Bulumko Bacon kaThixo. ifilosofi yanamhlanje uFrancis Bacon

I sazi yokuqala onolwazi lobuchwepheshe njengesiseko naluphi na ulwazi - Frensis Bekon. Yena, kunye René Descartes wavakalisa imigaqo esisiseko mihla. bulumko Bacon kaThixo yabangela umthetho esisiseko Western wacinga: ulwazi - ngamandla. Kungenxa ngesayensi, wabona isixhobo esinamandla inguqu kwezentlalo eqhubekayo. Kodwa ngubani lona sobulumko esidumileyo, Lowo ngumongo imfundiso yakhe?

Esakhula

Umsunguli bulumko mihla Bacon wazalwa ngomhla wesibini-amabini ngoJanuwari 1561 eLondon. Uyise igosa eliphezulu kwinkundla Elizabeth. Umoya ekhaya, imfundo abazali, ngokungathandabuzekiyo nempembelelo Francis oselula. E ezilishumi elinambini, wathunyelwa Trinity College kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Kwiminyaka emithathu emva koko wathunyelwa eParis njengenxalenye uthumo yobukumkani, kodwa kungekudala umfana wabuya ngenxa kokufa kukayise. ENgilani, lokubandakanyeka nomthetho, kwaye ngempumelelo kakhulu. Noko ke, ingqalelo imisebenzi yakhe yaphumelela osemthethweni kuphela njengesikhundla umsebenzi yezopolitiko kunye noluntu. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, sonke bulumko ngakumbi uFrancis Bacon wabhekana iimvakalelo kwelo xesha. Sele 1584 yena kuqala kunyulwa House of Commons. Kwinkundla James Stewart kaThixo Okokuqala kwabakho ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza oziphethe abatsha. King bakhalaza kuye kwizintlu ezininzi, amabhaso kunye nezikhundla eziphezulu.

career

bulumko Bacon likaThixo ngokusondeleyo onxulumene kulawula uKumkani James Yokuqala. Ngowe-1614 ukumkani yachithwa kwipalamente ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigaqo okunene ngabanye. Nakuba kunjalo, imfuno abacebisi, UYakobi wayengqongwe Nkosi Francis. Kakade ngawo 1621, Bacon wamiselwa Nkosi High Chancellery, uBaron Verulam, Viscount Saint isiAlbania, umgcini itywina yobukumkani, kunye ilungu Wawongwa ebizwa njalo-yangasese Council. Xa ukumkani kusafuneka kwakhona ukudibanisa iPalamente, ePalamente anixoleli ukuphakama ezinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo igqwetha yangaphambili, waza yena wamthumela umhlala-phantsi. Wafa sobulumko amanqugwala kunye yezopolitiko lesithoba Apreli 1626.

nokwenziwa kwayo

Ebudeni beminyaka yenkonzo wenkundla lenkathazo bulumko somgaqo-uFrancis Bacon savela ngenxa umdla yakhe kwezenzululwazi, nomthetho, ukuziphatha, inkolo, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. Iincwadi zakhe bamzukise umbhali wayo njengomntwana onengqondo enkulu kanye umsunguli kanye yonke kwintanda-bulumko mihla siphila kuyo. Ngowe-1597 wapapasha iphepha yokuqala enomxholo othi "Amava kunye umyalelo", apho ngelo xesha kabini igqityiwe ize iprintwe kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi. Ngowe-1605 Ndabona ukukhululwa lesincoko "Kwi ukubaluleka nempumelelo wolwazi, uThixo nabantu." Emva kokuhamba bakhe nkqubo Frensis Bekon, kuchaphulo olu leyo kunokubonwa imisebenzi emininzi wangoku bulumko, wendele kuphando lwabo yengqondo. Ngowe-1629 yanyatheliswa "New Organon", yaye ngo-1623 - "Ngomhla ukufaneleka kunye nophuculo nenzululwazi." Kwintanda-bulumko Bacon, kunye tezisno ngokufutshane ecaciswe kwifom yimizekeliso ukuqonda ngcono inginginya, kubonakaliswe kwinoveli nephupha "New Atlantis." Okunye imisebenzi emikhulu:. "Emazulwini", "Ngokwesiseko kunye nezizathu", "Imbali kaKumkani uHenry eleshumi elinesixhenxe," "Imbali yokufa nobomi"

