Yiyiphi inxalenye iseli ebalulekileyo? Iiseli ngemicroscope

Kukho izigidi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Kwezi, kuphela iintsholongwane iindlela ezingezo-cellular zobomi. Zonke ezinye incinane bakhe, kodwa unit main lwezakhiwo abe ehokweni. Ngoko ke, oko - kungasisalathisi esibalulekileyo ngamnye ezikhoyo, bephuma okanye omnye ubukumkani wendalo. Iipatsi kunye organelles iseli ukuze achaze indlela umzimba ephilileyo ukhula kwaye oqhubekekisa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kuyo. Le yunithi isakhiwo noshowo ulwazi ibalulekile ekuqondeni lonke uhlobo ngokubanzi.

Iyonke isicwangciso seli

Iseli ngemicroscope - umboniso kakhulu umdla. Iyamangalisa ukusuka iliso oluntu efihliweyo kakhulu, kwaye kukho kwinqanaba le sekuba! Ngenxa kokusungulwa kwalo unique device enombala iye kunokwenzeka ukuba ube yinxalenye yale nqanaba, ukuba baphonononge kwaye uqonde iindlela zobomi, ukuze bafunde indlela ukufumana inxaxheba kuzo kwaye usebenzise ukuze kungenelwe abantu.

Ngaloo ndlela, kufunyaniswe ukuba zonke izinto kuba iyunithi sakhiwo. Iiyantlukwano zikhona phantse zonke ilungu yobukumkani. Umzekelo, kwindawo engundoqo ye cell zezityalo zahlukile kwezo zezilwanyana. iimpawu zayo isakhiwo kukho iintsholongwane kunye nomngundo. Kodwa ke, ungakwazi ukubona ngemigaqo ngokubanzi lwesakhiwo cell.

1. Le zofuzo ngohlobo iimolekyuli DNA (ukuba eziphilayo eukaryotic - izityalo, nomngundo, izilwanyana - buzinze nucleus, prokaryotes (iintsholongwane) musa ndikhuphe ngumongo).
2. inwebu Cytoplasmic ikhetha iziqulatho isithuba lwangaphakathi kunye neempembelelo bangaphandle.
3. Le kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles kunye inclusions.

organelles amaninzi minye zonke iiseli, nto leyo kwakhona siqinisekisa imvelaphi oqhelekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. izahlulo kumaziko kwiyunithi nganye ophilileyo kakhulu eninzi. Kubalulekile, umzekelo, kwi:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• izixhobo Golgi;
• EPS (reticulum okanye reticulum endoplasmic);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions protein kunye carbohydrate, kunye nabanye.

Kukho bakuqaphele organelles ezithile ezikhethekileyo ukuba abameli nawuphi na ubukumkani oluthile indalo. Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye eyintloko plant cells - hayi nje i kernel, kodwa udonga iseli kunye vacuole. An plastids ebalulekileyo, kodwa ezi zakhiwo azikho ngeeyunithi yezilwanyana.

Yiyiphi inxalenye iseli ebalulekileyo?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo inzima kakhulu. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle nayiphi na inxalenye yayo noshowo kwiseli akayi kuba nako ukuphila ngokwesiqhelo nokuphuhlisa. Kodwa kukho ezininzi eziphawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-organelles kunye namalungu.

1. Ingxenye ngezinto nucleoli and genetic buzinze zofuzo.
2. Iseli udonga (izityalo), inwebu cytoplasmic (zonke iiseli), iqokobhe mucic (lwegciwane).
3. Le kukho icytoplasm kweekhomponenti kwesakhiwo.

La macandelo - sisiseko nayiphi iseli, kungakhathaliseki ephilayo obuphezu omnye okanye olunye uhlobo. Phakathi organelles cytoplasmic nayo ingabonisa yingxenye iseli ibalulekileyo.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Izixhobo (complex) Golgi.

Kucacile ukuba inqununu zingafonela inkoliso zonke iiyunithi noshowo yunithi yokwakha eziphilayo.

