Daniel Kahneman kunye incwadi yakhe "Cinga kade ... isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza"

Daniel Kahneman ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba iincwadi zayo odumileyo. Imisebenzi yakhe zigcinwa nangoko Bulelani indlela ngqo intshumayelo nokuchaneka kolwazi. ukuqonda Great ezahlukeneyo indlela ebubuchule lombhali, uDaniyeli Kahneman. Le ncwadi "Cinga kade ... Yenza ingqondo yakho ngokukhawuleza," namhlanje aku- ethandwayo. Kuyafuneka ukuba zifundwe ukuze wonke umntu!

ulwazi oluchaza

Daniel Kahneman - yezengqondo odumileyo American kunye nombhali athengisa ezininzi. Wayehamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo yasuswa ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Yintoni ephawulekayo uDaniyeli Kahneman? Ngobomi yale ndoda ibonisa kwindawo yokuqala ubuntu bakhe ezibalaseleyo. Phakathi iminqweno yakhe njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo ume ngaphandle kwimathematika kwengqondo. Inzululwazi entsha, wabona amathuba elikhulu lokukhula buqu kunye self-ukuphucuka.

Daniel Kahneman wazahlulela yophando. Wafumana ubugqirha in bulumko kwengqondo. Lidla Isazinzulu ebalaseleyo Daniel Kahneman na. Nobel Prize iqinisekisa kuphela ngaphandle kokufaneleka kwayo.

iintlobo ezimbini yokucinga

Ethetha le ncwadi ikhankanywe apha ngentla, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingcamango yayo ephambili kulandelayo: Kukho iindlela ezimbini kwimbono kweziganeko. Consciousness Human yanjalo uhlala ngeendlela ezahlukileyo ezilawula ukuziphatha kwayo kwaye zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinqanaba ngokweemvakalelo. Uhlobo lokuqala yokucinga luphawulwa uvakalelo oluphezulu kunye izangoma ebizwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kubonisa ukuba urhulumente ngexesha elinikiweyo, oko luvuliwe ngokuzenzekelayo, ngethuku lemvelo.

Xa umntu akukho xesha ukubonakalisa, ngokufuthi wenza engacinganga, sithembele kuphela iimvakalelo zabo. Uhlobo lwesibini yokucinga luphawulwa ezingqondweni eliphezulu kwaye kuthiwa kade. Oku kubonisa imeko yomntu oye wagqiba ukuba enze njalo yaye ngabom, ngaphandle kungxama. umsebenzi yokucinga kade kukunceda umntu enze isigqibo esifanelekileyo. Kule kwaye ithi kuDaniyeli Kahneman. Iincwadi zakhe zizele ubukhalipha nobulumko. La magama kufuneka wazi yonke ngengqondo: "Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-izigqibo ukungaqiniseki", "Attention nomgudu", "Cinga kancinane ... Yenza ingqondo yakho ngokukhawuleza."

Mechanism iziphetho sokwahlukanisa

imeko aqhelekileyo xa sisenza izigqibo ngaphambi kwexesha ngokusekelwe isiganeko ethile ngamnye kuthi. Abanye abantu musa ngokwenene ukuqonda imeko, ziqalisa ukubonisa ngeenxa zonke izityholo. Le ndlela yenziwe yasebenza tsiba kwizigqibo xa sithelekisa kunye nezinye iimeko ezifanayo kwaye ukuzoba zokuchaza.

