Ezirhubuluzayo - umzekelo. Emanzini nasemhlabeni

Ngamnye kuthi, nangona imifanekiso, wabona amasele kunye amacilikishe, iingwenya kunye namasele - ezi zilwanyana kuba iklasi emanzini ezirhubuluzayo. Umzekelo usinike nakanye kuphela. Ezi zidalwa eneneni abaninzi. Kodwa nantsi wakuxela ngubani na lowo? Le eziphila ezahlukeneyo kunye ezirhubuluzayo, nendlela ezibalulekileyo mahluko?

Crocodile kunye xoxo managers yokuhlalisana kwi ichibi efanayo. Ngoko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubonakale ngathi ukuba usapho kwaye ookhokho eqhelekileyo. Kodwa impazamo enkulu. Ezi zilwanyana bangamalungu kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo taxonomic. Phakathi kwazo kukho umahluko abalulekileyo. Kwaye bona nje kuphela inkangeleko kunye nobukhulu. Crocodile kunye necilishe - sisirhubuluzi kunye isele kunye xoxo - eziphila.

Kodwa, Kakade, emanzini nasemhlabeni, yaye ezinye ezifanayo. Bakhetha iindawo ezishushu. Noko ke, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini sikhetha iindawo ezimanzi, amanzi engcono kufuphi. Kodwa oku isuke ngenxa yokuba zande kuphela ngamanzi. Izirhubuluzi akadibananga izidumbu emanzini. Bona, ngokuchasene noko, bakhetha a imimandla eyomileyo ngakumbi eshushu.

Makhe sijonge isakhiwo neempawu nokomzimba izirhubuluzi kunye eziphila, kwaye uthelekise indlela zahluke enye kwenye.

ezirhubuluzayo Udidi (izirhubuluzi)

ezirhubuluzayo Class okanye izirhubuluzi - eli lizwe izilwanyana. Got igama layo ngenxa yendlela zihamba. Izirhubuluzi musa ukuya emhlabeni, ziphume. Elo xesha lokuqala isirhubuluzi ivulwa ngokupheleleyo emanzini lomhlaba-zokuphila. Iminyanya ezi zilwanyana yanwenwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Into ebalulekileyo izirhubuluzi yi kwezichumiso lwangaphakathi kunye nesakhono ukuze babeke amaqanda, esisityebi ngezakhi. Bona ukhuselwe kwiqokobhe ashinyeneyo, ezibandakanya calcium. Yeyona ukukwazi ukwenza amaqanda negalelo kuphuhliso ezirhubuluzayo, zaphuma ichibi kumhlaba.

Ubume bale zezirhubuluzi

ezirhubuluzayo Umzimba imfundo eqinileyo - ezikalini. aba bahamba ezinabantu nesikhumba izirhubuluzi. Uya kubakhusela ukulahleka kokufuma. Isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo isikhumba njalo owomileyo. • Ukuvela komphunga luhlobo kwenzeka kulo. Ngoko ke, iinyoka namacilikishe bayakwazi kuhlala entlango, ngaphandle abanengxaki ubuhlungu.

Ezirhubuluzayo ziphefumla ngoncedo emiphungeni kakhulu kuphuhliswa-kakuhle. Kubalulekile ukuba izirhubuluzi yokuphefumla olunzulu yenziwa Bulelani ukuba ukuvela amathambo isebe ngokwesiseko entsha. Isifuba yile okokuqala kukho isirhubuluzi. It ukhandwa ezimbanjeni osusela amathambo. Kwicala ventral ukuba udityanisiwe kwi kwentamo. Ngenxa izihlunu ubambo ekhethekileyo bhetyebhetye. Oku lula ukwandiswa esifubeni ngexesha iphefumlelwe.

