehydrohalogenation. Ngenxa isisombululo ezinxilisayo of kwealkali halide molecule gqiphu off. alkene Ngoko ke bakha, ubunzima molekyuli esezantsi-iimveliso - amanzi amtyuba. Umzekelo bayavuma: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br + NaOH _(utywala) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Ezi nkqubo - enye yeendlela eziphambili ezibangela Yindibanisela alkenes ebalulekileyo. Le nkqubo njalo luhambisana amaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
3. Ukulungiselela alkanes isakhiwo okuqhelekileyo Wurtz indlela yokuqaphela. Kakuhle eli basabela iqulathe ekubhentsiseni ezizizembiwa halo-endaweni (iimolekyuli ezimbini) sodium metal. Indlela kakhulu electropositive ion, isodiyam wamkela athom halogen ukusuka ezimbaxa. Ngenxa yoko, le radicals ezizizembiwa sakhulula zivaliwe phakathi ngokuzikhanyeza, alkane ukwakha isakhiwo esitsha. Umzekelo: CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. Yolungelelwaniso homologues of hydrocarbon enuka ngu Friedel-wezandla basabela. Kakuhle eli inkqubo - of ngokubeka benzene haloalkyl phambi aluminium chloride. Ngenxa abasabela ukufaka toluene kunye nokusekwa hydrogen chloride. Kulo mzekelo ubukho ngumnxibelelanisi kuyimfuneko. Ngaphandle benzene ngale ndlela nga oxidized kunye homologs yayo.
5. ulwelo Ukulungiselela Grenyara. Le reagent yi ezizizembiwa halo-endaweni kunye kwaku- wemagniziyam kwi ekwakhiweni. Ekuqaleni wazithwala phandle ifuthe wemagniziyam metal emoyeni kwi haloalkyl esukela. Isiphumo yikhompawundi oluntsonkothileyo kwifomula jikelele RMgHal, ekubhekiselwe Grenyara reagent.
6. ukuncitshiswa ukuya alkane (alkene, arene). Owenziwe phantsi yesenzo hydrogen. Ngenxa yoko, ezizizembiwa kunye-mveliso - hydrogen halide. Umzekelo ifomu jikelele: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Nguwo lo intsebenziswano ezingundoqo, nto leyo ngokulula ukungena hydrocarbon halogenated yesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, kukho kwakhona kukho reactions ezithile, apho kufanele kuqwalaselwe ukuba ummeli ngamnye.

molekyuli isomer

hydrocarbon halogenated Isomerism - kwizimanga zendalo ngokupheleleyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba athom carbon ngakumbi umxokelelwane, kungona inani iifom isomeric. Ukongeza, abameli ezihluthiyo kufuneka izitropu ezininzi, nto leyo iba unobangela isomers.

iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili yale meko kolu udidi iikhompawundi zinako ukuqatshelwa.

1. Isomerism ezinkulu yaye amathambo carbon chain engundoqo. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa indawo iqhina ezininzi, ukuba babekho kule molecule. Njengokuba hydrocarbon ezilula, ukusuka ifomula ummeli wesithathu Unokurekhoda iikhompawundi ukuba twatse ezinto eziphilayo kodwa ezahlukeneyo ibinzana noshowo formular. Ngaphezu koko, inani iintlobo isomeric ngokomyalelo sezingeni eliphezulu ngaphezu alkanes ahambelanayo (alkenes, alkynes, arenes njalo njalo) ukuya hydrocarbon halogen.
2. Indawo halogen kwi molecule. inombolo yayo isihlalo kubonisiwe kule isihloko, nokuba utshintsho omnye kuphela, iimpawu zezi isomers ziya kwahluka kakhulu.

isomerism Spatial apha na ezi nincokola thina, njengoko athom halogen ukwenza oku akunakwenzeka. Njengazo zonke ezinye iorganic haloalkyls isomers kwahluka kuphela kwisakhiwo kodwa iimpawu zomzimba kunye imichiza.

