Zhivkov Todor: biography, usapho

Zhivkov, Todor Hristov yaba ngumpolitiki yaseBulgaria kunye nenkokheli kwiminyaka emininzi (ukususela ngo-1954 ukuya 1989) le-Bulgarian Communist Party. Kule minyaka 35 ubunkokheli beqela, waba izithuba kwezigqibo engundoqo kweli lizwe: Prime Minister (1962-1971) kunye noSihlalo weBhunga State of the People Republic of Bulgaria (1971-1989), okt de facto yaye de jure, wayeyintloko karhulumente.

Imvelaphi, imfundo nolutsha

Kuyo Todor Zhivkov? ngobomi bakhe yaqala ngoSeptemba 7, 1911 kwidolophana Pravets, kufuphi Sofia, kwintsapho yamahlwempu. Ngo-1928 waye wajoyina i-Bulgarian wamaKomanisi Youth League, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo ne Party Workers Bulgarian '(BRP). Lo mbutho esemthethweni yezopolitiko wadalwa emva kokuvalwa ngo-1924, i-Bulgarian Communist Party, owenziwa ngoSeptemba 1923 qhankqalazo axhobileyo ukuba athimbe amandla kweli lizwe.

Todor Zhivkov waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphezulu Pravets ngo-1929 waza wafunda 6 (th namhlanje 10) kunyaka wesikolo eliphezulu Botevgrad. Wandula wazinza Sofia, apho waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ngoko waya kusebenza typefounder indlu yoshicilelo karhulumente ombaxa.

Ukuqala imisebenzi yezopolitiko

Ngowe-1932 Zhivkov Todor waba lilungu BRP. Kungekudala waba lilungu Sofia Party Committee kunye uNobhala yeSibini Committee Bureau. Igama lakhe komhlaba kwaba "Yanko." Nangona BRP waza wavalwa kunye nawo onke amanye amaqela ezopolitiko emva kwimvukelo ka May 19, 1934, kodwa waqhubeka ukuba iNdibano yesiZwe, kwaye Zhivkov kwixesha impi ichaphazeleke emsebenzini wakhe, ngexesha elifanayo njengonobhala wekomiti zezithili zeli CVT e Sofia. Ukususela ngoJulayi 1938 ukuya kuNovemba 1942, yena Yayizimele kwezinye iilali Bulgarian (Deskot, Lesichevo, Govedartsi) kunye nomfazi wakhe Maroy Maleevoy, ababesebenza kuzo njenge GP.

Inguqu ukuba umzabalazo wezigalo owawusilwa norhulumente

Ngexesha Second World War, le izangqa abalawulayo Bulgaria elikhokelwa Tsar Boris babehlangene ngamaNazi eJamani, banikwe ummandla yesizwe ukubeka amajoni ayo. ihlasela amajoni Bulgarian yiYugoslavia kunye Greece sabhengezwa imfazwe kwi Great Britain ne-United States, kodwa kwangaxeshanye Bulgaria ikwazile ukuba aye kulwa USSR.

Ndawonye Bulgarian kunye ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, waqalisa ukuzakhela imikhosi yazo yabanqolobi. Ukususela ngoJuni 1943 Zhivkov Todor isigqibo Sofia yoMmandla Committee of BRP wamiselwa lilungu labasebenzi Yokuqala Sofia ummandla operative abavukeli. Kwaba ngokunjalo lombutho isakhiwo t. Ubizwa. Abantu Liberation Army, wadalwa ngoMatshi 1943. Njengenxalenye kommandla utyando imikhosi ezimbini ngokunomkhethe, iiyunithi ezilishumi kunye namaqela yokulwa. Zhivkov waye ummeli ogunyazisiweyo Abasebenzi ndawo njenge "Chavdar" ngokunomkhethe, ngoko ngokutsha kwi isicima angabe phantsi umyalelo Dobri Dzhurova osebenza kummandla Sofia. Kweli xesha kwemfazwe, emanyene ezininzi Zhivkov wabacimi "Chavdar" ahlala izikhundla eziphezulu amaziko karhulumente Bulgarian.