Asingabo bonke aphumelele ukwenza kakuhle, kuba ingqondo iqalisa ukudlala nathi - ukubeka phambili yeengcinga ezikhoyo, kokucingelwayo kwaye uloyiko kunye nenkxalabo. Nabani na kakhulu ubakhathalele yena ntle yakhe. Nangona le meko, yena angenza izinto ezidengileyo, yaye yintoni uthi kwincwadi kaDaniyeli Kahneman. "Ingqalelo kunye nomzamo" - omnye umsebenzi wakhe emangalisayo. Le ncwadi ke ubuncinane kwaziwa. Umisela-siseko engundoqo ingqalelo njenge inkqubo yokufunda, kwakunye izigqibo abavela kuphando yombhali.

ukusebenza nganisa

Xa bengqondo, kukho into enjalo into lubonakala ngokuba nitrogen kwi iziganeko yangoku. Siya utsaleleka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle kunye nabantu abasondeleleneyo yi. Ukuba kudala Zindijikelezile iimeko ezithile, naxa litshintshe esetyenziswayo kuba ngcono uzakuva ukuqaleka ngayo, yimincili. Izizathu ezi mvakalelo afakwe kwindalo ongaphakathi umntu - nabani na ofuna ukuba sizive lokukhuselwa kuzo zonke iintlobo lembandezelo. Abantu-babebambelele andiyithandi akukho ezi- kwaye zama kusengaphambili yonke into. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusoloko kusenzeka. Ukuba ngaba ziyasilela bazikhusele amanyathelo anokuthathwa, ezilahlekileyo ukuzithemba, ixhala Wawuzalisa ngokulungileyo umphefumlo. Ingakumbi abantu abangenamava kwaye suggestible ubunzima ngenxa yokuba kunzima kakhulu ukuba ziqhelane indawo entsha bakhululeke ngexesha elifanayo.

Ubukho oku noDaniyeli Kahneman utsho. "Cinga kade ... Gqiba ngokukhawuleza" - le ncwadi kwabo bafumana ubunzima elininzi isigqibo ngubani bakufumanisa kunzima ukuba ziziqhelanise izinto ezibuhlungu engalindelekanga kunye. Umbhali uthi kufuneka sifunde soyise isiphumo ndibopha yaye bathembele esiphezulu. Kulungile ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo uxanduva intloko epholileyo, cinga imiphumo wenza inyathelo kunokuba ngokungxama rhoqo kwaye akhalaze kusilela. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlalutya ngenyameko ngeziganeko balahle attachments ezingeyomfuneko.

"Ingqondo yangasemva" kunye zokupheka for impumelelo

Nangona bonke ubunzima ubomi lizisa, umntu kufuneka akwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha. Kungenjalo loo nto iya kuhlala amava kwaye atshabalalise isimo yayo yangaphakathi ukubandezeleka. Ngelo xesha, ingqondo yethu usoloko uzama ukubala imeko kwangaphambili, kusengaphambili iingozi ezinokubakho kunye nezibonelelo. Ukuba akukho enomtsalane ithe elibhaqiweyo, ngoko ke umntu uthi utshintsho ngokwabo azincedi lutho. Daniel Kahneman kwincwadi yakhe "Cinga kade ... Yenza ingqondo yakho ngokukhawuleza," ugxininisa ingcamango inkululeko ephakathi. On kula maphepha emangalisayo, umbhali uchaza ukuba siphephe kubanjwe bathinjwa yi isimo esibi, yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze ngokuthe ngcembe ukutshintsha indlela abacinga ngayo. Ukuba ngaba ukusebenza engqondweni yakho, ungakwazi awele kumgibe ingqondo olulahlekisayo kakhulu, ngaphandle apho iya kuba nzima kunene.

Le esa empumelelweni, ngokutsho kukaDaniyeli Kahneman, ilula: kufuneka siphile ngokuvisisana omnye komnye, ukwenza izigqibo ngenyameko. Icandelo ngokweemvakalelo maxa wambi buhlungu kakhulu, ngoko iimvakalelo kufuneka kusoloko kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Kufuneka senze kuphela intloko epholileyo, musa siwele uloyiko lwabo kunye neemeko ezixinezelayo.

Indlela ukujongana iimpazamo

Akukho namnye kuthi omzimba kuzo zonke iintlobo amatyala. Abantu bayalibala kwi kusilela yokuqala ukutyhola abanye le meko. Oku kuvele yokuziphatha engalunganga. Ukufuna unetyala akumkhululi kuni uxanduva, akandifanele uncedo ukuze ube nokuphuma kweso esengxakini. Ngokutsho umbhali, iimpazamo kufuneka siphathwe kuphela njengoko izifundo eziyimfuneko. Musa kuhlala phezu kwabo ixesha elide kakhulu, kungenjalo kuya kubakho namandla ukuhamba kuzo.

