Geography: iibhodi - nto ... Aldan Shield. isihlangu Ukrainian

kuqweqwe lomhlaba kukuba owahlukeneyo kwaye inezigaba ezahlukeneyo noshowo. Isifundo isakhiwo lithosfere (Umhlaba okuqinileyo) phakathi iinjongo lukho inzululwazi lwesifundo. Solid - yenye yezo zinto. Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kweli phepha emhlophe.

kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kunye nezakhiwo

Iimpawu noshowo kwesikhoko iipleyiti lithospheric ukuba ube zwekazi okanye yolwandle. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zahluke structure (cross-icandelo): umaleko lenyengane ekhoyo kwi kwamacwecwe zwekazi.

Wabiza maqonga iyizinzise (tectonically) inxalenye kwamacwecwe lithospheric Umhlaba. Ngelo xesha, ukuba eziba (isiseko) ukuba amazwekazi. Ngaphandle kwabo ngaphakathi amacwecwe lithospheric imali orogenic (isongiwe) ibhanti - kunye epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Platform - isakhiwo en- ye kwesikhoko ukuba wenziwe apho amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakukho inkqubo intaba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baye ziwile, kwaye umphezulu angabekwa off kule ndawo. Ngaloo ndlela ke kwayileka aqinile kwaye uzinzile - isiseko. Kamva phezu baqale ukuqokelela intlenga ngokuthe ekudaleni ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba (cover).

Bonke iqonga ekhoyo ehlabathini yahlulwe yamandulo (ngoncwadi IsiNgesi kudla ngokuthiwa cratons) kunye abatsha. Imaphu ilandelayo ibonisa engundoqo iqonga (endala) iplanethi yethu. Bona ziphawulwe unomona bubomvu.

isakhiwo eqweqweni koMhlaba lifunda inzululwazi yejografi (Grade 7). Okulandelayo sijonga isakhiwo eqongeni iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

elements noshowo kweqonga (yokuma, Grade 7)

Eli qonga iqulathe lamanqanaba ezimbini: ngembonakalo yikristale isiseko (kwenzeka ngezantsi) kwaye isiciko ngentlenga (isiseko egubungele).

Zesayensi zejoloji aphake izakhiwo lwemiyalelo ezine ezenza nawuphi eqongeni. Ikhaka, ipleyiti, anticline kunye syncline - ezi ezona ziphambili. Okulandelayo, siza kuqwalasela wabo. Uqhelene nezi zakhiwo kakhulu kokwanele kwinkqubela phambili epheleleyo ikhosi yesikolo "Geography".

Izihlangu - it kusa- phezu komhlaba ngayo crystalline wangaphantsi eqongeni. Ubungakanani beziphumo ezinjalo besukelana ukuya km 1,000 okanye ngaphezulu ubude. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiphaneli ethile kwizakhiwo platform yamandulo.

.K - le ndawo enkulu kweqonga, apho kuhlawulwa ngokupheleleyo yi-inshorensi ludaka. Amaxesha amaninzi amaqonga usemncinane kufikelelwa kule inshorensi ngokupheleleyo. Ngako oko ke kuthiwa nabo amacwecwe.

Anticline kunye syncline - yiyo isakhiwo komyalelo 2. ANTECLISE wabiza kuphakanyiswe gentle le nembasa. Syneclise - isitya nzulu esitovini okanye, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngaphakathi iingweletshetshe crystalline.

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela iingweletshetshe kumaqonga yamandulo Eurasia - i Siberian kunye yaseYurophu East. Noko ke, sihlolisise phambi kokuba kumba "yintoni njengekhaka."

Geography: iibhodi - ukuba ...

Igama elithi "ikhaka" lisetyenziswa kwinzululwazi neznye. Kuba okokuqala lo gama usebenzisa e Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Shield - ummandla crystalline kwendlu kwalapho eqongeni yamandulo. Ngenxa yoko, ubuso bomhlaba zibekwe amatye Precambrian, ubudala besukelana iminyaka 3,5-4 billion. Zidla zimelwe granites, quartzites, gneisses, leyo abakhuselekanga kwiindawo ezinkulu kakhulu.

Iimpawu ubume be-iibhodi

IiBhodi ezi izakhiwo zaseprayimari iyizinzise amazwekazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba singqongwe iibhanti zeengxondorha elisongiweyo yobudala Cambrian. Iiphaneli isiqabu badla ngokuthi kancinane amathafa khaxa neenduli ezincinane.

