Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa izixhobo zimenza mkhulu. Le fowuni sikrini

Wazi kakuhle njani izixhobo ukhulise? 5 udidi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo - eli xesha, xa ukudibana nabo. Xa izifundo abantwana bafunde isisiseko wezixhobo zabo nabadali. Ngaba ufuna ukuba bandise ulwazi lwabo kubo? Okanye mhlawumbi wena ulungisa isifundo kwi "Magnifiers" (Grade 5)? Enoba kwenzeka ntoni na, siya ndinendawo yokuthetha kuwe.

lens yamandulo

Imbali izovela ukukhulisa buqala elidlulileyo kude. Saze sayofika plano-khaxa lens enkulu - omnye omdala. Ubukhulu bayo - 55 mm kwaye ubude - malunga 150 mm. Kuye kwenziwa crystal engxondorheni ngenxa 2,5 lamawaka. BC. e. Wafumanisa ngo-1890 ngethuba bemba Schliemann of uTroy. Malunga 600-400 iminyaka. BC. e. Saqala ukuvelisa iilensi kwiglasi. Baye kwafunyanwa nguSargon (oku eMesopotamiya). E Sweden, ilens ubukhulu kabini ka-5 cm eyafumanekayo 1877, nto khaxa macala omabini. Oku kubhekisela BC kunyaka 500. e. Uyakwazi ukuqhubeka kwaye kuluhlu lwe lens endala, apho abaphandi bafumanise. Imbali kwafunyanwa ukukhulisa iye izibakala ezininzi. Ngaphandle koku, ngendlela zazisetyenziswa ngaloo mihla, singakwazi ukucacisa kuphela.

Igalelo uRoger Bacon

abaphengululi Modern wazana inkcazelo ngokucokisekileyo lens ezenziwe uRoger Bacon, indela komyalelo Franciscan (iminyaka yobomi -. 1214-1294 gg). Waye iziqu University Oxford waye waduma njengomntwana onengqondo abadumileyo kunye nofundiswayo. Lens, ngokomsebenzi wakhe, ukuze bandise umfanekiso. Translation of isiqwengana imisebenzi ithetha ukuba Bacon wakwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanekileyo isenzo lens, apho waba iTelephoto lens reverse (oko inkcazo olubonakalayo elinye icandelo kumbhobho).

Sinokholo UGalileo Galilei

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa njerngeglasi zokwenza izixhobo akunakucingelwa ngaphandle igama lomntu. Malunga nama-300 eminyaka emva kokufa Bacon, uGalileo Galilei, nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo evela eItali, wadala ityhubhu efanayo. Kwakungekho abathathu, kwaye icandelwana anababini. Ngokoqobo "Oontanga" a iteleskopu yi ngemicroscope. Kukholelwa ukuba unetyala inkangeleko yayo ukuya kwelaseGalili. UGalileo watyhala ezinjengeetelescope waphawula ukuba izinto ezingabalulekanga ezifana oku kunokuba ukunyuka elungileyo. D. Viviani luqinisekisa ukuba neemicroscope yaqanjwa UGalileo. Viviani, ngasendleleni, wabhala kwincwadi engobomi bomntu we-nzulu Italian.

Umcimbi ebalulekileyo ibali inzululwazi ukuba le sikrini lokubhaqwa yanikezelwa ngo-1625. Kungelo xesha awathi Faber, ilungu le-Academy baseRoma, eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "microscope" ngokunxulumene fyabo eyenziwe yi UGalileo.

We wadala Drebel kunye Alkmar, uphuhliso Torah Hooke

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa neemicroscope ukuqhubeka ukusebenza kunye K. Drebelya Alkmara. Ezi izazinzulu Dutch baye bakha isixhobo ukuba ibe lenses ezimbini khaxa. Ngesi umfanekiselo into, leyo ingqalelo phantsi kwakhe, kwathiwa thaca asiphethule. Le khulu compound, eyase ngokuphindwe okanye plano eyepiece kanye lens lenticular kuthiwe iimikroskopu siphu- compound emva kwexesha (omnye wabo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi kwi ifoto).

Italian iTorah malunga 1660 yavelisa khulu ungqukuva kuncipha zeglasi zibambene. Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa neemicroscope akunakucingelwa ngaphandle igama, ekubeni sokukhulisa Italian mkhulu izinto avunyelwe sisiqingatha kweliwaka.