iklasi ezirhubuluzayo itshintshile kwaye inxalenye yenkqubo kwegazi. Oku kungenxa yokwanda ukuntsonkotha ubume semiphunga. Uninzi izirhubuluzi, egumbini ezintathu-entliziyweni, bathi, kwakunye eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ukujikeleziswa ezimbini. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye umahluko. Umzekelo, kwaye kwagxunyekwa kwi ventricle. Ekunciphiseni kwentliziyo cishe wahlula libe iziqingatha ezibini (ekunene - lwemithambo, ekhohlo - lwemithambo). Indawo imithambo yegazi eyinhloko delineates ngokucacileyo ngakumbi emithanjeni zidlule lwemithambo. Ngenxa yoko - umzimba isirhubuluzi ikhutshwa ligazi, mpilo, kungcono kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela sungula phezu iinkqubo intercellular exchange kunye neemveliso output metabolic kunye ne-carbon dioxide emzimbeni. Kukho okungaphandle eklasini ezirhubuluzayo, umzekelo - ukrebe. Intliziyo yakhe quad.

imithambo Main omkhulu ejikeleza ezincinane nezinkulu ngokwesiseko efanayo kuwo onke amaqela ekuyo ezisentlabathini. Kakade ke, akukho mahluko encinane, yaye kubekho sinjalo. Ezirhubuluzayo kwi kuye kwasasazwa pulmonary wanyamalala imithambo cutaneous yegazi. Kuphela izinto miphungeni.

Okwangoku, kukho malunga 8 amawaka. Izirhubuluzi. Zihlala kwilizwekazi ngalinye, ukongeza, Kakade ke, Antarctica. Kwabiwe ngu imiyalelo ezine izirhubuluzi: iingwenya, enamaxolo, Ufudo kunye pervoyaschery.

lokwanda ezirhubuluzayo

Ngokungafaniyo iintlanzi eziphila, ezirhubuluzayo ukuzalela ngaphakathi. They are dioecious. Inkunzi unomzimba okhethekileyo, athe Asikokungena cloaca ye isidoda ababhinqileyo. Bona kusichukumisa iqanda, ngoko kwenzeka isichumiso. Amaqanda kubakho kumzimba obhinqileyo. Emva koko kubeka nabo endaweni eyayilungiselelwe, ngokuqhelekileyo emhadini ombiwe. Ngaphandle kokuba isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo amaqanda zambethe nge calcium iqokobhe ashinyeneyo. Zezona intsholongwane kunye nonikezelo kwezondlo. Ukususela iqanda iphuma yile mibala musa ungathanda intlanzi okanye eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, kwaye ekwaziyo ubomi oluzimeleyo ngamnye. Ngenxa yoko, ukufuya izirhubuluzi nakuwo kwinqanaba elitsha. Umbungu ivavanywa zonke izigaba zophuhliso eqandeni. Emva hatching, ukunyulwa komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni phezu umzimba ngamanzi angaphila kakuhle bebodwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abadala kubonisa akukho inkxalabo nakwinzala yabo.

I Amphibians class

Eziphila okanye zamasele - nese-, maxoxo kunye leenewt. Ba, ngaphandle ezimbalwa, uhlala uhlala kufuphi echibini. Kodwa kukho iintlobo eziphila entlango, ezifana imbiza xoxo-manzi. Emvuleni ngayo ukuzuza ulwelo kwi pouches ongama. umzimba wayo eqolo. Emva koko igqibe ngokwayo entlabathini nokukhulula izixa ezikhulu yencindi, oko lifumana isomiso eside. Okwangoku, kukho malunga 3.400 iintlobo emanzini. Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini - ezinomsila kunye tailless. Iqela lokuqala luquka salamanders kunye leenewt, owesibini - amasele kunye maxoxo.

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini zahlukile kakhulu kwiklasi of ezirhubuluzayo, umzekelo - isakhiwo kweenkqubo zomzimba kunye nemibutho, kwakunye nendlela yokuzala. Sanukufana nooyihlo zabo intlanzi, ukuba babeke amaqanda abo emanzini. Ukuze wenze oku, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini basoloko befuna ichibi, wahlukana umzimba omkhulu wamanzi. Kukho kwenzeka aqhamise kunye nophuhliso mibungu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngethuba kufuywe izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kufuneka ubuyele emanzini. Oku kukwenza kakhulu nokuhlaliswa zabo kunye nemida kwi intshukumo. Kuphela nje iintlobo ezimbalwa bebeziqhelanisa ebomini kude okugcina amanzi. Ezizala kwinzala kuye kwasekwa. Yiloo nto ezi zilwanyana zibizwa nezo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini.

