Bolshezemelskaya Tundra: iimpawu zendalo

Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni kumba (th 1.5. ^Km2) intsimi khotsho phakathi Polar phambene kunye nemilambo Pechora kunye Usoy ezikufutshane ulwandle Barents. Lizwe ke Nenets ஜோடி isilungelelanisi kunye Komi Republic. Kuyinto engqwabalala ekupheleni kolwandle kuyabanda, permafrost kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana ezincinane, leyo kwabunjwa ngexesha ubudala umkhenkce, xa zomkhenkce zafikelela imida amadlelo esemazantsi eRashiya yanamhlanje. Ngokuthe ngcembe, imozulu yaba ukufudumala, kodwa iindawo apho glacier wahlala ixesha elide, sekunjalo kugcinwa imizila ebusweni bakhe.

Eli nqaku ubalisa ngento Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. iimpawu zendalo kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho yophuhliso yommandla ziza kuchazwa ngokubanzi kuyo.

features ukukhululeka

Le zina- zazihamba isakhiwo plain, okuphakama ikakhulu yi 100-150 m, maxa wambi ufikelela 250 m ngohlobo nasentshonalanga gquma. Bamele umzimba yedeskthopi kwasekwa iidipozithi glacial. isakhiwo lwangaphakathi - izinto owahlukeneyo kakhulu detrital. Oku kuquka zombini iibloko omkhulu ukuya litye neemitha ezilikhulu ambalwa, nodongwe, kwasekwa ngenxa esivikivayo kobutyobo xa uhambisa glacier. Ngcembe ukunyibilika phezu kwelizwe wamshiya imixholo yazo. lwamawa gquma enamandla abunjwe ikakhulu apho umkhenkce ububanzi kukuba ubuninzi, okanye enyeleni icing. Bolshezemelskaya Tundra awela iinduli ezimbini - ukuba Earth Ridge kunye Ridge Chernysheva. Owesibini Wasolula phantse 300 km ukuya Polar Urals. ukuphakama kwawo - ukuya kuma-205 m, umphezulu unalo ihewu-ezifana isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa - lekalika kunye yelitye. Utyani inxalenye esemazantsi kubabetha - yinto ezimnandi kunye nespruce hlathi.

permafrost

Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni - ikakhulu permafrost (permafrost), nto leyo esibonakala ngokungabikho lamathuba thawing. Enyanisweni, le nxalenye kwesikhoko ngaphezulu, nalapho ixesha elide (ukusuka isibini amawaka eminyaka ngaphambili) has a amaqondo obushushu 0 ° C, itheyibhile ice amanzi thaca. maxa wambi kangakanani ifikelela ukuya ku-1000 m. Kakade ke, oku kubonakala uhlobo imihlaba kule ngingqi. Kuyo phantsi kweemeko yeqabaka elide okanye esisigxina ipasisa ezininzi iinkqubo ezithile. Ngaphezu komhlaba umaleko ekhenkcezisiweyo asinakukwazi ukulandisa wamatye ezikroziswayo, naphantsi inyathelo kubushushu obuphantsi yhuu imihlaba esakhiweni cryogenic.

Imihlaba ye kummandla

Inkcazelo Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni e IsiNgesi kunye ezineenkcukacha ukuhlangabezana inethiwekhi ezintsonkothileyo. Noko ke, kukho ulwazi oluninzi malunga nemimandla efanayo kunye permafrost ekumntla Alaska, Antarctica, Canada, iYurophu kunye Asia. Ngokubanzi, uninzi okufana bendawo okanye imihlaba efan gley nge eyahlukileyo umbala eqhelekileyo oluhlaza-ngwevu okanye umhlwa. Ingafunyanwa ngayo iifayile afanayo Bog plain lomhlaba, ibhedi umgquba kodwa bengabalulekanga - 10-15 Ukuqhubeka cm ngakumbi ixabiso layo akunakwenzeka ngenxa iimeko zasehlotyeni elifutshane nengqele apho izityalo ulihlwempu kakhulu .. Ayaziwa Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. Noko ke, ukuba ukudida le mimandla mibini akunjalo. Kwimeko yokuqala sisebenzisana kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana zizityebi. Lo mmandla eyayihlala abantu bomthonyama owasentla, Russian, yaye ilungele ngakumbi ubomi.

sezulu

iimeko zemozulu ukuba Territory le kumathafa ongqwabalala kakhulu. Winter ihlala ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintandathu, kunye ulondolozo nekhephu Oktobha ukuya kuJuni. Iinyanga zasebusika elide Kwathi ngaphandle ilanga, iqabaka kunokwenzeka nkqu ehlotyeni. I-avareji Julayi lobushushu +8 ... + 12 ° C. Njalo nje yimimoya enamandla ukuvuthela evela Arctic, i-ikhephu iphetshethelwe angabikho mathafa emathafeni nokwakha emigodini enzonzobila. imvula yonyaka igcinwa kwi-250 mm ukuya kwi-450 mm kunye entla ukuya ezantsi.