Ngaba uthetha ngento elinye igama - uRobert Guk? Le Isazinzulu British lenze igalelo elikhulu kakhulu ukufunyanwa kwe izixhobo zimenza mkhulu. Robert Guk ngcono kubo kakhulu kangangokuba iye yaba esinye sezona ziganeko obalulekileyo kwimbali ngokukhanya. Scheme Hooke khulu photo siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Ngenxa kule fyabo, ngo-1665, uRobert wakwazi ukubona iseli kuqala kwicandelo kwiplagi. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ebalulekileyo zobugcisa ukufumana inzululwazi efana biology. izixhobo ukhulise waqhubeka ukuphucula Leeuwenhoek. Kwaye ngako.

Leeuwenhoek and impumelelo yakhe

igalelo elibalulekileyo kwimbali ukukhulisa wazisa A. V. Levenguk, a umDatshi owayehlala isixeko esifana eDelft. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe - 1632-1723 gg. Yena ngokuzimeleyo yenzelwe kwaye asetyenziswe izifundo elula ngemicroscope (iimodeli zezi zixhobo iboniswa ngezantsi) ezinokuthi Linyuke amatyeli angamakhulu amathathu.

It Leeuwenhoek yaba nenkcazelo yokuqala eziphilayo ezincinane (kuquka iintsholongwane kunye kwiseli enye), ngokusekelwe bakubonileyo. Ngowe-1698, uPeter mna, Russian Tsar, uhlawule utyelelo wamazwe odumileyo. UPetros ngelo xesha eNetherlands kwaye waziwa ukuba babe nomdla yonke into entsha. Ngokuba Kunstkammer wakhe, zivula eSt Petersburg, awazizuzelayo iimikroskopu ezimbaxa kunye elula eziliqela. Yaye kamva, emva kokuvulwa Academy of Sciences, ukuba ibekwe kulahlwe mbutho.

Imisebenzi zezazinzulu Russian ukusuka Academy of Sciences

Isifundo "Magnifiers" kufuneka sibandakanye ibali kuzuziweyo abameli ngokukhanya lwelizwe lethu. izazinzulu ezithembisayo Russian umsebenzi wakhe ekhokelwa yi-MV Lomonosov, waqalisa ukuba zisetyenziswe kuphando eziphilayo ethengwe Peter I iimikroskopu. Kwaye ngoko ke yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo zoPhuculo zazo.

sikrini Ivula waqhubeka ngo 1747. Kungelo xesha awathi Euler, ilungu le-Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg (iminyaka yobomi -. 1707-1783 gg), ephakamisa ukusetyenziswa ngemicroscope lens achromatic. Umsebenzi esisiseko yale isazinzulu entsimini ngokukhanya zejometri - "Dioptrics". It iqulathe imiqulu emithathu, apapashwa 1769-1771 gg. Neemicroscope omtsha achromatic, wakhululwa ngowe-1802, emva kokuba umsebenzi yapapashwa Elinusa (kwakhona ilungu le-Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg).

Loo kwemakhroskophu ngelo xesha okuphelele kangangoko izazinzulu musa lisenze ingcamango ukuba lungaphuculwa. Le lokufumanisa elabangela imbambano ngalo mbande- ngelo xesha. I sikrini isixhobo Elinusa ndlela ilandelayo. Bona banikwa lens ezintandathu, oko kwenzeka ukwandisa utshintsho yaguquka kakuhle umgama ukusuka into kumfanekiso. Kungenxa kwilizwe lethu wazalwa, waza waba ifezekiseke ingcamango lobunzululwazi microscope ebalulekileyo achromatic kunye ukukhulisa bume. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicwangciso kuba ezinye izenzakalo awukafikeleli. Tshintsha ukwandisa Isixhobo ummiselo ubude ifatyi, Noko ke, yaba yingcinga kubalulekile ukuba wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwimbali yophuhliso izixhobo zokukhanyisa. Namhlanje yenye iimikroskopu wadala Elinusom, ingabonwa kwi Polytechnic Museum e Moscow, nto leyo iba i-Institute of History, Natural Sciences and Technology. Le ifoto ingezantsi ibonisa izixhobo ezenza nkulu besive ngenkulungwane ye-18.

ukuphucuka ngakumbi ezinamandla

I. G. Tideman, a wamehlo isiJamani ukusuka kwisixeko Stuttgart, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 baqalisa kulwenziwo microscope ezimbini achromatic. Dorpat University (ngoku igama Tartu) wamnika imali ukwenza lo msebenzi. Ngowe-1808 lona yi kwezi zixhobo.