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini - wokuqala chordates, abasungula le imilenze. Ngenxa oku kwixesha elidlulileyo, bakwazi ukungena kwelo lizwe. Kakade ke, kuye kwabangela inani lotshintsho yezi zilwanyana kuba nje yokwakheka kodwa nokomzimba. Ethelekiswa uhlobo zihleli zolwelo medium kwi eziphila nesifuba esibanzi kakhulu. Oku kube negalelo kuphuhliso nokuntsonkotha emiphungeni. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, nigqibelele amalungu ukuva nokubona.

kwendawo emanzini

Ezifana nezirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini bakhetha ukuhlala zendawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isele efumaneka kwiindawo ezimanzi kufuphi namanzi. Kodwa kubonakala kwaye basike kunye namahlathi, ingakumbi emva kokuba enzima kwemvula. Ezinye iintlobo ukuchuma koozintlango. Umzekelo, i-xoxo Australian. Kuyinto nendawo kakuhle kakhulu ukuba isomiso eside. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abanye amasele ngokuqinisekileyo wafa ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa uye wafunda ukuba yande ukufuma ebalulekileyo ezipokothweni ongama ngexesha lemvula. Ukongeza, kweli xesha, loo nto iphinde izivelise kwakhona, amaqanda ku izadunge. Tadpoles ukuba ukuguqulwa epheleleyo ngenyanga enye kuphela. xoxo Australia kwiimeko kakhulu ngohlobo lwayo, hayi nje kuphela wafumana indlela ukuzala, kodwa ngempumelelo kufuna ngokwabo ukubhala.

Umahluko phakathi ezirhubuluzayo ezivela emanzini

Nangona efika kuqala kubonakala ukuba eziphila ayahluki lukhulu izirhubuluzi, ayikho njalo. Enyanisweni, lo ukufana azikho kangako. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini izikhungo phambili ngaphantsi kwee ngaphezu iklasi ezirhubuluzayo, umzekelo - Imibungu zamasele kufuneka iigilizi, ngoxa inzala esirhubuluzayo bazalwa kunye ukukhanya eyenziwe. Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba leenewt, kunye namasele, kunye amahobe, nkqu inyoka inokuba kakuhle yokuhlalisana kummandla ichibi omnye. Ngoko ke, ezinye musa ukubona umahluko okubonakalayo kwezi kumaqela, basoloko bexakaniseka ngubani na lowo. Kodwa umehluko musa ukuvumela ukuba ukudibanisa ezi ntlobo ze eklasini enye. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo, oko kukuthi i-dama, kwiimeko ezininzi abakwazi ukuhamba. Ekubeni ezirhubuluzayo zahluke kakhulu. Kwimeko wembalela enze uhambo elifutshane ukufumana indawo efanelekileyo.

Oku kunokwenzeka ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuba ulusu izirhubuluzi igutyungelwe ezikalini horny ukuba asivumeli ukufuma ku ngumphunga. Isilwanyana esirhubuluzayo isikhumba lube kwamadlala cell yencindi, ngoko ke usoloko owomileyo. umzimba yabo likhuselwe kukoma, obanika inzuzo ecacileyo kwindawo eyomileyo. Kuba ezirhubuluzayo ebonakala kuhluma. Umzekelo, umzimba wenyoka ukhula ngonaphakade. isikhumba salo "azipheli." Bona zinqanda ukukhula, ngoko unyaka wonke ukuba "phinda" kubo. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini isikhumba ze. Kuyinto zizityebi kwamadlala cell yencindi yomlomo. Kodwa uyakwazi ukufumana stroke ubushushu ngexesha zamasele ubushushu kakhulu.

