Herzen, "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts": isishwankathelo izahluko. "Elidlulileyo yam Thoughts": Characters

Alexander Ivanovich ethi "elidlulileyo Thoughts", isishwankathelo esinokucinga, yapapashwa ngowe-1868. Kuthathela unesi ngumbhali amabali malunga nendlela Herzen usapho ukuhambahamba ngeenxa Moscow, awayephantsi isisiFrentshi 1812. Alexander ngokwakhe wayeseyinkwenkwe encinane. Igcina Uphuhliso imveliso 1865-1868 kaThixo, okuvelayo Herzen kuhambo ukuya eYurophu.

Enyanisweni, iinkumbulo ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo ilizwi, "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". imveliso isishwankathelo asisiniki ingcamango epheleleyo lobume mbaliso, qaphela oko lakuqala kuphela izabelo ezintlanu zokuqala (abangama-8) sifumana ingxelo iziganeko ezilandelelanayo. Okulandelayo, emva kokuya kumbhali eLondon ngo 1852, kulandele manqaku journalistic, izincoko, kunjalo, ezicwangciswe ngokulandelelanayo. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ezinye izihloko imisebenzi kupapashwa kuqala izinto ezahlukeneyo ( "Robert Thami", "arabesque Western"). Herzen wafanisa indalo yakhe ngonaphakade ukugqiba ukwakha indlu kunye iseti kwamaphiko, add-ons nezandiso.

Ingxenye yokuqala

"Abantwana kunye neYunivesithi" - ekuthiwa inxalenye yokuqala yomsebenzi "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Ushwankathe- okulandelayo yayo. Ichaza ixesha ukususela 1812 ukuya 1834. Kwinxalenye yokuqala umsebenzi ochazwe kubomi Herzen eziphambili endlwini kayise. Yaba hypochondriac smart. Kubonakala ukuba abe ngunyana (njengoko, eneneni, malume, uyise ikholwane lobutsha), imveliso wendlela ngenkulungwane ye-18.

A nempembelelo enkulu kwingcinga lomntwana waba iziganeko ngoDisemba 14, 1825. Herzen ngo-1827 idibene N. Ogarev, isihlobo sakhe ezikude. Oku imbongi elizayo, naye Herzen iza kuqhubeka eLondon ukuba akhokele indlu yoshicilelo Russian. Omabini la makhwenkwe ulikhoboka Schiller. On ubuhlobo babo, athathwa njengokuba yeemanyano baka ezimbini yezopolitiko. Xa kwi unondlwane Hills, ukuba afunge ukuba ukuncama ubomi babo ukuze inkululeko.

Herzen iyaqhubeka ukushumayela emibonweni kwi kwezopolitiko waza wakhulela, apho waba ngumfundi eMoscow State University (Physics and Mathematics Department).

Qaphela ukuba iziganeko emva kokufa Alexander I, utsho umbhali ukuba imisebenzi "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Summary (Indima 1, Isahluko 3) awukwazi ukucacisa oku. Noko ke, siphawula ukuba, njengokuba umbhali ubhala, intshutshiso yezopolitiko ebudeni bolawulo Alexander ezinqabileyo. Noko ke, ezihlangwini zakhe Nicholas wothiyiweyo pedantry encinane, inkohlakalo ebandayo, ukuziphindezela. aqala khomiwile. Abafazi kwabo elubhacweni nzima, ndayihluthwa amalungelo oluntu. Kwakufuneka ukuphosa lonke ubutyebi ezifunyenwe waza wathumela Mpuma eSiberia phantsi apho esweni yamapolisa. Konke oku uphawula Herzen emsebenzini wakhe "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Summary (part-1, intloko-3 sele nje sele zimelwe) inabela iziganeko isabelo yesibini.

Isigaba sesibini

Libizwa ngokuba "ejele Exile", oko ichaza kwiminyaka ukususela ngo-1834 ukuya 1838-th-th. Ogarev (ifoto yakhe eboniswe ngezantsi), Herzen kunye namanye amalungu kwisangqa eyunivesithi otyholwa banithukayo lobungangamsha bakhe. On ngezityholo zobuxoki babanjwa kwaye elubhacweni.