I kernel nesakhiwo sayo

Ngokwembali noluvo lokuba kwindawo engundoqo ye iseli - isiqalo. Noko ke, asingabo bonke bephela banabo. Ngoko ke, akukho nuclei ku:

• abaqolileyo iiseli ezibomvu igazi;
• beqhuba iiseli izicwili zezityalo ;
• iintsholongwane.

Kukho iintlobo, leyo, phezu koko, eziba eziliqela. Umzekelo:

• poperchnopolosatye imisipha;
• awafanele;
• ingca yolwandle;
• nemifuno imikhumbi lactiferous.

Ngokubanzi, isakhiwo jikelele isicwangciso esinye isakhiwo ingqalelo. Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezisisiseko ezakha Ilapho naluphi na.

1. Karyotheca (Imvulophu yenyukliya) - imele inwebu kabini isakhiwo lenze nje imiqobo phakathi icytoplasm kunye core embilwini. Ukuze kube ziqhotyoshelwe ngaphandle ribosome, i CSE, i Golgi complex.
2. Karyoplasm - matrix gel yangaphakathi ugcwalisa engundoqo. Elinye igama - nucleoplasm. Iqulethe iiproteni ezahlukeneyo, RNA ribosomal.
3. Chromatin iyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi zofuzo helical kuthinteleke ukubola okudalwa. nokubunjwa kwayo ikakhulu lunikezelwa nemidzaluka DNA. calcium nezinki ion sikhona, iiprotheni, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, yenzelwe iindawo ezingqonge zofuzo. Ziqulethe RNA, DNA, iiprotheni. Esetyenziselwa indibano subunits ribosomal Yindibanisela p-RNA (RNA ribosomal).

Sisicwangciso jikelele yesakhiwo enyukliya, ukusuka apho kucacile ukuba ixabiso le isakhiwo kwiseli nganye - izigqibo yokuvelisa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza, edibanisa iimpawu yemfuza.

Le kukho icytoplasm nokubaluleka kwayo

Ukubaluleka kwale sakhiwo yavulwa kuphela fyabo unamandla ngakumbi izixhobo eyandayo. Ngaphambili ukuba wayefanele - nje izimfimfithi-organelles. Ngoku, ke, ukuba bafumanisa ukuba kukho icytoplasm unalo isakhiwo ilandelayo.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments kunye nezintsonkothileyo protein tyhubhu eyenza ezingundoqo ze-network. Ngaphakathi ze uhambisae organelles iseli.
2. Cytosol okanye hyaloplasm - cytoskeleton colloidal imixholo yangaphakathi, apho izimbiwa zichithakala nje, amanzi, ukuba lipids, iiprotheni, carbohydrate. Iinkqubo cell yokucolwa iyenziwa ukuba izakhiwo ingxelo kunye.
3. Ectoplasm - ukuba kukho icytoplasm, nawayenxuse ngqo ndizayo. Endoplasma - zonke isithuba phakathi karyotheca kunye ectoplasm.

Xa kukho icytoplasm iinkqubo zothutho intracellular kuthi evumela ukuba close contact phezu ezinokuzuzwa. Kuyinto ngenxa intshukumo rhoqo olutshintshayo isakhiwo kwi organelles phakathi kwiiseli ukuhamba.

Le ndizayo cytoplasmic

Limela bilipidny maleko elastic elangena yi iimolekyuli protein. Imfundiso uqhelekileyo isakhiwo sale organelle - umfuziselo lulwelo-emihle. Inceda ukwahlula yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye ngaphakathi esiseleni. Ngaba permeability ukukhetha, ngoko, oko kuthintela kwaye ikhusela ukungena ngamasuntswana amazwe. Kwiinkalo ezininzi oluyigcinayo imilo cell.

Ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Yiyiphi inxalenye iseli ibalulekileyo", lo wokuqala uya kuba kanye inwebu, ngenxa yokuba ngamnye kubo. Umahluko kubume kwenzeka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Kuba iintsholongwane iimpawu ezingaqukwanga kwi nokwakhiwa ngechitin, isilwanyana - engekho.

mitochondria

Ezi zithinteli azikho ilize ebizwa amandla okanye "izityalo amandla" ziiseli. Kuyinto kwezi nkqubo zisenzeka phosphorylation oxidative ebangela amandla ekhululwa ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Kwixa elizayo, lo mandla umthombo zonke iinkqubo zobomi, ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Amagama ezinye iiseli kwakungasoloko kuthathwe ngoko nangoko. Kwimeko mitochondria ekuqaleni ngo-1894, ezi zakhiwo ziye echazwe phantsi kwegama lo bioblastov.

Ngokwawo, isakhiwo sale organelle kunokuba umdla. Le inwebu bilayer engaphandle. Umaleko engaphakathi uba isakhiwo Eyisongile, yakha cristae, apho zicwangciswe ribosome ezininzi.

Mitochondria babe DNA zabo kunye neentlobo RNA ezimbini (izithuthi kunye matrix). Kwakhona kukho entsokothileyo iiprothini. Inani nezakhiwo yeseli kuyohluka, oko kuxhomekeke umsebenzi welungu. Eli nani likhulu mitochondria ziqulathe cells kwezihlunu.

ribosomes

isakhiwo ngeenxa Small mnyama ukuze sibonwe xa ehlola iiseli phantsi kwemikroskopu, ebizwa ribosomes. Kananjalo inxalenye enkulu esiseleni, ngenxa yokuba inxaxheba ngqo esikhungwini iimolekyuli protein.

Ngokwazo, zibekiwe ribonucleoprotein i-yesine lonke cell ubunzima. Yakhiwa subunits ezimbini ayaba, bamanyene ngeenxa zonke enye imilo. Okuqhotyoshelwe kule Golgi isakhiwo, EPS, mitochondria, ngumongo. Ibekwe ngaphakathi kwezinye iindawo.

Oku kuhlelwe yi ribosomes e iimolekyuli leeprothini kuyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinkqubo ngeplastiki namandla ukutya.

reticulum endoplasmic

iiseli ngemicroscope ufana maze ebhekileni striated. Oku isakhiwo ngenxa yokuba efana EPS okanye reticulum endoplasmic, reticulum. Ucel womnatha yonke lamajelo branched, iityhubhu, ezineengqayi, leyo bamthiyele zonke organelles, ingakumbi ngokusondeleyo ziqwalaselwa ehlabathini ngumongo.

Kuba ezi yobisi kunye nemijelo yintshukumo (ukuthuthwa) ngamasuntswana ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya esinye isithuba. Ngenxa yoko EPS - njengenye nezakhiwo zalo eziphambili.

Vacuole kunye iseli eludongeni - cell zezityalo

Ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Yiyiphi inxalenye iseli ibalulekileyo izityalo", ukongeza koku kungentla, kufuneka ufake embalwa. Oku ikakhulu udonga iseli. Kuyinto imvulophu yehlathi kulandela ndizayo cytoplasmic. Le nto ndiyibhalayo neselulosi kunye nezinye carbohydrate inikezela iiseli ezikhethekileyo amandla. Imithi ke buzane into ezikhethekileyo - lignin. Yiloo nto ngemiboko zabo nomelele. Kwakhona, oko ubume iseli udonga oyinxalenye imilo iseli xa iyonke.

Vacuole - oku yeyona nxalenye inkulu iiyunithi isakhiwo izityalo. Kuthatha phantse yonke umthamo kwisithuba engaphakathi weseli. KuLwelo zigcwaliswe ngaphakathi, nto leyo a incindi cell. Le umxube wamanzi, iivithamini, iiminerali, iihomoni, carbohydrate.

plastids

Kanti namanye amacandelo weseli sisityalo - plastids. Yandlalwa ziintlobo ezintathu:

• leucoplasts - enemibala;
• chromoplasts - bomvu, orenji, zombala ezityheli;
• chloroplasts - ziqulathe kombala yiklorofili eluhlaza.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ke wokugqibela, ekubeni abanenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo photosynthesis.