Ngowe-1807, unyaka ngaphambi kokudalwa microscope achromatic, Van Dale wamehlo Dutch, epapashwe umsebenzi wakhe. Yaba inkcazelo kuyilo microscope achromatic, zadalwa nguye. mbali Western baseYurophu bakholelwa ukuba isixhobo yokuqala onjalo umgangatho eyanelisayo sele yenziwe ngulo ngemicroscope nzulu. Noko ke, ngandlela zonke nganto ekwakheni Elinusom. Hi ndlela leyi, iimikroskopu achromatic J. Fraunhofer, ikhutshwe 1811, abantu bade uyilo ngakumbi abangafezekanga, xa uthelekisa kunye iimikroskopu Elinusa.

iimikroskopu Russian kwinkulungwane ye-19

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, izixhobo ukhulise esele yenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi emhlabeni. ERashiya, imveliso yabo yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-18, nangona kunjalo, awutha ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba malunga 1820 ngeranti iimikroskopu ezikumgangatho ophezulu luvelise yocweyo lwemveliso ngokukhanya, kukuba kwiYunivesithi Kazan. Noko ke, nangoku abangakubonanga uphuhliso olukhawulezayo koshishino eRashiya, njengoko urhulumente elo xesha babekholelwa ukuba le ndlela engcono ukuthenga izixhobo ukhulise aphesheya.

Igalelo kwi optic Giambattista amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (iminyaka yobomi -. 1786-1863 gg) - edume Italian Scientist wamehlo, ngeenkwenkwezi kunye yezityalo. iminyaka emininzi yokuphila kwakhe wayitshabalalisa kuphuhliso microscopy. Ngowe-1827 amici ngokwakhe yenzelwe waza wenza lens achromatic, apho waba yomgodi 0.60 kunye nokulungiswa aberration elungileyo. Le Isazinzulu efanayo ngo-1844 waqalisa ukuba ekusetyenzisweni immersions zolwelo kunye namafutha. Enkosi kubo, yasungulwa lens kunye wenyoka lwamanani we 1.30 kunye ukuntywiliselwa emanzini.

iimikroskopu Abbe

Devices ne ukuntywiliselwa oyile kunye yomgodi 1.50 (ezisetyenziswa kule mini) kwaqaliswa ngomsebenzi Ernst Abbe, a yokukhanya waseJamani. Wenza umthetho sine, apho yaba kwikhoma bungaveli kwaphawulwa kwiinkalo ezincinane yomgama. E. Abbe waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ingcamango le ukukhulisa umfanekiso. Yena wacacisa Iimicimbi kunye ukusombulula ngamandla ezi zixhobo. Abbe wayeyinkokeli isebenza ukwenza uthotho ekumgangatho ophezulu microscope achromatic. Bafika emngxunyeni lwamanani ka-1,50. Ezi zixhobo ziye ezikhutshwe yinkampani Jena "Karl Zeiss" (1872). Le nkampani efanayo phantsi kobunkokheli E. Abbe wenza Apo-8. Kwaye ngo-1888, abasebenzi bayo baye Apo, apho waba yomgodi 1,60 yaye ngokuntywiliselwa monobromnaftalinovuyu.

mpumelelo lwakutsha nje yokukhanya

izazinzulu Russian D. S. Rozhdestvensky kunye L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst iphuhlise nethiyori kwiincwadi zakhe. Into elenziwa ebalulekileyo iKrismesi kukuba waqalisa umba bokukhanya hoywa kakhulu. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" umsebenzi inkampani, liye laphuhlisa laze lafumana igunya isixhobo okhethekileyo Izibane ezisetyenziswa neemicroscope. Nangona kunjalo, unanamhla ingxaki engxamisekileyo ye eyiyo iinketho umlinganiselo lens interchangeable kunye neenkqubo izibane. iimikroskopu basekhaya namhlanje njengoko kulungileyo, njengoko phezu kuyilo zobugcisa woqondo parameters yesixhobo, wadalwa ziinkampani odumileyo aphesheya.

Ngoko ke, siye imbali imvelaphi iimikroskopu mihla. Ukuphuhlisa isifundo "Magnifiers" (class 5), ungasebenzisa inkcazelo enikwe kweli nqaku.