Ubomi entolongweni ikuchaza ngokweenkcukacha umbhali yomsebenzi "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Summary (head 3 le nxalenye lunika ubomi entolongweni) inabela ukuba ukhonza Vyatka Hertzen, kwi-ofisi webhodi wendawo wephondo. Statistical siyahlukana amsebenzelayo. Izahluko imisebenzi waqokelela ezininzi kwiimeko lusizi kwaye anecdotal zolawulo phondo. Kwicandelo efanayo, a AL Vitberg. Herzen wadibana naye ekuthinjweni. Herzen ngo-1838 idluliselwe Vladimir. Kulo mzi, kukho yimveliso ngakumbi iziganeko azinikele kwesi sishwankathelo. "Elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", indawo 1 inxenye 2 esiye sele kuchaziwe, nokuqhubeka uphuhliso 1838-39 biennium. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho umntu omaziyo of Herzen kothandiweyo wakhe. Uphuhliso neentlobano zokwazana naye, yaye inxalenye elandelayo.

lesithathu

"Vladimir-on-Klyazma" - ekuthiwa-isahlulo sesithathu yomsebenzi "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Ushwankathe- ukuba esazisa ngayo kwimbali uthando umbhali kunye Zaharinoy Nataley Aleksandrovnoy, ngubani intombi Umgqakhwe kamalume wakhe, waza wakhulela ngesiqingatha-niyageza nokubi kanina. Kodwa nje ukuba esazisa Herzen. Ngokomzekelo, iziganeko ka-1834 uthumela intloko "eMoscow ngaphandle kum" imisebenzi "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts" (Isahluko 4). Ushwankathe- akayi kunikwa, ekubeni sele kuthethiwe ngazo kwinxalenye yesibini. Sichubeka njani nenkcazelo ulwalamano yombhali kunye Zaharinoy Nataley Aleksandrovnoy.

Imvume lo mtshato lezalamane aziyifumani uthando imveliso "Odlulileyo yam Thoughts". Summary (head 3 le ndawo ibizwa ngokuba "Ulwahlulo") kosuku eshiya Vyatki. Herzen (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla) ngo-1838, bafika e Moscow, nangona balelwa ukungena kuyo. Ithatha umtshakazi wakhe, jize naye ngasese. Oku kugqiba isahlulo sesithathu Herzen ( "elidlulileyo kwaye Thoughts"). Isishwankathelo ezinye izenzakalo ezilandelayo thaca ngezantsi.

Ingxenye yesine

Ithuba ukususela 1840 ukuya 1847 echazwe kwi "eMoscow, eSt Petersburg Novgorod." Isixelela malunga nomoya ngokwasengqondweni ixesha eMoscow. Ogarev and Herzen, awayevela ekuthinjweni, ukuthuthela eduze Hegelians - isangqa of Stankevich. abahlobo babo Bakunin kunye Belinsky. Herzen kwi "kungekhona okwethu" (on Chaadayev, K. Aksakov, Kireevskys, Khomyakov) uthi siyakrazula kunye 40 Slavophiles kunye abaseNtshona. Wahlabela mgama echaza ukuba kutheni ungakwazi mix slavjanofilstvo ubuzwe esemthethweni. Herzen kwakhona othetha socialism kunye noluntu Russian.

Ngenxa yezizathu eceleni, ngo-1846, Herzen kunye Ogarev kude abaninzi, ingakumbi evela Granovsky. ingxabano Personal kuqhubeka phakathi kombhali kunye Granovsky ngenxa yokuba omnye Akazange amqonde, kwaye enye wavuma yokungafi komphefumlo. Emva koko ugqiba ukuba ashiye ilizwe Herzen. "Elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", isishwankathelo apho thina uchaze - umthamo omkhulu umsebenzi. Ngoko ke sithethe kuphela ngokwalo ngokubanzi.

yesihlanu

Lichaza kwiminyaka ukususela 1847 kude th-1852. Umbhali uthetha malunga neminyaka yokuqala ukuba wachitha eYurophu. Herzen uthe malunga ngosuku lokuqala kwikomkhulu French, malunga okuvelayo zakhe Paris. Yena othetha "Young Italy", intshukumo lamaRoma inkululeko yesizwe kunye revolution eFransi ngoFebruwari 1848 kunye nabanye.

Ichaza isishwankathelo sebali "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", siphawula ukuba ntetho yokulandelelana kweziganeko sele kwesi sahluko amanqaku waphazamiseka kunye nezincoko Herzen. Umbhali uthi a seWindows osihloko sithi "arabesque Western" malunga ukufa impucuko Western, nisenyongweni ukuya zobunene Russian okanye yobusoshiyali. Bachitha philistinism eYurophu, wathabatha ilifa zonke ukunqulwa kakuhle-ntle eziphathekayo. Lo mxholo kungenziwa ngokuba leitmotif yomsebenzi wonke. Herzen wabona isisombululo kuphela ekwakhiweni karhulumente ntle.