The main thesis

Zonke ingcinga mihla zenzululwazi kunye neenqobo ekulindeleke ifilosofi Bacon. Shwankathela lonke ubunzima balo kunzima kakhulu, kodwa singatsho ukuba njongo iphambili yale imisebenzi yalo umbhali kukukhokela ukuba unxibelelwano olungcono phakathi kwe ingqondo kunye nengqondo yezinto. Yeyona engqondweni - umlinganiselo ekugqibeleni zexabiso. Intanda-New Age yiEnlightenment, ziqulunqwe Bacon, ibeka ugxininiso ngokukodwa kukulungiswa iingqiqo engenaziqhamo ezingacacanga, ezisetyenziswa zenzululwazi. Ngoko ke imfuneko "look entsha ukulungisa izinto ze uchithe nokubuyiselwa of Arts and Sciences kunye lonke ulwazi abantu."

shazi isayensi

Frensis Bekon, ogama kuchaphulo olu baye basebenzisa phantse zonke zobulumko zobuhandiba mihla, wayekholelwa ukuba inzululwazi ukususela kwixesha amaGrike amandulo yinkqubela mncinane kakhulu ukuqonda ukufunda endalo. Abantu baye babe ngaphantsi yakuzixhalisa malunga siseko iingqiqo yoqobo kunye. Ngenxa yoko, kwintanda-bulumko Bacon ubiza abantwana ukuba ahlawule ingqalelo kuphuhliso inzululwazi kube ukuphucula ubomi babo. Wamelana sukubacingela ngenzululwazi, sifuna ingqwalasela eyodwa ngenxa uphando kunye nabaphandi. Baqalisa kukuguquka kwakhe ngokukhawuleza inkcubeko yaseYurophu, kungenxa yokuba iingcinga zakhe zakhula kwiindawo ezininzi bulumko mihla. kwiiklasi Science of akrokra emehlweni abantu of Europe isiba indawo ophambili nebalulekileyo nolwazi. Kulo mba, zobulumko ezininzi, izazinzulu kunye iinkcuba ezi 'ekhondweni' ka Bacon. Endaweni scholasticism, leyo umtshato ngokupheleleyo kwimikhwa zobugcisa kunye nolwazi endalo, kuza isayensi ngokusondeleyo-bulumko kwaye isekelwe phezu imifuniselo ezithile kunye namava.

ekumisweni uluvo

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "ngokubuyiselwa Enkulu of Sciences" Bacon kwakucingwa kakuhle ngaphandle kunye nesicwangciso oluneenkcukacha ukutshintsha yonke inkqubo yemfundo: ezezimali, ukuvunywa imigaqo nemimiselo, nezinto ezinjengezo. Wayengomnye wokuqala abezopolitiko kunye zobulumko, ngubani ingqalelo ukubaluleka amanyathelo ukubonelela ngezibonelelo emfundo kunye nokuhlola. Bacon sabonisa imfuneko ukuhlaziya iinkqubo zokufundisa kwiiyunivesithi. Nangoku, ukubazi kunye iingcinga Bacon, sinokukhuthazwa ubunzulu ingqiqo yakhe njengomntu laseburhulumenteni, sesayensi nzulu ngezinto: inkqubo 'ngokubuyiselwa Enkulu of Sciences "ezifanele namhlanje. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wendlela revolution ngayo kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe. A ku ri "Ngenkulungwane ye-oosonzululwazi ezinkulu ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu," Nkosi Francis ngokusebenzisa ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe eNgilani. Yiloo nto ke kwintanda-bulumko Bacon yaba sisandulela sezifundo mihla ezifana kwabantu, ezoqoqosho inzululwazi kunye nenzululwazi yezenzululwazi. Igalelo iphambili yale bulumko kulo mkhuba kunye nethiyori ye inzululwazi ukuba wabona imfuneko ukuzisa ulwazi lwezenzululwazi phantsi isiseko methodological nentanda-bulumko. bulumko uFrancis Bacon kaThixo esijolise Yindibanisela zonke Sciences zibe kwinkqubo enye.