Iminyanya ezirhubuluzayo eziphila

Izinyanya emanzini baba yeentlanzi crossopterygian. Ukususela amaphiko azo bafundelane ngezibini, yaye kamva kwasekwa imilenze fingered ezintlanu-. Isakhiwo sangaphandle izirhubuluzi zibonisa ukuba ookhokho babo izirhubuluzi. Oku kungqinwa bobabini yokwakheka kunye nokufana nokomzimba. Phakathi ekuyo, ukuba iiyunithi yokuqala zashiya imvelo emanzini, waya elunxwemeni. Kangangamawaka eminyaka, kufuneka kuqala phezu kwezinye iintlobo. It Liphelisa kule ebukumkanini ezincancisayo. Bekutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke, akwaziwa ukuba ezithile. Kukho assumptions ezininzi, uninzi lwazo oluxhaswa bubungqina elingenakuphikiswa. Le ntlekele zehlabathi zibangelwa kukuwa zimpahla, kwaye ukuvela kwezityalo kweentyatyambo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kamva, ezirhubuluzayo abaninzi kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Kodwa ke amalungu zangaphakathi zaba kakhulu ezifanelekileyo ubomi emhlabeni. Okwangoku, ummeli lweentlobo enjalo ufudo ulwandle.

Umahluko isakhiwo amalungu

Emanzini nasemhlabeni siphefumle umoya emoyeni ngenxa emiphungeni. Kodwa ezidla zamasele agcinwe iigilizi. Izirhubuluzi kwakhona awunazo. Ngaphandle koko, izirhubuluzi inkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Babe nakhululeka kuzo iziqalelo neuron, kwiCerebellum, yaye ngamanye qwa. Iingwenya, namacilikishe namalovane afunda ngayo ngcono ubomi emhlabeni. Baye ezindlebeni egqibeleleyo, emehlweni, aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo kunye namaziko incasa, ivumba, ngaphandle kwebala. Ukungcamla Amaqhina njengoko ngayo emanzini azinako bengekho. Nangona babe uphuhliso olukhulu, nenkxalabo seyiphi.

Xa ezirhubuluzayo nzima iinkqubo kwegazi kunye excretory. igazi labo kwiinqanawa ezinkulu yahlulwe kakuhle zibe emithanjeni kunye lwemithambo. Ngaphezu koko, ezirhubuluzayo wanyamalala neempahla cutaneous, nto leyo ziphuhliswa kakuhle kakhulu emanzini. Oku kungenxa yokuba malunga nesiqingatha amasele ioksijini kunye leenewt elungiswe nokuphefumla cutaneous. Ngaphantsi kwamanzi, musa ukusebenzisa emiphungeni. Izirhubuluzi ngokufanayo nabo awukwazi ukufumana umoya. Ngoko ke kwemithambo isikhumba ngemithambo akukho mfuneko kubo. Baya uphefumle imiphunga kakhulu aphuhliswe kakuhle.

Emanzini nasemhlabeni ezahlukeneyo umqolo inani. Xa ezirhubuluzayo, kukho ezintlanu, yaye eziphila - ezine. Kwiintlobo tailless akukho ezimbanjeni.

Umahluko kwiindlela andise

Iintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izirhubuluzi imo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo andise. Izirhubuluzi kokukhulelwa ingaphakathi. Amaqanda akhiwa ngaphakathi imazi. Emva koko, njengoko umthetho, oko kubabeka emhadini ogrunjiweyo kwaye zanyangwa dropwise ngaphezulu. Ngokufanayo aziphathe ezifana iingwenya, kunye Ufudo. kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo Young aqandusele, ukusuka abadala ahluke kuphela ngobukhulu. Kukho kwakhona ezirhubuluzayo viviparous. Bona ke "ukuzalwa" ehlabathini usana kwasekwa kwiqokobhe bulishica. Le ndlela andise lokuba ezinye iindidi iinyoka. umntwana ozelwe abaphula ulusu wayirhubuluza. Ukhokela ubomi elizimeleyo. Yeyona ukukwazi ukwenza babeke amaqanda abo Dura wabanika inzuzo yokuzivelela ukuya ezirhubuluzayo ukuya emanzini. Oku kwenza kube lula ukulungisa kubo iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Lukhona kwi amahlathi, iintlango, iintaba namathafa. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo izirhubuluzi kwaye ubavumele ukuba baphile emanzini.

