Di Fonvizin: Umbhali ngobomi bomntu

Mhlawumbi lo mzekelo oluchanileyo iincwadi Russian kwexesha yiEnlightenment - Di Fonvizin, lo mntu biography ubungqina ecacileyo. iingalo zakhe Fonvizin wanyula comedy, imisebenzi yakhe elibukhali satirical ibonisa imeko kwi Russian uBukhosi kwelo xesha. Fonvizina izimvo kakhulu nempembelelo iingqondo isizukulwana esitsha kwenkulungwane XIX, ingakumbi AS Pushkin, bebheka Fonvizin "umhlobo inkululeko."

Esakhula

Ngo-Epreli ka-1745 Ndazalwa D.I.Fonvizin, biography yombhali baziincamisa kwaqala eMoscow. weza Ifani Fonvizin ukusuka knight uhlobo yamandulo. Ukhokho Denis Ivanovich waba iingcambu isiJamani yaye a knight owangena ekuthinjweni Russian ngexesha i Livonian War. Uyise umbhali elizayo wayeyindoda imbeko yaye akubanyamezeli ubuxoki kunye nokungahoyi. imfundo Initial ekhaya unyana wakhe nguyise, thabatha nzulu kakhulu.

Xa ndandineminyaka engama elishumi, Denis Fonvizin ungena kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo yeengcungcu, yaye emva koko kwi-MV Lomonosov Moscow University esanda kuvulwa. Ngexesha le minyaka D.I.Fonvizin, lo mfana ibhayografi ulwazi olunjalo, azithandayo iinguqulelo ezivela iilwimi zasemzini yeqonga. Kwezi zinto ziya kuchaphazela kwixesha elizayo kulo lonke ubomi zombhali. Kunye iinguqulelo Fonvizin ithathe nezimvo European yiEnlightenment, kwaye yeqonga iye yavusa lo mfana isipho umbhali.

Xa ndandineminyaka engama-17 Fonvizin bafudukela eSt Petersburg wangena inkonzo itoliki asebenza amazwe. Ngenxa yokuba ngoku waba abaqeshwa enkundleni, njengoko imeko yabo kufuneka ukuba baye kuzo zonke izinto zokuzonwabisa, ezifana: iibhola, uzenza akhangeleke. Yeyona umthwalo umsebenzi kakhulu kwindodana, njengoko oko kungqinwa oonobumba ezininzi.

Xa inkonzo Count Panin

Ngowe-1769 Fonvizin engena inkonzo yokwenza njengoko yangaphandle umfundisi kunye utitshala indlalifa ukuba Count Panin. Nangona Earl wayesaziwa wentando ubeka ezininzi bezama ukunciphisa despotism yedwa. UCatherine II ngamazwi bema ukuba neNgonyama "bakhanyiselwa", kodwa eneneni kwabonisa izenzo zakhe unokuyibuyisa. Emva zisiwa ubabalo, Panin Count wafa ngo-1783, eshiya yakhe "iTestamente lezopolitiko 'yakhe, ebhaliweyo nguNobhala, kunye nezinye ezifana-nye D.I.Fonvizinym.

Ungqubano uCatherine II

Ukushiya emva kokufa Count inkonzo D.I.Fonvizin benza umsebenzi nokudalwa magama ulwimi Russian, ezinxulumene ntonye kukuthi indima yawo. Ngokwenza njalo, D.I.Fonvizin, biography oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo, ayikwazanga ukunceda kodwa acuity phezu style ulawulo ngurhulumente, kwakunye iziqhulo malunga enkundleni. La manqaku zapapashwa magazini "Le abathandi dliwano amazwi Russian", nto leyo yashicilelwa phantsi elabo kunye uKumkanikazi. Fonvizin phakathi kwakhe imbambano wesuka, isiphumo leyo ban naluphi na ushicilelo isebenza Fonvizin.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Zonke di intloko ilishwa ebahleleyo Fonvizina ubusuku bonke. Ndayihluthwa ithuba ukupapasha umsebenzi wabo, waba ubukrakra ukoyiswa kumzabalazo kwezopolitiko, ekwakhe ogula Fonvizin ngokucotha obebuza. Wafa, njengoko oko kungqinwa kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane, D.I.Fonvizin Disemba 1, 1792 eSt Petersburg.