umahluko yesayensi

Sir Francis wabhala ukuba ukwahlulwa elifaneleke yolwazi yabantu - eli candelo ezintathu ikhono lemvelo umphefumlo. Imbali kulo mzobo lihambisana kwimemori, intanda - kodwa ingqondo, kwaye Imibongo lengqondo. Imbali wohlulwe yoluntu zendalo. Imibongo yahlulwe ezizekelisayo, usinga kunye enkulukazi. Eyona kuxoxwe nzulu uhlobo bulumko, lwahlulwe ube zenyathi ezinkulu ezininzi neentlobo. Bacon kwakhona eyahlula ukusuka 'yezenkolo kaThixo aphefumlelweyo,' nto leyo unikela osiyazi osiyazi kuphela. Philosophy wohlulwe yendalo bakwelona. I ibloko yokuqala kuquka uhlobo msebenzi: zemvelo ezikhona, ubucukubhede, imathematika. Zona ezenza esiyintsika yale simanga, kwintanda-bulumko mihla siphila kuyo. Isikali Bacon ngokubanzi kwaye ucinga ngalo mntu. Yeyona imfundiso izimvo malunga emzimbeni (oku kuquka amayeza, emdlalweni, ubugcisa, umculo, zokuthambisa), kunye nemfundiso malunga umphefumlo, leyo kumacandelwana amaninzi. Oku kuquka izihloko ezifana nokuba nesimilo, logic (unkqaya ithiyori, ukuvumbulula, umgwebo) kunye "nenzululwazi yoluntu" (oko kuquka imfundiso kobudlelwane zoshishino, imeko ebhodini). Zalisa zokuhlela Bacon angazishiyi ngaphandle ingqalelo efanelekileyo nayiphi ingentsimi okhoyo ulwazi ngelixa.

"New Organon"

Kwintanda-bulumko Bacon, kunye tezisno ngokufutshane echazwe ngasentla, liqhuma kwincwadi ethi "The New Organon". Kuthathela ngumfanekiso kwi yokuba umntu - itoliki endalo kunye umkhonzi, uyakuqonda kwaye yenza, uyayiqonda uhlobo nokucinga ukuze okanye nangezenzo. Kwintanda-bulumko Bacon kunye Descartes, zayo eyona owayephila, sisiganeko entsha kuphuhliso zeengcinga yehlabathi, njengoko kuthetha ukuba uhlaziyo isayensi, nokuphelisa epheleleyo lweengcinga lobuxoki 'imimoya ", apho, ngokutsho ezi abacinga, wamwola ngokunzulu ingqondo yomntu, yazinyaswa. Xa i "New Organon" thaca imbono yokuba icawa endala aphakathi kunye nendlela yomfundi yokucinga busezingxakini enzulu, yaye olu hlobo lolwazi (ngokunjalo iindlela zophando echaphazelekayo) abafezekanga. bulumko Bacon kaThixo umi phezu ukuba indlela ulwazi kunzima kakhulu, njengoko ulwazi endalo, ngathi maze apho ufuna ukusebenza indlela yakho, neendlela kuzo ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye ngokufuthi ezilahlekisayo. Kwaye abo kukhokelela abantu kwezi umendo ngokwabo ngokufuthi siphuma kuzo nokunyusa inani imiduka ezula. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho imfuneko abukhali siluhlolisise siseko lokufumana ulwazi lwenzululwazi olutsha kunye namava. Philosophy Bacon no Descartes, kunye nokuseka koko Spinoza wakha ebalulekileyo isakhiwo kunye nokufunda neendlela. Umsebenzi wokuqala apha ekulihlambululeni ingqondo, ukukhululwa kwakhe kunye nokulungiselela kumsebenzi oyiliweyo.

