Abantwana zithathwa abantwana de yintoni ubudala? abantwana ukuba zizibandakanye: definition

Kulo mthetho yangoku kukho iseti iingqiqo. Phakathi kwabo - i "umntwana" yaye "lithi". La magama efanayo intsingiselo, kodwa abe umahluko. Ukuya kutsho xa engakanani ngobudala umntwana minor sele ekwinqanaba elifanayo? Ngokutsho komthetho Russian - ukuya ku-14 ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-14 ukuya kwi-18 ubudala - abantwana. Kubonakala ukuba phakathi kwesi-6 ne-14 leminyaka ubudala - abaselula kakhulu.

Ezi ndidi zabemi banamalungelo kunye noxanduva, leyo akhuselwe ngumthetho. Baya Ungasebenzisa iinkonzo zempilo, imfundo, ukuphuhlisa, ndiphumle. Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka 18 uxanduva ngezenzo zabo elala kunye nabazali. Kuphela emva kweminyaka lommi uninzi linoxanduva ngezenzo zakhe, kwakunye nokubonelela ilungelo.

Ngubani na lo mntwana?

Igama elithi "umntwana" ukho emthethweni. Ziye ke kuthathwa ukuba umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala. Kubonakala ukuba umntu ukuzalwa yaye ngaphambi kweli thuba iza kuba nomntwana. Yena sinikezwe namalungelo kunye noxanduva, ngokuxhomekeke ngokuziswa kweencwadi ezikolweni zazo. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, ummi azikhange zikhunjulwe umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18.

Xa enkululekweni zifakiwe kwi-Code Civil, umntu kwiminyaka eli-16 ubudala kuthathwa ukuba abe nesakhono xa abaqeshwe phantsi isivumelwano sengqesho kunye kwemvume yabazali. Kwakhona, ngaphandle komtshato engama-18. umthamo ngokusemthethweni abantwana sele ilungiswe Art. 28 of the Code Civil.

isigaba abantwana

Senze abantu abaselula - abantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eli-18. Ezi ndidi zabemi amalungelo awo. Le mbono "ukuganga", iminyaka ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya kwiminyaka-14. amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi yakhe zifakiwe amaxwebhu ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. Minor ongumntwana eyi-14 ukuya kwi-18.

Ezi ndidi zabantu zinokuba amalungelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezibophelelo. Umntwana ukuya kwiminyaka eli-14 yinkundla efanelekileyo engenakukwazi, yaye ngenxa yoko abazali banoxanduva kuyo. Emva kwale ubudala, kukho buso umthamo, ukuze ukwazi ukungena imicimbi ezincinane, kwaye iza nge-18 umthamo epheleleyo.

amalungelo abalulekileyo

Russian Code Family kubandakanya onke amalungelo abantwana abaselula, ekufuneka ilandelwe. Eyona engundoqo imfuneko yokuba bonke abantwana entsatsheni. Umntwana unelungelo lokufumana imfundo abazali, ubhengezo, uphuhliso, ukuhlonipha. Ukuba umama kunye notata abanalo, ummeli osemthethweni womntwana minor ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. Kunokuba kwamkhapheli, igunya ukugada.

Kukho ilungelo lomntwana othetha ngayo nabazali babo. Akukho namnye unako ningabaleli ukuba abone izalamane zakhe. Oku kukwasebenza amatyala mtshato lwabazali. Umntwana biyela gwenxa nezalamane.

Yintoni ebalulekileyo ilungelo igama, igama eliphakathi, igama lokugqibela. Tshintsha idata kwiminyaka 14 kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvume yabazali. Ukuba ezingephi engama-10, iinkcukacha ezo zitshintshiwe kuphela kwemvume yakhe. Yena uyakwazi ukuveza umbono wakhe mbuzo, nto leyo enxulumene nayo, ngoko kumenywa ukuba weva enkundleni.

Xa kukho kukwaphula imitsalane yomntwana, ukuze isicelo nokulindwa, kwaye kwiminyaka 14 - enkundleni. Oku kukwasebenza amatyala imisebenzi non-abazali, kakubi amalungelo abo, intsebenzo ngokungafanelekanga yemfundo. A umntwana unelungelo lokukhuselwa inkcazelo ukuba yingozi empilweni okanye uphuhliso yokuziphatha.

Kukho amalungelo athile ngokuphathelele lwabantwana njengabasebenzi. iminyaka ukuya ku-14 ayikwazi ukusebenza, kwaye emva kokuba kweminyaka kuphela ngenxenye, kodwa ukuba ufuna, kunye kwemvume yabazali. Xa lo msebenzi akuvumelekanga veki, ebusuku. Umsebenzi kufuneka ube nako ukuyenza.

izinto impahla

Ukuya kutsho xa engakanani ngobudala umntwana umntwana unelungelo lokuba afumane abazali babo? Umama kunye notata kufuneka ukuba babalungiselele yayo eyi-18. Ngexesha umtshato ukuba ahlawule inkxaso umntwana, yaye emva kokufa ubuncinane omnye wabazali - yomhlalaphantsi. Kwakhona wabeka iinzuzo, lo gama nayiphi na ingeniso ichithwa zonke iimfuno eyimfuneko mntwana.

