Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo): inkcazelo, imbali umdla facts

Church of the Ukushiyeka ingubo eMoscow wabonakala kwixesha kwembali Russian, xa ubuKristu Orthodox lenguqu ukuya ukuzeyisa, elizimeleyo yophuhliso Byzantium. Sifikelele ekupheleni kwamaxesha, kwaye ilizwe baqalisa umjikelo omtsha imbali yayo.

legend

Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo) yamiselwa ngokomyalelo yeCawa yokuqala Russian Orthodox, Metropolitan uYona ngo-1451 xa kukhunjulwa ummangaliso kwenzeke. Kulo nyaka ukubola amabutho Mazowsze wema kufuphi namadlelo Moscow sele atshiswe ngomlilo, kunye neendonga yesicelo sivete amabutho lutshaba. Abahlali wamisa omzimba, walwa mu lupwa close, ewela phantsi iintolo yotshaba. Nangona kwakukho idabi, Metropolitan uYona wenza umngcelele ngeenxa zonke iindonga zesixeko, ethandaza ngokunyanisekileyo, usindiso eMoscow kubahlaseli.

Ngokutsho legend, ngexesha umthandazo uYona wadibana uyazidela Chudov Monastery Anthony waza wamcela ukuba bathandazele umzi, nabemi yintoni umntu omdala waphendula ukuba wasindisa eMoscow kwaye iza kuba kweli dabi kuphela babulalana - Antony ngokwakhe. Ukuba uthe, indoda endala nangoko kwawa abahlatywe utolo. Xa ngokuhlwa, abahlaseli lihambe ukusuka iindonga, kwaye abahlali kunye Metropolitan wathandaza ubusuku bonke, ukulungiselela kwidabi. Xa kuthi chapha ukusa, yajika ukuba ingxokolo Tatar kwi rush basaba edabini, siphuma kuzo zonke-chola amaxhoba.

yaba isizathu yeflayithi Yintoni - ayaziwa, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba Mazovia wafumana naluphi na ulwazi apho wagqiba ukuba ukulwa into ngamampunge, yaye mhlawumbi ukoyika ngqiqweni zonganyelwe wonke umkhosi, yaye, ngokushiya ixhoba labo, bayeka isithuba umlo. Oku sele kwenzekile phantsi iindonga yesicelo kunye nomkhosi Batu Khan. Metropolitan UYona wacinga ukuba ummangaliso uThixo wasindisa isixeko kunye nelizwe uqhiphuke umbilini nokubulala.

Iphupha kwicawa ilitye

Ngokutsho kwezinye maxwebhu, iyadi Metropolitan kwi yesicelo i-Cathedral Square kwakhiwa ixesha elide. Kulo nyaka ngokuhlaselwa Mazovia icawa sele kwakhiwe, kodwa onyulu. Emva kokuba nangokumsindisa kaYona wagqiba Aron zokumngcwalisa, abe etempileni imbeko yale holide, leyo wasinda. Oku yindlela Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo). Esi sakhiwo yokuqala eyenziwe ngomthi, wema phezu kwendlu phezulu, apho, ngokwesiko lamandulo, bayenza zobuncwane Metropolitan kunye nezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo.

Temple wema de 1479 waza wafa somlilo. Sagqiba ekubeni ukuvuselela loo ndawo yonqulo sele kokufa amatye, wamema iinkosi evela Pskov, nto leyo eye wanda kwaye isithethe ukwakhiwa ngamatye. Gang ekhokelwa Ivan Krivtsov ne Myshkin. Isiko ukwakha izindlu ngamatye ngelo xesha eRashiya ziye zehla emva kweenkulungwane ukongamela kwalowo Mongols - ifumaneka kuphela iinkosi Pskov.

Baye bayalelwa ukuba ukwakha nje kuphela itempile Ukushiyeka ingubo Cathedral Square le Moscow yesicelo, kodwa ukwakha icawa ezimbalwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Omnye wabo, kwingcinga, babanikela, kodwa watsho uphahla. Encwadini yeembali nto uyaxelelwa ukuba "kukho lavaka enkulu," nto leyo eyakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni, ngoku akukho ngokucacileyo. Zibangelwa ziingcali ingxelo ukuba isizathu kuba isisombululo ephantsi-umgangatho lisetyenziswa zokwakha, njengoko uvavanyo kwakulungile, imbali i cwaka.