"Ghosts" - ntoni na?

bulumko Bacon xa uthetha malunga ukuhlanjululwa Ingcinga weza inyaniso, nto leyo ukuveza ezintathu: ebhenca eveliswa yi ingqondo yomntu, bulumko kunye nobungqina. Ngako oko, le umahluko phakathi ezine "ghost". Yintoni na? Le uphazamiseko ethintela yinyaniso, ukwazi inyaniso:

1) I "imimoya" uhlobo, leyo ube isiseko kwindalo yabantu, xa imeko yabantu, "Yesizwe";

2) "imimoya" emiqolombeni, iimfeketho zokufeketha ngamanye umntu othile okanye iqela labantu, ezo zibangelwa "umqolomba" abathile okanye amaqela (ngamanye amazwi, "ihlabathi elincinane");

3) I "imimoya" yemarike, apho siyenza unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu;

4) I "imimoya" ye yeqonga, zixutywe umphefumlo imithetho ezigwenxa neemfundiso.

Zonke ezi meko kufuneka zilahlwe yaye iyaphikisana ngokoyisa ngesizathu phezu ucalucalulo. Yeyona umsebenzi yentlalo lemfundo sisiseko imfundiso le hlobo ukuphazamiseka.

"Ghosts" uhlobo

bulumko Bacon xa ugcina ukuba uphazamiso ezendeleyo ingqondo yoluntu ityekele athi yokufaniswa kakhulu kwaye umyalelo izinto kunokuba ndingekawuboni zifumaneka kwindalo. Ingqondo ijonge artificially ukulungisa iinkcukacha ezintsha kunye izibakala ukulingana iinkolelo zabo. Man enikezela neengxoxo ukuba zaqaqamba kakhulu. ulwazi Limited kunye nobudlelwane nehlabathi kweemvakalelo ngesizathu - ingxaki wefilosofi of the New Age ukuba iinkcuba enkulu sazama ukusombulula kunye kwiincwadi zakhe.

"Ghosts" umqolomba

Vuka ukusuka umahluko phakathi kwabantu: abanye abantu abafana isayensi ethile, abanye sinotyekelo philosophizing nakubungqina jikelele, abanye bayamoyika ulwazi yamandulo. Ezi mahluko, ukususela iimpawu ebantwini kuvela, engqingqwa kakhulu ulwazi phendulela.

"Ghosts 'market

Oku yimveliso kakubi amagama kunye namagama. Ngokutsho Bacon, kungoko zivela iimpawu bulumko mihla, ezo zijolise ekulweni ezishiyiweyo sophistic, Ukubanga ngomlomo eziyingozi. Izihloko kunye namagama elinokunikwa izinto azikho kwa-ukubakho, kwaye ngesi sihlandlo ukwenza ithiyori, lobuxoki ziyalambatha. Ngexesha eyinyani iba yokwenene, yaye oku ezikhubazayo ngenxa ekuqondeni ifuthe. ezintsonkothe ngokuthe kratya "imimoya" wantshulisa ukutsalwa kwabangazi nokubi, ezagqitywa ibe nokusetyenziswa yenzululwazi kunye nezenziwayo.

"Ghosts" Theatre

Abayi musa ukungena ngasese engqondweni, kwaye sivela imithetho ezigwenxa kunye neengcamango etsomo kwaye zibonwa ngabanye. bulumko Bacon kaThixo ngokucalula nokwahlula i "imimoya" yeentlobo yeqonga izimvo eziphosakeleyo nokucinga (empiricism, sophistry kunye neenkolelo). Kuba practice kunye nenzululwazi, ezo zibangelwa yi-wokubambelela nenkani ngenqindi ukuba empiricism obambekayo okanye uqikelelo nobuntu, apho kusoloko nemiphumela emibi.

Imfundiso lendlela: yokuqala efunekayo

Frensis Bekon libhekisela ebantwini abangqondo zigutyungelwe ngomkhwa kwaye uyotywe ngaye, ngubani na sibone imfuneko yokuba omzimba ka umfanekiso epheleleyo uhlobo kunye nendlela kwanezezinto Eyokuqiqa ka igama elinye kunye lonke. Oku kuya "uqhekeko", "ukungcola", "zodwa" lwakha uhlobo iinkqubo kunye namabhunga zingaqinisekisa ngokwayo ngengqibelelo iphela.