Court ngokwesiseko imfuneko umzali, leyo byi inkxaso umntwana, ukuze isigqibo ukukhutshelwa kwemali ingabi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha imali yesondlo kwiakhawunti yomntwana. Kusenokuba ubenokuzuza ingeniso, impahla njengesipho okanye ilifa. Umntwana Akukho ubumnini bepropati ngabazali, njengoko ulonwabele kwemvume.

ukubunjwa

Oku kuqinisekiswa yi-siseko kunye namaxwebhu yase. Ilungelo lemfundo yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo, ngoko abantwana bafumane amaziko emfundo noqeqesho. Kubalulekile ukuba ukuthobela zonke izinto:

• lemfundo ngokwesiseko imilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo;
• indlela rapid;
• zisetyenziswe simahla kwamathala eencwadi kunye neminye imithombo yolwazi;
• imfundo olongezelelweyo;
• ukuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwamaziko emfundo;
• bafumana imfundo jikelele esisiseko ngolwimi lwabo;
• ukutshintshela kwelinye iziko kwemvume yabazali;
• kuba esimka kwelo ziko kunye kwemvume yabazali;
• Ngokuqhubeka imfundo;
• khetha uhlobo lwemfundo.

Ukuya kutsho xa engakanani ngobudala umntwana minor kufuneka abafundileyo? ngaxeshanye ayisosinyanzelo kodwa ubuncinane kwimfundo esisiseko ngokubanzi. Okunye ozikhethela kwenzeka. ngokomthetho kuvumela abantwana ukuba bafumane imfundo aphakamileyo ezamahala ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze imfundo kwiziko zabasakhasayo iya kuhlawuliswa. yezandla Secondary kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo zingahlawulwa kwaye simahla.

iinkonzo zonyango

Kwicandelo lezempilo ongumntwana libonelela ngeenzuzo zilandelayo:

• unyango eklinikhi;
• uncedo lwezempilo nezentlalo;
• ucoceko kunye nococeko yemfundo;
• ukufumana ulwazi malunga nempilo.

Ukuya kutsho xa engakanani ngobudala umntwana minor ufumana unyango kunye kwemvume yabazali? Oku kwenzeka phambi kweminyaka eli-14 ubudala. Ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-15 ukuya kowe-18 abantwana nabakhulileyo uyavuma ungenelelo lonyango kwimpilo, kwaye ukuba zishiya.

Leisure kunye nokuzonwabisa

Umntwana unokuba baphumle kwi a kumaziko ezempilo zasehlotyeni. Abazali abe itikiti wena, uze wenze isicelo imbuyekezo bachitha imali. Isifundo ngasinye umdla yayo intlawulo. Urhulumente ibonelela ukuba:

• Iivawutsha ze uphuculo;
• ngokutya kubantwana kwi iminquba;
• ukuhamba kwizithuthi zikawonke.

Abazali kufuneka afune ingxelo efanelekileyo ukuba abasemagunyeni bathi- ukuvala ezi ndleko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, unako ukubuyela ubuncinane inxalenye yale mali.

athole ebusuku

Kukho umlomo isixhaso kubantwana kwiindawo zikawonke ebusuku:

• ezitratweni;
• zemidlalo;
• kwiipaki;
• kwiipaki;
• zinkonzo.

Kwakhona, bona abavumelekanga ukubonakala kwiindawo zorhwebo kunye necandelo okutya. Bayakwazi kuvela kuphela kunye nabazali babo okanye namanye amagosa aphezulu. Night abantwana luqala iiyure 22 kwaye uphela 6 kusasa. Kwisifundo ngasinye ixesha elichithwa ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kunye nommandla nengozi.

besikhundla abantwana

Malunga isakhono abantwana ekhankanywe Art. 28 of the Code Civil. Eli gama libonisa kwisenzo esahlukileyo kweentengiselwano. Ukuba awufuni ukuba kwiminyaka eli-14, iimeko ezinjalo zenziwa ngabantu abadala. Ukususela kwiminyaka 6 ukuya kweli-14, abantwana banelungelo lokwenza oku kulandelayo:

• iintengiselwano amancinci;
• isenzo seenzuzo ukwamkelwa ukulwa;
• imali ukuze ngemvume yabazali.

umthamo Legal ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-14 ukuya 18

Abantwana iminyaka 14-18 sele ukuzimela yoluntu. Basenokuba ukulahla ingeniso yomntu: umvuzo, yokufunda, kwaye akukho mfuneko ukuba imvume yabazali. Oku kukwasebenza yokuvulwa akhawunti yebhanki kunye needipozithi, nokuphunyezwa copyright, benza iintengiselwano ezincinane.