Ibhalwe kwizahluko eyayinikelwe Proudhon, ubalisa emibonweni abamthandayo naye, wathi loo ukuthamba esingalindelekanga le ndoda ukuba sithethe. Lowo uthetha lencwadi Proudhon kaThixo, "On Justice ebandleni kwi revolution." Ukususela nombhali lo msebenzi akavumelani Herzen, kuba Obingelela ubulungisa yoluntu karhulumente. Ngemizekelo enjalo karhulumente Herzen rhoqo ukuxambulisana, idibanisa kunye a Arakcheyev ezinjalo abalweli (umzekelo, kwi inxalenye yesithandathu, kwisahluko "Robert Thami").

Andiyithandi Herzen kunye Proudhon ngayo isimo ngokumalunga abafazi - wezindlu. Ukholelwa ukuba abagwebi umbhali ngezinto ezinjalo buhlungu kwaye kube nzima ezifana nomona ewolo, ibizezamandulo kakhulu.

Idrama kubomi Herzen

Isiqendu sesihlanu uqukumbela imbali nentsapho Herzen, le minyaka yokugqibela ubomi Natalia Alexandrovna. Ukulawula of uNapoleon III, ngokunjalo, uze ukugula intombi enzima kaThixo wenza ngamandla kulo mfazi, kukho olungaka eyahlukileyo kuxinezeleko. Ungene ulwalamano edume German yali kunye mbongi Herwegh. Lo mntu ke ngelo xesha umhlobo abakhulu Herzen. Waye wachukunyiswa Herwegh izikhalazo ubulolo, ukuba akukho mntu ke uqondayo. Natalya iyaqhubeka ukuthanda indoda yakhe. Ibuhlungu le meko yaye ekugqibeleni ndaqonda imfuneko abazikhethele, eli nenekazi lawachazela ukuba Herzen. Ukulungele ukuba iqhawule umtshato, ukuba ufuna Natalia. Noko ke, kuba waphula kunye Herwegh kwaye uhlala nomyeni wakhe.

Lwezinga ikhutshwa phandle emva uxolelaniso kwexesha elithile eItali. In umkhumbi ngo-1851 yena wabulala unina umbhali, kunye nonyana wakhe omncinane uKolya. Herwegh akafuni ukwehlulwa. Uyabasukela izikhalazo ezisixhenxe, esongela ukubulala Herzen okanye ukuzibulala. Ekugqibeleni ke wazisa abahlobo efanayo malunga nesiganeko. Abahlobo unamathela up for Herzen. Emva koko lo mfanekiso krakra nokubetha nebhetri, nkumbulo kwamatyala ubudala, iimpapasho kweempepha. Natalia ayikwazi ukususa yonke. Emva kokuzalwa elandelayo, mhlawumbi ukusuka TB, wafa ngo-1852.

Le bayigqiba yesihlanu zezincoko malunga basemzini Russian zimelwe kwi "komthunzi Russian." Herzen ngexesha ezininzi zoqhagamshelwano nabo. iqabane lakhe kule yunivesithi NI Sazonov, wandwendwela ngeenxa Europe, - uhlobo abantu Russian, lilize wayechithe "imikhosi umsantsa," nto leyo ayikhange imangalelwe kweli lizwe ekhaya. Ukukhumbula ngoontanga, umbhali apha ngokuthi "okusesikweni" kunye 'ingqalelo' kwabo bantu awazincamayo ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo bonke ababesebeqabuke ubatshangatshangise ubomi bemveli. Herzen AV Èngel'son - Gen Petrashevists with "kabuhlungu oqhiphuke umbilini", ababa kuye, "ikratshi elikhulu" eliye lakhula phantsi kweempembelelo abantu bakhe "ezincinane" kunye "trashy" ngubani owenza up uninzi ixesha.

lwesithupha

Ibizwa ngokuba "eNgilani", oko ichaza kwiminyaka ukususela 1852 ukuya 1864-th-th. Herzen emva kokufa esi sibini safudukela eNgilani. Herwegh wenza obala idrama usapho, yaye umbhali kwakuyimfuneko ukuba inkundla kwidemokhrasi yaseYurophu wavuma ukuba ukhwankqe kunene. Kodwa Herzen ithole lukhulu kule nkundla, nakumsebenzi. Waqalisa ukubhala "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", yaye wayithabatha isixhobo yazo Russian.