Imfundiso lendlela: yesibini efunekayo

Le kumhlathi ikhankanya i nkcukacha ze "omzimba". Bacon wayekholelwa ukuba ukwahlulwa - asikuko usukelo kodwa njengendlela apho ziyakwazi ukuchongeka yeendima lula kwaye elula. Isifundo phantsi ingqalelo apha kufuneka ibe ezithile nomzimba elula, ngokungathi "evulekileyo yobuntu babo ngendlela eqhelekileyo kuyo."

Imfundiso lendlela: imfuneko wesithathu

Khangela indalo elula, nesiqalo elula, njengoko kucacisiwe Frensis Bekon, oko akuthethi ukuba kukho izinto eziphathekayo imizimba, amasuntswana okanye izenzakalo. Iinjongo kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi inzima kakhulu ngakumbi: kuyimfuneko ukuphinda-sijonga indalo, vumbulula ifomu yalo, ukuba bafune umthombo okuvelisa indalo. Sithetha kuvulwe umthetho onjalo, leyo sibe sisiseko msebenzi kunye nolwazi.

Imfundiso lendlela: imfuneko yesine

bulumko Bacon ithi kuqala kwiinto zonke, kufuneka ulungise imbali "lokuhlola kunye wemvelo". Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukudwelisa ukushwankathela oko sizathu kanye uhlobo utsho. Consciousness, leyo kushiywa lodwa, kwaye eshukumayo. Kwaye kule nkqubo kuyimfuneko ukukhetha imithetho methodological nemigaqo eya kuba nako ukwenza uphando olwenziwe ukuba abe ukuqonda wendalo.

iingcamango Social and practical

Xa kungekho tyala ndiphelise ukufaneleka Nkosi uFrancis Bacon njengoko ngumpolitiki kunye sikatata. Umda umsebenzi wakhe zentlalo olugoso, ukuba kuza kubakho ngokwenene zobulumko ezininzi kwiinkulungwane elinesixhenxe elinesibhozo eNgilani. Uyayixabisa ubucukubhede nezi mechanical, apho, ngokwembono yakhe, akukho inokuthelekiseka izinto zokomoya ngakumbi ngokomgangatho kuchaphazela imicimbi yabantu. Njengokuba ubutyebi abuhluthileyo uba ixabiso loluntu, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya ukuzila efanelekileyo yokufunda. Yobugcisa kunye namakhono yokuvelisa oluntu ngaphandle kwemiqathango evunyiweyo Bacon, ngokunjalo nophuhliso zobugcisa. Yena nomoya omhle imeko mihla kunye nenkqubo kwezoqoqosho, apho kuya kubakho uphawu zobulumko ezininzi emva kwe xesha. Frensis Bekon ngokuzithemba ixhasa ukwandiswa ngamathanga, unika iingcebiso eneenkcukacha kwi yalula kunye ulawulo 'fair ". Ngenxa nxaxheba ngqo kwipolitiki yaseBritani, uthetha kakhulu yemisebenzi kwiinkampani mveliso kunye norhwebo. Ubuntu elula Usomashishini ngokunyaniseka, ngusomashishini izama yenza uvelwano Bacon kaThixo. Yena unika elininzi iingcebiso ezona ndlela enobuntu ikhethekayo iindlela zokuxhobisa lobuqu. Ebubuvuvu loo zaqalwa abaninzi neziphithiphithi, kwakunye nobuhlwempu, Bacon ubona nkqubo bhetyebhetye, ingqalelo uluntu oluncinane iimfuno zoluntu nokunyusa ubutyebi yabemi. ubuchule ezithile lithethelela - hlengiso irhafu, kuvulwe iindlela zorhwebo ezitsha, ukuphuculwa yezandla kunye nezolimo, inkuthazo ukuze silwenza.