Pskov trail

Ngoko nto yabangela kwingcinga Cathedral yakhiwa Tsar Ivan III wezakhiwo Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, kunye nokuphuculwa ngakumbi lomculo bokwakha nangoku nobuganga ukushiyela Myshkin kunye Krivtsov.

imisebenzi yabo zandisa Annunciation Cathedral kunye Church of the Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo), nto leyo eyaba ibandla ikhaya Russian Oosolusapho. Kukholelwa ukuba iinkosi Pskov, ngokomthetho indleko yexesha lakhe, baba abafundi ngumzobi Italian kwaye abolekwe zonke kulwazi, ukwandisa imithwalo yabo. Njengokuba kwenzeka - ayaziwa, kukho kuphela icebiso, kutheni abenzi kushiywa ungohlwaywanga, yaye uyiphathisiweyo zokwakha ngakumbi, kodwa iye yaphuhliswa ibali.

Temple of Ukushiyeka ingubo Moscow yesicelo yamiselwa ngo-Agasti 1486. House-ibandla indawo yokuthandaza loosolusapho ezantsi kwiiklasi wetrone yabefundisi yi uMphathi Nikon. Ngaloo mihla lalibizwa "indlu Vladychnaya" ukuguquka zangaphakathi ukuba uqhagamshele enkundleni bamadoda, wamkela "ordination 'inkosi ibandla waphuma waya ebantwini ngalo isinyuko webandla yesicelo Rizopolozhensky.

ukupeyinta itempile

Ngokuchasene nentsukaphi izakhiwo ezisele kwebandla yesicelo Cathedral Square namhlanje ukhangela encinane ezilula, kodwa ekuqaleni Orthodox eRashiya, ukuba mhlawumbi ibandla engundoqo lonke eli lizwe. I-design lunikezelwa mkhosi kukuzukiswa nguMama kaThixo.

Le esekelwe yenqanaba eliphezulu ibonisa kubomi Virgin, amacandelo ephantsi ezimbini ozinikezeleyo Virgin Akathist. Painting eyenziwa royal icon-ngabapeyinti - Osipov kunye Borisov, netempile engundoqo umfanekiso "Lady Lwethu Ukufaka yokwaleka" lwalupayintiwe yi ngumzobi icon odumileyo Nazaire Istomin (ngenkulungwane XVII).

Ukuya kwiCawa Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo) kwinkulungwane XVII kwicala langasezantsi yingcwele osecaleni abazahluleleyo Pechersk Icon ye sidumisa, egcina uluhlu lwe icon ngokungummangaliso, enziwe Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Le icon yayigqalwa ngumkhuseli of WASE Russian kwaye mazihambe solusapho zebandla e Kiev, okokuqala noVladimir kamva eMoscow.

indlu Tsar kaThixo ibandla

Kwamaxesha eyadini amadoda kutshiswa phantsi kangangoko ngexesha umlilo. Nikon weza ezinkulu zokwakha-isikali entendelezweni Boris Godunov, phambi kuye Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, nto leyo iye yaxhobisa ibandla elitsha ikhaya. Ngoko ke Ukushiyeka ibandla yokwaleka kwi yesicelo wafudukela nentsapho yasebukhosini. Ekubeni nesamagumbi ayo nokumkani wacofa gallery, kunye noluhlu Pechersk Icon ye nguMama emva kokwakhiwa Terem Palace bavele phambi iifestile amagumbi Queen. Uluhlu yalahleka emva revolution, kunye ecaweni, xa kuqhutywa umsebenzi wokubuyisela omkhulu.