Kodwa ngendlela alikafiki ngokupheleleyo. Kungenzeka, ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali ukuba kuzekwe, nokuba ukugqibezela imicimbi ezinkulu, ezifana ukuthenga ipropati. uxanduva kuba basityathe ngokwabo. Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-18, umntwana akakwazi inxaxheba kunyulo, ngokunjalo ukulawula i-ofisi yezothutho okanye abambelele. imithetho efanayo iyalungiswa ngumthetho.

Iintlawulo kweminyaka

Usapho nabantwana banelungelo ukusebenzisa iinzuzo evela kurhulumente. Oku kufuneka ukuba ukuphuculwa eziphathekayo ubomi bentsapho. Ezinye iinzuzo ziquka:

• kutsalwe irhafu: Beka intlawulo engange-1,400 kumntwana ngamnye;
• abazali abangabodwa: ukufumana Ukubhatalwa enkulu;
• umntwana ukhubazekile: wabeka intlawulo ukulungiselela unyango kunye nolondolozo;
• umsebenzi nabasetyhini: koomama nabantwana ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweli-14 ubudala abavumelekanga ukuba isebenze ixesha, zokuhamba;
• Iintsapho ezinkulu: Ukuba intsapho abantwana abangaphezu kwama-3, ngaphandle kvarplaty ukunciphisa ubungakanani-30%, ukuhamba free kwizithuthi zikawonke, zebhanki kunye nezinye iingenelo.

izibonelelo zentlalo ziyafuneka ukuze axhase intsapho, ukuphuculwa ezibonakalayo.

Indawo minor

Abantwana kufuneka aphile nabazali, abagcini, abazali babo ongengowakho. Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko ke kwindawo inkathalelo eyodwa. Umntwana aphile ngokwahlukileyo abameli bazo, xa unyango kuthatha indawo. Emva kweminyaka 14 kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukhethe indawo yokuhlala, kodwa kwemvume yabazali.

Xa abazali bahlala ngaphandle, kubalulekile ukuba bavumelane indawo ekuhlala kuyo abantwana. Xa iindlela zokudala uxolo azisebenzi, ngoko ugqiba yi kweenkundla. Ngokutsho Art. 65 Code Family, ngokoluvo abantwana. Inkundla kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno umntwana, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• ngeempawu abazali;
• ishedyuli yomsebenzi wabo;
• ubutyebi;
• isimo somtshato;
• ubudlelwane kunye umntwana;
• ubukho bezinye abantwana;
• zempilo lwabazali;
• ukufumana ikhaya ukusuka kwiziko lemfundo;
• imibono umntwana omdala ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-10.

INkundla ekhethiweyo indawo zokuhlala umntwana umzali lowo unako ukunika iimeko zokuphila eziqhelekileyo, imfundo kunye nophuhliso. Ukusombulula lo mba phantsi kwesivumelwano yeyona ndlela kakhulu, ekubeni yingozi senze. Kunqweneleka ukuba ukuqinisekisa uxwebhu kubameli. Xa engekho bonke abazali uxanduva kuthwalwa nguRhulumente. Oku kulawulwa yi-Code Family. Kwaye elawula nokulindwa.

omdala

Man emva kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala ibonakaliswa, kuba uyakwazi ukulawula ngokuzimeleyo amalungelo ukuze enze imisebenzi kwaye uxanduva ngezenzo zabo. Kubonakala ukuba lube ikwazi.

Eneminyaka 18 ilungelo ngummi ngayo ukuqhuba, umtshato, ukudibanisa, abathatha inxaxheba kulonyulo. Kwakhona unalo yolawulo, yolwaphulo, liability yoluntu.

zigcwele

Nangona uninzi umthamo, ngummi akanayo zonke iimpawu. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuvota kwenzeka nje kuphela: ukuze angakhetha, kodwa hayi ukuba anyulwe njengoko balloting iqala ngo-21.

Ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu lonyulo zomongameli, kuyimfuneko ukuba alinde iminyaka engama-35. Ngenxa yoko, kuya kuvela kamva amandla iyonke. Kodwa usebenza kuphela kwiindawo ezithile zobomi apho abambalwa.

Iminyaka yobudala esemthethweni eyi 18

Uninzi akusoloko kuchazwa kule minyaka. Kukho 2 izinto phantsi kwayo kwenzeka ngaphambili:

• ngomtshato;
• enkululekweni.

Nangona Code Family ixesha lokukhwela luza ubudala, kodwa kukho iimeko ezizodwa apho umtshato makavunyelwe ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-16. umthamo Legal luqala ingqesho esemthethweni okanye ukuqala ishishini labo.

Ngoko ke, umthamo akunyanzelekanga imiselwe ku-18 iminyaka. Xa kunikwa le status kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto ezininzi ebomini. Kuxhomekeke kulo, ukuba ngummi ofumana amalungelo nezibophelelo.

amalungelo Child esweni nokuqashwa. Ukuba kukho naziphi na ukunyhashwa kwicala abazali okanye abanye abantu, abasebenzi angenza isicelo enkundleni okanye kwiofisi yomtshutshisi. Ngqo kunakuqala imitsalane yomntwana.