Herzen (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) uphawula ukuba London ubomi ubulolo ngayo naye kakuhle. England ngelo xesha yayizele aseBrithani, apho ubukhulu becala ekubhekiswa kuyo kwinxalenye yesithandathu. Yaba isihlwele motley, ukususela iinkokheli yenkululeko yesizwe kunye nentshukumo yobusoshiyali eYurophu, nto leyo umqondiso umbhali, iintlola kwakunye kwanabenzi bobubi abo, ngubani phantsi owazenza amabanjwa ezopolitiko ndiyakubongoza wena manual.

Herzen, ndiqinisekile ukuba umlinganiswa yesizwe ukho, uyazinikezela ezinye izincoko kumazwe abo beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo ( "amaJamani elubhacweni", "Abantu Polish" kunye nabanye.). Kwisahluko "The amaJamani elubhacweni", ingakumbi, ukuhlolwa Marx kunye nabaxhasi bakhe - ". Gang sulphuric" Umbhali iqwalasela aba bantu abanganyanisekanga, ukuze abatshabalalise iqela zabo zopolitiko zikulungele nantoni na. Herzen kukuba ukwazi ukubona ukuba kungquzulwano nabanye abalinganiswa ngamnye wesizwe libonakalalisiwe. Umzekelo, kwisahluko "Ezi nkqubo zimbini" benikwe inkcazelo ahlekisayo uphononongo kwimeko enkundleni IsiNgesi, le duelists isiFrentshi.

anesixhenxe

Le nxalenye yomsebenzi enikelwe ukuya yokushiywa Russian. Ngokukodwa, libonisa izincoko ngamnye kwi Pecherin B. kunye M. Bakunin, malunga imbali "The Bells" yazo Free Russian. Umbhali uqala ngokuchaza indlela engalindelanga ihlawulwe utyelelo ukuya sikhulu. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba indoda leyo ningazi, kwaye melo. Noko ke, ingqalelo ngayo umsebenzi wakhe, ukuba beze Herzen njengeziphathamandla. Kwisahluko sokuqala, "Apogee kunye Perigee," utsho impembelelo enkulu kunye nogazi "The Bells" eRashiya, apho kuza emva komlilo eMoscow. Wathi ukuba umbhali wagqiba ukushicilela ukuxhasa nezibonda ngo 1862, ngexesha imvukelo yabo.

wesibhozo

Isishwankathelo wobuciko "elidlulileyo yaye ndacinga," uqhubeka achaze isabelo 8. Inikeza ixesha ukususela 1865 ukuya 1868. Kuye akukho gama, yaye akukho mxholo eqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi kwisahluko sokuqala sale ndawo ibizwa ngokuba "Akukho xhulumaniso". Herzen ichaza uluvo apho wenza amazwe aseYurophu kwi 60s emva kwexesha. Europe ngoxa isabonakala njengoko ummandla lombhali kwabafileyo. Oku, uthi, ingakumbi, kwisahluko kwi eVenice kunye ukuyilahla zinkulu France "umprofeti." ISahluko "Ukususela ihlabathi enye" inxalenye 6 lunikezelwa abadala, enanikade Abantu abadumileyo kunye nempumelelo. Herzen wayekholelwa ukuba ndawo kuphela lonke elaseYurophu, ezifanelekileyo ubomi - Switzerland.

"Iileta Endala"

"Oonobumba Endala" imveliso epheleleyo "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", isishwankathelo izahluko ichazwa kweli nqaku. Oku okubhaliweyo iincwadi ungumbhali Belinsky, N. Field, Chaadaeva Granovsky, Carlyle, Proudhon. Herzen kwintshayelelo ncwadi zabo umehluko phakathi kwawo. Ixesha elidlulileyo na oonobumba akufuneki ngokucinezela ngamandla akhe onke, ingeyo ncwadi. Easy lula kubo umxholo yabo random, amaxhala imeyili ngemihla kusondela kufutshane ababhali.

Kakade ke, kwinqaku elinye akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha umsebenzi "Odlulileyo yam Thoughts". Isishwankathelo esifutshane kakhulu ilungele kuphela ukuba umhlobo lokuqala kunye naye. Lo msebenzi kubalulekile ukufunda kuba oko kunika lumelo olubonakalayo kwexesha. "Elidlulileyo yam Thoughts", isishwankathelo isahluko 1 eliqala ngo-1812 kwaye igcina iinkumbulo kunyaka 1868 ziquka ixesha, iziganeko izityebi zembali.