History of Ukushiyeka yokwaleka Church kwi Moscow yesicelo lizele iziganeko ezininzi wazibonela umlilo mnye, abanobubi owenzeka ngo 1737, xa yonakele, nkqu Tsar Bell. Ngowe-1917, i-yesicelo emsebenzini zokudubula, kwaye zonakaliswe kakhulu ibandla. Kubuyiswa, yakhiwe izihlandlo ezininzi kuba kukho zitshatyalalisiwe, kodwa inkoliso ingqalelo ijolise inkangeleko yangaphandle, ukupeyinta lwangaphakathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukupeyinta, isicelo esitsha.

bokwakha

Namhlanje, itempile ukwakweli Ukushiyeka yokwaleka Cathedral Square kwi yesicelo ayikho intle kakhulu ukuba ukubeka ecaleni ne amaninzi seSigqeba, Terem Palace kunye Cathedral of ngombono. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ezi zakhiwo ibandla phantse engabonakaliyo, kodwa yeminyaka yakhe ngaphezu kwezinye izakhiwo grand.

Church ibhekisa kwizakhiwo yakwantu kaThixo emnqamlezweni. Yenziwe ngezitena, nto leyo kwinkulungwane XV baqalisa ukubuyisela yangaphambili vogue ilitye elimhlophe. Zonke kumacala omane etempileni ke ukwahlulwa ube zahlulo zithathu, phambi kokuba lwahlulo kwathiwa ucingo. Eyona special kukuba kocingo engundoqo yecawe kakhulu macala ngaphezu ezimbini. Ngaphezu udonga ngalinye ucingo njengoko kokugqitywa limele zikhangeleke yemveli zakomars bokwakha Russian (arch). lunamaqoqo Isibingelelo kwicala elingaphandle nawo ezahlulwe ube zahlulo zithathu omise.

Church of the Ukushiyeka ingubo Moscow yesicelo - icawa angqukuva kunye udaka isigcina-ezimilise, surmounted kukukhanya cupola igubu. Dome of igubu leyo ezihonjiswe izivatho ezizodwa ngumbhali owawukuDonga, ibhekisela ngasentla yesikolo Pskov izakhiwo Russian. Izitena zibekwe imihombiso - ecaleni, begunets.

Ubucwebe kunye neenkcukacha

Kwinxalenye esempuma zetempile iyafumaneka ukuze ihlolwe kwi Cathedral Square. Le apse engundoqo bodonga lesibingelelo buqapheleke ngaphezu icala ezimbini, ayemxinwa, ngenxa iitempile emnqamlezweni ubume bokwakha kaThixo. Kujikelezo kwetempile kubekwe phezu owawukuDonga zokuhombisa, nto leyo isebenza ngumqondiso Russian lwezakhiwo ibandla kwixesha lokuqala.

Ukuphakama kwi amazantsi zinokuhonjiswa semi-iikholam, leyo oludibanisa kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukusoloko ipateni keeled zakomaras. iindonga Ezintathu ibandla yayigcinwa ezibonakalayo nzulu apho ii icon eziboniswe ngaphambili. Ngoku wahlala enye kuphela ngomfanekiso kwinkulungwane XVII kwi olungaphambili emantla, oko bufunyenwe ngethuba umsebenzi wokubuyisela-1996, nto ichaza Patronal womthendeleko - Beka yokwaleka ye-Virgin.

Ekungeneleleni kwiCawa Ukushiyeka yokwaleka (Moscow yesicelo) akhiwe macala onke. Ngasempumalanga nomzantsi, ungenza ngokukhawuleza ukufumana ngaphakathi. Umnyango lasemzantsi ezihonjiswe portal zikhangeleke emile yaye ngezinyuko aphezulu kunye empuma - na igalari ye Terem Palace. Imibono zimi kumacala asentshona nasemantla yetempile, bonisa isivakashi cloisters.

ingaphakathi

Ngaphakathi kwetempile yakha isithuba esinye egumbini volume nasebulawini ubalwe ibandla elincinane ngokufanele House Church. Le Code isekelwe phezu kweentsika ezine. iindonga Space neentsika wayifulela imizobo yeziqulatho zonqulo.

