Formula benzene: ukhetho luyadingeka upelo oluchanekileyo?

hydrocarbon enuka kufuneka isakhiwo elibujikele. Ummeli lokuqala kolu ngcelele - benzene (C ₆ H _6). A ifomula ebonisa ubume mba, kuqala owoyiswayo usomichiza Kekule ngo-1865. Ngokutsho amabali sisazinzulu, yena wacinga elide imfihlelo benzene. Ngobunye ubusuku yena waba inyoka iluma umsila wayo. Ngentsasa kwifomula noshowo benzene sele yenziwe. Yaba umsesane-athom carbon 6. Ezintathu kuzo wema iqhina kabini.

Ubume benzene

Kwekhabhoni hydrocarbon enuka yakha iHexagon rhoqo. Maxa wambi xa ebhala ngayo kwizibalo ibonisa evuthelweyo yayo kwicala nkqo. Eli qela athom unalo igama elikhethekileyo - khonkcweni benzene. Ukuqinisekiswa lobume elibujikele of benzene na irisithi yayo neemolekyuli ezintathu iasithilini - ezizizembiwa unsaturated ukuba ibhondi ezintathu. hydrocarbon enuka nayo unsaturated yaye babonise ezinye iimpawu uphawu alkenes. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-ring benzene ngu ngodwi amathathu, ukubaleka enxuseneyo ubuso, qaphela ubukho ibhondi kabini. ifomula benzene singabonakalisi ngokupheleleyo imo athom kwekhabhoni molecule.

Benzene: A ifomula ebonisa ubume kanye

Eneneni, unxibelelwano phakathi kwekhabhoni khonkcweni alingana omnye komnye. Phakathi kwabo, akuzange kube lula ukwabela abangatshatanga kunye kabini. Loo msebenzi uchazwe yi isakhiwo electron of benzene, apho ngumongo carbon na sp ² -gibridizovannom karhulumente elidityaniswe kubamelwane zayo lo msesane, yehayidrojini iibhondi ezintathu eqhelekileyo enye. Kule meko a namacala, abakulo moya-6 athom carbon efanayo no-6 - hydrogen. Kuphela amafu electron yesine ka-p-elektroni aziboniswanga inxaxheba hybridization, amalungiselelo ngokwahlukileyo. isimo sabo kufana dumbbell, iziko iwela-moya lesangqa. A iindawo anquma aba phezulu nasezantsi. Kulo mzekelo, kwi ngumongo benzene Ngaphantsi kukho ingxinano ezimbini electron nazo ngamafu electron p-idlulela. Kukho gqithisela jikelele ukuya kwekhabhoni khonkcweni.

Iimpawu ze ring benzene

Ngenxa netotali electron lexinene kunciphisa umgama phakathi kwekhabhoni khonkcweni. Bayalingana ukuya 0,14 NM. Ukuba ngumongo benzene wayekho iibhondi abangatshatanga kabini, bekuya kuba iiseha ezimbini: 0,134 kwaye 0,154 NM. Isakhiwo lokwenyaniso olungumgubo benzene kufuneka lingaqulathi iibhondi abangatshatanga kunye kabini. Ngoko ke, hydrocarbon enuka kubhekiselwe kuyo oganikhi khompawundi ezihluthiyo ngokusesikweni kuphela. Ngu ukwakheka ziyafana alkenes, kodwa inxaxheba sokungamelani endaweni, apho uphawu lwe hydrocarbon kwizinyibilikisi. Enuka benzene abayingxenye anazo uzinzo eqaphelekayo iioksidenti. Zonke ezi mpawu ukuvumela ukuba siqwalasele umsesane uhlobo olulodwa konxibelelwano - hayi kabini kunye single.

Indlela ziveza ifomula benzene?

Le ndlela yokubala echanekileyo na benzene iibhondi ezintathu kabini njengoko e Kekule, kodwa ekwimo namacala isangqa ngaphakathi. Libonakalisa efanayo electron 6.

Oku kungqinwe isakhiwo wolingano iimpawu kweziyobisi. iringi benzene uzinzile, uye nokuhlangana eneji ebalulekileyo. Iimpawu ummeli lokuqala hydrocarbon enuka kwenzeka homologues yayo. Ngamnye kubo angamelwa njenge yemvelaphi apho endaweni hydrogen phezu radicals hydrocarbon ezahlukeneyo.