Amakhaka singqongwe kwiindawo inokusityeda, ngakumbi kwaye mobile, iinkqubo zokwakha intaba ezithe ingxelo kuthelekiswa kutshanje (ngokwemimiselo zejoloji - kwiminyaka yezigidi 100-200 eyadlulayo).

Le mizekelo edume panels kwiplanethi yethu: Canadian, Ukrainian, Aldan, iBaltic. Le mimandla anxulunyaniswa imali enkulu yezimbiwa ekrwada (intsimbi, ubhedu, manganese, igolide, nickel, njalo njalo. P.). Ngenxa yoko, ngaphakathi Aldan Shield bafumana imali enkulu esikrwada yobhedu apatite. Kwi-Ukrainian Shield wafumana oovimba inkulu ehlabathini ngayo quartzite ferruginous (Krivoi Rog basin).

Imbali nokusekwa kunye isakhiwo Siberian Platform

iqonga Siberian - indawo enkulu zejoloji, emi indawo enkulu kumntla-mpuma inxalenye Eurasia. Le yenye kumaqonga indala ehlabathini, isiseko apho yaqalwa emva kwi Archean. Emva koko, akazange nakanye engabandakanywanga amanzi aselwandle, kangangokuba kukho kwasekwa enamandla ingqokelela kumatye awenziwa ludaka.

platform Siberian uye imida ecacileyo phezu komhlaba Umhlaba: entla - lo kumathambeka esemazantsi Byrranga ezintabeni ngasentshonalanga - intlambo Yenisei River, kumda osemazantsi uhamba nxamnye komqolo, kunye empuma - phezu esezantsi ye Lena River.

ESiberia platform kwendlu amatye entsonkothileyo Archean kunye Proterozoic, leyo Ndayishwabanisa ngamandla nezibaya zemihlambi. It gneisses, amphibolites, schist naziiperile, kunye nabanye. ubudala babo kakhulu okuqinileyo: ukusuka 2.3 ukuya kwiminyaka 3.7 billion. cover Platform ngentlenga ubunjwe nasemaweni iminyaka eyahlukeneyo. Ukuya emntla-mpuma incam eqongeni uphawuleka rocks izifaka eyenza imibhobho diamond.

platform Siberian ukuba banemali oovimba kwezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Kukho imali enkulu yentsimbi ekrwada, mica, apatite, mifanekiso. Ukuze isiciko ngentlenga yagcina oovimba yenkulu-oyile negesi, kwakunye namalahle, idayimani, nobhedu, nickel negolide ores.

Isakhiwo zejoloji Aldan Shield

ikhaka Aldansky - kwingqikelelo akhazimlayo isiseko ngaphakathi Siberian Platform. Le ibekwe emzantsi-mpuma inxalenye yayo yoncedo elinye kunye Aldan Plateau kunye kuntlahlahlungulu. Xa kumzantsi ntshona sihlangu erhangqwe kunye kwindawo yokwakha entabeni ngokusebenzisa inkqubo iimpazamo ezinzulu. In emantla-mpuma ngayo wambu ingubo engqindilili iidipozithi lentlenga yobudala Cambrian.

Kuhlehliselwe (imigangatho), ongaphantsi zelo Aldan Shield, unako ukulandela ukufika kwe kolu qweqwe lomhlaba lulonke. Ngoko, kwi enamanqanaba asezantsi bedded gneiss, schist, ezimbejembeje quartzite granulite. Umgangatho elandelayo izaliswe sedimentary-mlilo amatye, metamorphosed zonally. Umgangatho eliphezulu imelwe iidipozithi angqingqwa zeengxondorha clastic mlilo, kwakunye intrusions emikhulu.

Iinkqubo eziqaphelekayo yedeskthopi ziitectonic plates ezahlukileyo Aldan akasikhuseli esebenzayo kakhulu kwakhona. Oku kwenzeke kwixesha Paleozoic, Mesozoic kunye avareji Cenozoic. Le yenye yezona zinto olwahlula crystalline ikhaka langoku.

Ngomhla kummandla ikhaka Aldan ezinxulumene iidipozithi yezimbiwa ezininzi. Ngoko ke, nanku oko kuqapheleke, sebephonononge oovimba ezibalulekileyo ekrwada ngentsimbi nobhedu, mica, apatite, kimberlites, amalahle, ngegolide, namatye ezahlukeneyo eziphantse-anqabileyo.

Imbali nokusekwa kunye nolwakhiwo i-East European Platform

East-European iqonga - omnye iqonga sikhulu kakhulu nokuzinzileyo uqweqwe emhlabeni zanamhlanje. It elisukela yaseScandinavia Peninsula ukuya phambene Mountains, abahlala uninzi North East Europe.