Kodwa, entwasahlobo, njengoko ihlabathi liphela, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra uvuka similise ubuhle bayo wasentla. Ezindulini kwamaxandeka ezo inyibilika ikhephu. Eyona nto ephambili ekuvumela ukuba basinde kwiimeko ezinjalo - sakukhanyisela. I elide Ngosuku polar, xa ilanga phantsi kwiiveki ngaphaya kunina, ikhuthaza uphuhliso izityalo ezinqabileyo.

Flora

Lo mmandla iwela kummandla kumathafa, ongu- moss-ityholwana eyetundra inxenye - ihlathi emathafeni. Le yokugqibela senzeka manqaphanqapha kwindawo ekumazantsi, zizandyondyo, leyo ndzulu iintlobo fir amancinci-zodonga.

Zonke izityalo emathafeni luphawulwa inkqubo iingcambu zikhula kakuhle, nto leyo isasazwa kumphezulu umaleko nzulu. Oku kuchazwe yi permafrost. Ukufuma kuli ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ukuba izityalo zakhe akakwazi nangenxa yokubanda. Kuzo zonke iintlobo zemithi ziqhelekileyo ezinde ezincinanana kunye willow. Kodwa ukuphakama kwawo encinane ukuze izityalo maxa wambi kubonwa engceni.

izityalo eneentyatyambo Bolshezemelskaya kumathafa ngexesha entwasahlobo - njengomboniso ubuhle emangalisayo. Ezigqala indawo ongaphiliyo lithuthwa kwaye uzaliswe imibala eqaqambileyo, ezo umona kwimimandla ezifudumeleyo. izityalo Annual abanalo ixesha lonyaka ukuze zenze imbewu, ngoko nezihluma imelwe Perennials: .. Ingaba umama-and-kaVan, gentian, cyanosis, umqhaphu ingca, iglowubhu intyatyambo, buttercup, eritrichium, Castile eVorkuta, njalo-njalo ngakumbi entla, izityalo ezintle - uqalisa ulele ubukumkani, nto leyo kwi kumathafa, kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100.

kulona

I zezilwanyana Bolshezemelskaya kumathafa naye kakuhle. Ubudlelwane ingalandwa efanayo: imozulu ebandayo amagunya izityalo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isiseko ukutya. indawo Real ukumkani ingabizwa adle. Oku sisilwanyana esincancisayo esikhulu neempuphu has zonke iimpawu eziyimfuneko ukuze bafumane ubomi amathuba kwi Far North. labantu Natural ngokusondeleyo erhangqwe imihlambi ekhaya. Adle ebesoloko kwaye ihlala abantu bomthonyama oncedisayo ufunwayo.

Ezidla zimelwe ikakhulu iingcuka neebhere (brown namhlophe), Wolverine, kukuqhuqha, iimpungutye iimpungutye Arctic. Bekuthi ezi imivundla iindawo kunye Lemmings. In iintaka kumathafa phantse ebusika, kodwa entlakohlaza kuza ebomini kunye ukufika zeentaka. Oku ama, amarhanisi, Turuhana, snipe, sandpipers loon, kwakunye neentlobo more phantsi wokhuseleko, - weentaka, nenkqo, Diver ebomvu-umqala, nendwe, njengeyona nesangxa, kunye nabanye.

Enye yezinto eziyimiqobo eziphambili ukuya eziphila - umzabalazo oyile Bolshezemelskaya kumathafa, sikhatshwe kokutshatyalaliswa zokuhlala zendalo, utshintsho ukuma.

Tundra kunye nabantu

Ngophanya nje lweliso, kusenokubonakala ngathi ubomi kumathafa kuba Bolshezemelskaya umntu nje akunakwenzeka. Noko ke, kukho indawo khona apho. Kwinkqubela yommandla yaqala kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ekuqaleni apho imephu yezi ndawo rhoqo balukuhlwe kunye amabala amhlophe. Okwangoku, kukho iindawo ezintathu: Khorey nzeni, Karatayka, Haruta. zokuhlala Population mancinane, kodwa kuphula nokufika ngexesha ngokuzingela nokuloba ehlotyeni. Ukuhanjiswa zange ziphuhliswe. Ukuya zokuhlala kunokwenzeka kuphela ngehelikopta, iindlela itrekta uxhumane nabo kunye nezikhululo wokugrumba.

minerals

Ukufunyanwa kwamabala oyile negesi - lithuba bethembisa ukuphuhlisa kummandla Bolshezemelskaya emathafeni. Ngokutsho data yakutshanje, ubuninzi oovimba i Timan-Pechora oyile negesi kwiphondo buzinze kule ndawo. Nantsi yinxalenye isitya wamalahle. Okubaluleke olukhulu Scientist uphando G. A. Chernova, apho oluphezulu amathuba ophuhliso kunye elizayo.

Nangona ubungqongqo iindawo Bolshezemelskaya Tundra - a ecosystem-ethe, ngoko ukuze angene ihlabathi lakhe ezizodwa emangalisayo kufuneka ngenyameko, ukucinga yonke into kunye neziphumo zawo.