Ahlobene of hydrocarbon unsaturated

Ewe, kukho ezininzi zonxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, sinomdla kwiimveliso ze-halogen ze-hydrocarbons ezingasetshenziswanga. Bangakwazi ukwahlula zibe ngamaqela amathathu.

1. I-Vinyl - xa i-athomu yeH Hal ichanekile ngqo kwi-athomu ye-carboni ye-bond bond. Umzekelo we-molecule: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Ngaphandle kwendawo. I-athomu ye-halogen kunye ne-bond edibeneyo ikhona kwiindawo ezichaseneyo ze-molecule. Umzekelo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. Iimveliso ezi-Allylic - i-athomu ye-halogen inokubambisana kabini kwi-athomu ye-khabhoni, oko kukuthi, kwisithuba se-alpha. Umzekelo: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

Okubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo yinkomfa efana ne-vinyl chloride CH ₂ = CHCL. Iyakwazi ukuphendula i-polymerization kunye nokwakhiwa kwemveliso ebalulekileyo, njengempahla yokuqhawula, iimpahla zokungena ngamanzi kunye nezinto ezinjalo.

Omnye ummeleli we-halogen engadluliyo yi-chloroprene. I-formula yayo yi-CH₂ = CCL-CH = CH . Le ngqungquthela yimbali yokuqala yokwabelana kweendidi ezibalulekileyo zeerubha, ezahlukileyo ekuchaseni komlilo, ubomi obunini bentsebenzo, ukuguguleka kwezinto ezikhoyo.

I-Tetrafluoroethylene (okanye i-Teflon) yipolisi eneempawu zezobuchwepheshe. Isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zezinto zobugcisa, izitya, izixhobo zokusebenza. Ifom iCF ₂ = CF ₂ .

Ama-hydrocarboni aromatic kunye neemveliso zabo

Aromatic yilezo zixhobo, ezibandakanya indandatho ye-benzene. Phakathi kwazo kukho iqela elipheleleyo leemveliso ze-halogen. Siyakwazi ukwahlula iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zazo kwisakhiwo.

1. Ukuba i-athomu yeHhafu ixhunyaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-nucleus, oko kukuthi, isangqa elimnandi, ngoko i-compounds ibizwa ngokuba yi-haloarenes.
2. I-athomu ye-halogen ayibopheli kwindandatho, kodwa kwichungechunge lucala lwee-athomu, oko kukuthi, i-radical eqhubekayo kwi-branchal lateral. Ezi zixhobo zibizwa ngokuba yi-arylalkyl halides.

Phakathi kwezi zinto ezicatshangelwayo ngabameli abaningana kubaluleke kakhulu.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C6Cl6. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, sele isetyenziswe njenge-fungicide eqinile, kunye ne-insecticide. Inemiphumo emihle yokubulala i-disinfecting effect, ngoko yayisetyenziswa ukugqoka imbewu ngaphambi kokuhlwayela. Unomsila ongekho, i-liquid is caustic, icacile, ingabangela i-lachrymation.
2. I-Benzyl bromide C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ Br. Isetyenziswe njengento ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni i-organometallic compounds.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. Isilwanyana esingenabalabala kunye nephunga elithile. Isetyenziswe ekwenzeni idayi, iicatticides. Ngenye yezona zinto zincinci ze-organic solvents.

Se benzisa kwi shishini

Ama-hydrocarboni angama-halogen asetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-industry kunye ne-chemical synthesis synthesis. Sithe sathetha malunga nabameli abangabonakaliyo nabamnandi. Ngoku masakhele ngokubanzi indawo zokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke izicwangciso zolu chungechunge.

1. Ukwakhiwa.
2. Njengemihla.
3. Ekuveliseni iimpahla, iirubha, i-rubbers, idayi, iipolymeric materials.
4. Ukuqulunqwa kweemveliso ezininzi ze-organic.
5. Iziphumo ze-fluoride (ii-freons) zizifriji kwizityalo ezifrijini.
6. Isetyenziswe njenge-pesticides, inambuzane, i-fungicides, i-oli, i-oily, i-resins, i-lubricants.
7. Yiya ekuveliseni izixhobo zokufakela izinto, njl njl