Iimpazamo kufuneka kusikhapha ongaphakathi, kungekhona sisingcikivo rhoqo, apho akukho kusinda. Naziphi Iziliphu ukubonisa indlela elungileyo, kufuneka nje ube nako ukuyibona ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba uvakalelwa amandla ayimfuneko ukuze senze umahluko, qala esebenzayo self-sesa ekugwetyelweni. Ukuqwalasela ukuba wenze impazamo, kodwa uzinike ilungelo lokuba kwisimo, ithuba lesibini. Emva koko uya kuba lula ukuba ukuxolela abanye abantu ababandakanyekayo kule meko.

ukusebenza halo

Kuvame kangakanani ukuba sibe bemihla woyilobola ebomini nezi mpawu kunye neempawu unesimilo ukuba ngaba ilifa. Oku kuziphatha yinqobo kumntu ngamnye. Kwinqanaba ienjini, sizabalazela ukuba bafakele izizathu ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuziphatha, abayinqobo kuthi. ukusebenza Halo lubonisa ukuba abantu ngamanye amaxesha kulula kakhulu ukuba igqithe ezabo izinto kunokuba ukunikezela kwabanye, ingakumbi xa izithixo zethu, ootitshala okanye abahlobo. ubudlelwane Family bakhelwe kokulindelekileyo ezininzi kakhulu. Ukuba bangobani akagwetyelwa, bephoxeka inkulu kunye, ngaphezu kwazo zonke, ngaphakathi ngokwabo.

Umbhali kule ncwadi ibonisa indlela uyothuka eziyingozi ngolo hlobo kuba imeko yengqondo. Uxolo lwengqondo lusoloko yalahleka, yaye endaweni yokuba umphefumlo wakhe zapolonyayut kuphela loyiko nokungakhuseleki. Akukho mfuneko yokuba idealize abantu okanye iimeko, bakholelwa ngokwabo, ukuba kungenzeka ukutshintsha imeko.

Vandlakanyo lutsha izenzakalo

Kubhaliwe xa ubomi bethu buquka iimeko ezithile ukuba asikwazi ukutshintsha. Le ndoda uqala ukusebenzisa ukuziphatha yokhuselo bazikhusele kwezinye amava. Kunye nokuhlaziya ubengo iziganeko umntu balance imbono yakhe behlabathi ukulinganisela ngaphakathi. Eyona nto iphambili kule - ukuzama ukufumana intsingiselo yonke into eyenzekayo, ngoko kuya kuba lula ukuphila. Izinqumo, kunye ubalo nezoviwo ukuba singaweli kuvela mintlhaveko eyeyomzuzwana - loo nto ifundisa abafundi Daniel Kahneman.

"Cinga kade ... Gqiba ngokukhawuleza": ncomo

Le ncwadi iye yanceda abantu abaninzi ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo ebomini, ukuze bajongane neemeko ezinzima. Ibonisa indlela udale iingxaki zethu ezongezelelweyo, ebinokuthi ngeziphetshiwe na ngahlolo. Ukuphonononga yencwadi ezintle kuphela. Umbhali ugxininisa ingcamango yokuba umntu ngamnye unoxanduva ukhetho zabo, kwanokuba ngaba uyazi. Ziphephe utshintsho ezingenangqondo, kodwa ungamsa ngokupheleleyo bexhobile, ngononophelo ukulungiselela iimeko ezintsha.

Ngoko ke, Daniyeli Kahneman kwincwadi yakhe inika abafundi ithuba lokuba ukuhlalutya iziganeko ngoku, ukuze wenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele iimeko apho sizifumana, kodwa ukuze ufunde ukuba ukutshona kuzo nzima kangaka ukuba ningethi ebusweni bakhe lwengqondo.