Xa emanzini nokuzalana yenzeka echibini. Iimazi ujungujungu emanzini. Kukho kwakhona ukuba amadoda amadlozi ukuba fertilizes iqanda. Okokuqala ukukhuhla ibe kwindawo. Kuphela emva kweenyanga ezimbini okanye ezintathu ekugqibeleni babe abaselula.

ezirhubuluzayo Lifestyle eziphila

izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini abaninzi bazalwa kuphela emanzini, nabo bonke ubomi omdala tirhisa emhlabeni. Kodwa kukho iintlobo zezilwanyana eziphila ezifana leenewt, ezo musa ukuyishiya indawo emanzini. Xa kubhudl 'umoya, iintlobo umhlaba onjalo ezifana amasele, maxoxo kubuya singene echibini. Badla eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ukutya izityalo kunye ezingenamqolo. Ezihlala ixesha elide. Ezinye iintlobo amasele ungaphila ukuya ku-8, kunye leenewt - engama-3 kuphela.

Iimpawu izirhubuluzi kukuba asixhomekeki phezu kwamanzi. Bayakwazi ukuba nande, kwaye ukungabikho kwalo. Izirhubuluzi ukutya iintlobo zokutya. Adla iqulathe namacikilishe ezincinane, izinambuzane. Snake omilenze namabuzi. Baya udle amaqanda iintaka. Iingwenya kunye malovane bakhetha ezanyisayo herbivorous - amaxhama, neula neenyathi amanzi amakhulu. Ufudo kudla abatya nokutya oku. Izirhubuluzi - ngabantu ngokwenene. amafudo Found, ogama ubudala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-200. Iingwenya baphile iminyaka engama-80, yaye neenyoka namacilikishe - 50.

iziphumo

Izirhubuluzi ezahlukileyo emanzini kwi parameters zilandelayo:

1. Idatha yendawo. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini bakhetha iindawo ezimanzi kunye ezimanzi kufuphi namanzi. Izirhubuluzi abalindelekanga ezinxulumene emanzini.

2. Le isikhumba izirhubuluzi akanalo kwamadlala. Njani na kowomileyo kwaye wambu esikalini. Xa emanzini kubhaliwe, phezu koko, ligcwele amadlala ukuba cell ukuba izixa ezikhulu yencindi yomlomo.

3. ezirhubuluzayo uphawu molt.

4. Amadlozi izirhubuluzi - emanzini.

5. Izirhubuluzi ziphuhliswa ngaphezulu kwaye waphucula iinkqubo Wayesoyika kwegazi.

6. iingwenya, amacilikishe, iinyoka kunye nezinye kwezichumiso Uhlobo ngaphakathi.

7. eziphila ngomqolo ezine, kunye ezirhubuluzayo ezintlanu. Oku kufana ezincancisayo nezirhubuluzi.

anika umdla

Le ezirhubuluzayo kakhulu enkulu ukuba zaba khona emhlabeni, abantu Dinosaurs. Ke wanyamalala 65 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Bona belimiwe ulwandle kunye nomhlaba. Ezinye iintlobo bayakwazi ukubhabha. Okwangoku, eyona izirhubuluzi yamandulo ezi Ufudo. Yangamashumi ngaphezu kwezigidi 300. Baya yayikhona ixesha dinosaur. kamva A elincinane iingwenya kuqala namacilikishe (photo ukuba ingabonwa kweli nqaku). Snakes yi "kuphela" 20 million iminyaka. Le imbonakalo zobutsha kakhulu. Nangona imvelaphi yazo kungoku omnye eemfihlelo enkulu eziphilayo.