Ekuthatheni ngamandla ngamaKomanisi

Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1944 eBulgaria waqhubeka ukuba amajoni Isijamani namahlakani ayo, nangona urhulumente afuna zokurhoxa zabo. Ukusebenzisa le nyaniso, urhulumente waseSoviet -5 Septemba 1944, wathi imfazwe ku Bulgaria. September 8, 1944 amajoni eSoviet le Front lweSithathu Ukrainian phantsi Marshal Tolbukhin kunye Black Sea Fleet wathabatha isixeko kunxweme Bulgarian Sea Black, apho amajoni wanikela akukho ukuxhathisa. Ngosuku olulandelayo (Septemba 9) nemvukelo Communist e Sofia wayichitha Muravieva urhulumente ukuba imini phambi kokuba isibhengezo imfazwe yiSoviet Union wagqiba ekubeni zenze imfazwe iJamani, kodwa akazange abe nexesha ukwenza njalo ngenxa yokulibaziseka wabaphathi elomkhosi enxulumene ndawonye. Ukuba ngamayelenqe yezopolitiko Muravieva kwikhabhinethi aluphumelelanga, eSoviet Union kwakuza kufuneka ukuba ngokusesikweni amajoni kummandla utshaba eJamani, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba inkcaso evela namahlakani ayo Western.

Ngenxa yoko zeziganeko Septemba 1944 eBulgaria isiqingatha senkulungwane yayilawulwa Communist Party waza waba yinkokheli kweli lizwe, Georgi dimitrov, kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kwaqashwa ngenxa yokuziphatha yokukhalipha ngenkqubo odumileyo Leipzig. Ngelo isigaba sokugqibela eentloko ezaxhobela imfazwe yaseBulgaria bathathe inxaxheba kuyo ecaleni eSoviet Union kwaye bathatha inxaxheba ekulweni eYugoslavia, Hungary kunye Austria.

Rise career iqela emva NgoSeptemba 9, 1944

Ukususela kaSeptemba ukuya kuNovemba 1944 Zhivkov Todor yayiyintloko kwezopolitiko labasebenzi yaBantu wamajoni waza waba uNobhala yesithathu Sofia City Committee PDU. February 27, 1945 waba ilungu Central Committee lamalungu iqela le. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1948 yena unobhala yokuqala Sofia City Committee PDU kwakunye usihlalo wekomiti wesixeko iLizwe loobawo Front, apho, ngaphandle amaKomanisi, yaye oku kuquka ezinye amaqela Bulgarian. Kuloo nkongolo yesihlanu BRP, ebakho ngoDisemba 27, 1948, kunyulwa Central Committee Party, leyo waphinda igama Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). Zhivkov Todor rhoqo baphinde bonyulwa kwibhunga lolawulo le BCP, kude December 8, 1989, xa wagxothwa ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela eya phezulu yepati alilungu amandla

Ngo-Oktobha 1949, Zhivkov kwabangela iSebe lombutho nokuFundiswa ye-Central Committee Bulgarian Communist Party, ngoJanuwari 1950, waba unobhala Communist Party, yaye ngoNovemba akhethelwe ilungu ngumgqatwa Politburo wayo. Ukususela ngoJulayi 1951 ukuya kuNovemba 1989 Zhivkov - ilungu Political Bureau of the Party Committee Central. INtloko looNobhala Party iKomiti Central ukususela 1953.

Noko ke, amandla ngokwenene epatini, ukuba yaqaliswa emva kokuba Epreli Plenum weKomiti Central (2-6 Epreli 1956), nto leyo uphawula ukuqala lehlelo ubuntu ukuveza Vylko Chervenkov ally ekufutshane Georgi dimitrov, owafa ngowe-1949. Tchervenkov ngo-1950-1956 gg. waye Prime Minister of eBulgaria, kwaye kule minyaka 1950-1954 - unobhala jikelele we-Central Committee BCP. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe wabonisa ukunyaniseka olomeleleyo ukuya Stalin, ukuba akwazi indlela yokuziphatha yakhe, alabonakala.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo, amandla embadleni Chervenkov waba ngcembe bafudukela Zhivkov. Okokuqala ukuba lwapheliswa kwisikhundla uNobhala Jikelele leKomiti Central, kwaye emva kokuba yesithandathu Party Congress (Matshi 4, 1954) Zhivkov wonyulwa kwisikhundla ngokutsha sikaNobhala lokuQala le-Central Committee Bulgarian Communist Party (ndiyibambe ukuya ku April 4, 1981).

Indibaniso izithuba iqela kunye norhulumente

Ukususela ngowe-1946 ukuya 1990. Zhivkov wonyulwa ulibamba yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe (iPalamente). November 19, 1962, yena indawo Anton Yugova njengoko inkulumbuso. Wenza le post de ngoJulayi 9, 1971, xa kubekwa Stanko Todorov.

Ukususela ngo-1971, Zhivkov waba usihlalo weBhunga ntsha of State of the Republic of eBulgaria (enyanisweni intloko karhulumente). Wenza kwesi sikhundla de-17 Novemba 1989.