Kubume yayo ezimbini ezinamandla imveliso akhazimlayo isiseko - Ukrainian kunye nekhaka eBaltic. Apha phezu kwiindawo ezininzi indiva emaweni yamandulo - ubukhulu becala igranite quartzite. Isikakhulu ke zakha outcrops rock aphezulu eyingozi ezintle kakhulu. Kwisithuba esiphakathi la makhaka, baze kulahlwa Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

platform Foundation igneous entsonkothileyo zamatye zixelwe yobudala Precambrian, nto leyo dissected ezinabantu yi iimpazamo ezinzulu ziitectonic plates. East-European eqongeni kwakhiwa isiseko salo ngasekupheleni Proterozoic. cover Platform ibandakanya sedimentary gqitha kancinane kwaye mlilo abakubudala ezahlukeneyo zejoloji.

imithombo yezimbiwa kweqonga European East

Xa iqonga East yaseYurophu wahlola iidiphozithi bazizityebi kwezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo ezidibene isiseko isakhiwo zejoloji, enye - cover yayo ludaka.

Ukuphuma iindawo eqongeni kwesiseko umphezulu angavalelwa iidipozithi enkulu yentsimbi ekrwada (Krivbass, Kurskaia ngemagnethi anomaly Kremenchugsky ichibi, njalo-njalo), ikopolo, titanium, nezentsimbi ekrwada nickel kunye apatites. Nge platform cover ngentlenga ezinxulumene iidipozithi yerhasi yendalo (oyile kwiphondo Volgouralskaya, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya ukudakumba, njalo-njalo), amalahle lignite (Donbass, ummandla eMoscow), rock phosphate, webauxite kunye nezinto zokwakha ezahlukeneyo (lekalika, nezemarmore, dolomite kunye ezifana. D.) .

Isakhiwo zejoloji ikhaka Ukrainian

Ukrainian crystalline isihlangu - a Buze yasekwa kweqonga East yaseYurophu-on kwimida yayo emazantsi-ntshona. Wazolula kwiikhilomitha eziliwaka (ngaphakathi Ukraine kunye Belarus ngokuyinxenye) ukusuka Gorin River emantla ukuya kunxweme loLwandle Azov esemzantsi. Imephu engezantsi eliphawulwe in yellow.

Ububanzi liphezulu ikhaka Ukrainian ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-250. Le ndawo iyonke kumphezulu - malunga 135 ophosa square.

ikhaka Ukrainian ubunjwe kakhulu yamatye igneous nemetamorphic yobudala Archean (it gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites kunye nabanye). Kwiindawo ezininzi, ezi zamatye crystalline abakhuselekanga, emenza abe ngamatye amahle, uba aqukuqela kwi imijelo amathafa.

Izimbiwa isihlangu Ukrainian

Ngu uqikelelo iziseko kumaqonga yamandulo zaziwa ukuba izimbiwa ekrwada avalelwe. Kwaye ikhaka Ukrainian apha - hayi ngaphandle.

Kwesi sakhiwo yedeskthopi sebephonononge oovimba eninzi yentsimbi ekrwada (Krivoi Rog isitya), uranium esikrwada (Zheltovodsky kunye Ternovskii intsimi), nezentsimbi ekrwada zirconium (Vol'nogorskoe imali), amatye anqabileyo kunye semiprecious, izinto zokwakha (ngakumbi, e Zhitomir kunye nakwezinye iindawo lenyengane Ukraine misela ukuba umgangatho uphezulu). Xa zonke akhawunti izimbiwa resource isakhono ikhaka Ukrainian phantse ngaphandle ngokulinganayo eYurophu ehlabathini.

Zifumaneka kule ebhodini kunye neetyuwa ze uhlobo ludaka. iidipozithi zawo kuphelela lamandla amancinane (akukho ngaphezu kwama-50 eemitha) kumacandelo ukugubungela. Okokuqala, nto lignite Dnieper nesitya Nikopol manganese ore isitya.

isiphelo

Uphononongo lwesakhiwo ezingu yinxalenye uluhlu lwemisebenzi ebekwe yi inzululwazi lwesifundo. Amakhaka - amiselekileyo kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo komgangatho yamandulo Earth. Ezi idla kuphelela iidipozithi enamandla yezimbiwa esikrwada nelitye semiprecious.

Aldan Shield, kwaye Ukrainian - ke crystalline lunamaqoqo iziseko ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi Eurasia. Eyokuqala kwezi ise eRashiya, ngaphakathi iqonga eSiberia, kwaye eyesibini - kwi Ukraine, eqongeni European East.