Inxalenye engundoqo bali esingelwe ukuya Virgin Mary, indlela umzobo efanayo ukupeyinta esekelwe ze ngombono Cathedral. Ukuqondana ayikho ngengozi: lo msebenzi ngo-1644 lwaqhutywa iinkosi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Pospeev Sidor kunye abramov yobudoda. Izithuba ntlekele iinkosana Russian kunye metropolitans.

njani ubugcisa ngenkulungwane XVII, kwaba njani ngokucacileyo ngowe-1956, xa, phantsi accretions kamva avulwa kwaye zicocwe izifundo zembali. kubuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo iconostasis omdala, Nezingathanga ukushiya Church of the Ukushiyeka nengubo yokwaleka ye-Moscow yesicelo yabanjwa ngexesha elifanayo. Inkcazelo ubume iyonke womzobo kunye iconostasis ibonisa ukuba isiseko kwezisombululo umbala kaMnu.

iconostasis

Iconostasis eyenziwe ngesiliva, Beje kunye nokucacisa ezihonjiswe yi izivatho. icons Kufakwe adyojwe bechwayitile, imibala eqaqambileyo kugquba aluhlaza, icherry, umbala omhlophe. Le iconostasis saqala wadalwa emva kokuba Ixesha Iingxaki kunye ngentshabalalo ehla lizwe. Customer waba nguyise ukumkani yokuqala Romanov ubukhosi - uMphathi Filaret.

Phezulu emithathu eziliqela icon zipeyintwe abasebenzi studio iconographer Nazaire Istomin Savin ngo-1627. umqolo Bottom, wabhala inkosi yena, izandla zakhe zivela icons ezimbini central - "Endala iTestamente Emnye," "The Virgin Hodegetria".

umsebenzi Ukubuyiselwa yee-50 zibonisa ukuba esekelwe phezu kweendonga inkxaso ezihamba umbala. Uyilo bemvelo nefuthe kakhulu kumathuba of Christianity, xa eRussia zemetropolis waseByzantium.

Lo mzobo lwehashe, wenze ukuba phezulu kwaye phezu kweentsika ebonisa kubapostile Grand Neendwalutho, ecaleni icala kunye indlela umninindlu, ukunamathela izimiso engqongqo, wavakalisa intlonelo lakhe laba Amaqhawe esekelwe kunye nomoya ngeenxa unika uvuyo kunye nokukhanya.

modernity

Ekuqaleni-imi- 90 ka Ukushiyeka yokwaleka Church kwaba evulekile iindwendwe, kwakunye nangexesha lokubhalwa mthendeleko ibandla patronal kubanjwa apha unqulo ezinkonzweni. Ezityeni wasinda izinto nje ezimbalwa. iziphatho ezinkulu antique efakiweyo phambi iconostasis, ngemihla yamandulo abizwa ngokuthi "ikhandlela obhityileyo" - kuthembeke ngaphakathi. Zezibane zanikwa etempileni njengesipho usolusapho uYosefu ngo-1649. Bona Zazihonjiswe imikrolo, neengcedevu zaso zesilivere ngumfanekiswana kwaye zisekelwe kumanani iingonyama isitayile. Esinye isithuba ezizodwa ngo-1624 kukho chandelier yesilivere, nengubo ubuqambi kwibhoyila weengcibi zegolide D. Sverchkov.

Itempile kufuneka beze kubona esekelwe benkulungwane XVI kwaye ukutyelela umboniso we sculpture yamandulo Russian somthi, ise-cloister. Enye imikrolo ezininzi yamandulo kwinkulungwane St. George XIV idibana umtyeleli ngqo emnyango mboniso. Ngemihla yakudala imisebenzi enjalo ifakiwe kwaye bakhonza icons iconostasis. Of umdla omkhulu ezi icon Novgorod "Descent evela Cross" yaye "The Virgin of Umqondiso" (Rostov).

E Rizopolozhensky Church, mboniso igcinwa kunye Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Metropolitan yokuqala Rus - uYona, wabeka ibandla kumaxesha amandulo. Oluboniswe kwinkcazelo icons yamaplanga ye woonongendi Solovetsky umfanekiso Nikolaya Mozhayskogo ngekrele, ngendlela apho wabonakala ukuze akhusele isixeko kubahlaseli Mozhaisk. Akukho ngaphantsi umdla kunye nezinye yokufuna ulwazi - a Umnqamlezo evela Chudov Monastery, ukusongwa, ixesha icon ye XV-XIX iinkulungwane.