Bulgaria phantse yaba republic ye-16 USSR

Disemba 4, 1963 Todor Zhivkov njengoko BCP uNobhala First weKomiti Central kunye iNkulumbuso ngokobuqu thaca kwi plenum ye-Central Committee sesibheno Bulgarian isindululo ukuya Central Committee CPSU kwi umbuzo zokuhlangabezana ngakumbi kunye nokuhlanganiswa elizayo ne-Peoples Republic of eBulgaria kunye yiSoviet Union, nto leyo ke republic ye-16 Soviet Union, ngaloo ndlela babe isoyikiso ukuzimela eli lizwe. plenum iKomiti Central uncome isindululo njenge "wabona omangalisayo ubuzwe Ukusebenzisana", nto leyo iya kuphakamisa i "ubuhlobo emaqandeni nentsebenziswano olubanzi phakathi kwilizwe lethu kunye Soviet Union ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha." Isindululo "ukudala iimeko zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye kwezopolitiko wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa epheleleyo mazwe zethu ezimbini emaqandeni "ukuba ngamxhelo evunyiweyo kwiseshini plenary uyisayine yi Todor Zhivkov, kodwa sakhatywa yiSoviet Union.

Inxaxheba kwezithandani le Prague Spring

Isigqibo malunga inxaxheba eBulgaria kwi njengamanyathelo ayo emva kokuba Prague Spring samkelwa liBhunga labaPhathiswa, usihlalo Todor Zhivkov. Kwagqitywa ukhuphe top-imfihlelo iBhunga labaPhathiswa Ndiwise № 39 NRB 20.VIII.1968 kunye nezizathu ngesigqibo ngohlobo "ukunika uncedo yomkhosi Communist Party yeCzechoslovakia kunye nabantu Czechoslovak". Le usebenze kanzima sibandakanya regiments nomkhosi 12 kunye 22th ukubala 2164 indoda kunye nomkhosi itanki nge-26 oomatshini T-34.

Ukususwa esikhundleni

Ngowe-1989, kukho inani amazwe yali kweminquba amaKomanisi baphelelwe ngamandla ngenxa yeenguqu kunye babhukuqwa, iqalwa buthathaka jikelele eSoviet Union kunye nokupheliswa nendawo inkxaso yezoqoqosho ecaleni kwakhe. Kuye akukho isiphetho kanye Bulgaria eqhelekileyo. NgoNovemba 9, kwintlanganiso ye-Political Bureau of the Central Committee Bulgarian Communist Party Zhivkov Todor wawushiya post yakhe njengenkokheli iqela, imini plenum olulandelayo zeKomiti Central, leyo evunyiweyo yakhe yokusula nokucebisa kwiNdibano yesiZwe ukumkhulula ivela kwisikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo weBhunga State. Novemba 17 Zhivkov ubelahlekile yaye le post. NgoJanuwari 1990, wabanjwa, yena phambi eziliqela emangalelwa gwenxa igunya. Ngenxa yokuba kwiminyaka abasemagunyeni eBulgaria ukuya 90 20 st. ulondoloze igama WayeliKomanisi Party, uqambe Socialist Party, t. e. wahlala ezandleni asebenza nayo Zhivkov, Isiphelo sakhe akubanga zenkohlakalo njengoko yinkokeli isiRomania Communist Ceauşescu. De kwangowe-1996, Zhivkov wayeseluvalelweni, ityala kuye kuphandwe ngababuthuntu; kwaye ukuthandwa senkokeli owayesakuba kwisiqalo yempilo imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe lakhula. Kodwa ke sele egwetyelwe ngokupheleleyo ayizange lombutho. Ngo-Agasti 1998, kancinane phambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-87 ubudala, wabulawa yinyumoniya.

Todor Zhivkov: Family

Oziphethe wayetshate (Julayi 1938) kwi Mare-Jivkova Maleeva, owasweleka ngo-1971 ngumhlaza. Baba nonyana nentombi. intombi Todor Zhivkov xa Lyudmila (bona. Photo ngezantsi), umbhali-mbali edumileyo zobugcisa Bulgarian, iminyaka emithandathu njengoko intloko yeKomiti urhulumente yaseBulgaria malunga lezoBugcisa neNkcubeko. Wafa ngo-1981 ukusuka istroke.

Unyana wezopolitiko Vladimir usaphila, unyana wakhe imbeko utatomkhulu odumileyo igama Zhivkov Todor. Umzukulu ka Politika evgeniya (intombi Ludmila Zhivkova) yi ngumpolitiki Bulgarian ingcibi, izihlandlo ezilithoba (2001 nango-2009) wonyulwa kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe.