Yintoni isikhephe esiqhutywa ngumoya? Ukuhamba-plan. Mnogopalubnoe enkulu umkhumbi

Ekuncothukeni uluntu lenyuka ngaphezu inqanaba club ilitye waza waqalisa ukuvavanya ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, oko luqondwa kwangoko yintoni ithemba bethembisa imiyalezo iindlela ulwandle. Ewe, nkqu umlambo, amanzi apho kunokuba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukuhamba ngokuphepha, wadlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso impucuko yanamhlanje.

Ixabiso ukuba umntu ukuhamba

Asazi kwaye mhlawumbi akayi kwaziwa njani yaye phi wabonakala isitya ngomkhombe yokuqala. Kodwa inye kuphela into esiqiniseke ngayo - indoda ceba oko, xa kwifuthe lazo ikamva impucuko simthelekisa Umsunguli kwevili. Le yokugqibela, ngasendleleni, nathi, asazi, kodwa ukukhunjulwa nto obungunaphakade. Umkhumbi, ngasendleleni, ibizwa ngokuba umkhombe, luqhutywa yi amandla omoya.

It sailboats wenza kube lula ukuphuhliswa impucuko. Eyokuqala noomatiloshe amandulo ngokugqibeleleyo yoncutshe "kokukhwela umoya" waqala kumaGrike kwaye mhlawumbi i Sumerians. Kamva, namasundu wathabatha ngamaFenike kunye Vikings, othe ngokobuninzi uphando lwangoku, eze elunxwemeni kwi Drakkar yabo kunxweme Intshona Melika kudala ngaphambi Columbus. Ngoko ke isitya ngomkhombe - le indlela yothutho apho umntu wokuqala sawela Atlantic kunye wePasifiki, ezinjalo iinqanawa Magellan ziyijikeleze i "uhambo" yokuqala.

I "sailboats 'kuqala

Iinqanawa lokuqala kukwazi ukuba ngomkhombe, baba kusenokwenzeka ukuba yijele. Yonke le nto yaqala nge izikhitshana ezilula ekuqhubeni waseYiputa yamandulo, yaye yaphela ... ekukholelwa ukuba iinqanawa yokugqibela yale hlobo kusetyenziswa ezo, emva kokusungulwa injini, kangangokuba bakhonza abantu ixesha elide.

Imikhumbi ukuba iinqanawa yenzelwe ukusebenza kuphela xa iimeko shallows konxweme, kunye amaYiputa, nabo bonke aba tyaba usisangqa rhoqo. Kakade ke, seaworthiness ebalaseleyo akazange ngeenqanawa ezinjalo. Ukuhamba baba kakhulu nobu-, ngqo, bandululwa umoya kuphela xa yokugqibela edlula. Ngoko ke siye echazwe ngezantsi ezi ntlobo ze iinqanawa imikhumbi musa ukunika. Ngapha koko, gqala izitya yinxalenye ngomkhombe engenakwenzeka.

Ukwahlukanisa imikhumbi

Abakhi Kamva wawazi ubugcisa ihlabathi ngakumbi nezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi, ebavumela ukuba ukwakha iinqanawa kunye seaworthiness ziba ngcono. Oko kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni amaphepha kweli nqaku, kucalulo elula iinqanawa ukuba siqhubeka siphe- ukudideka:

• Inqanawa (awahlali). Ewe, asinguye wonke wenqanawa into ekuthiwa. Ngoko babebizwa kuphela ezo iinqanawa lowo iimasti ezintathu. Intshinga - ukwalathisa kuphela, kodwa mizzen, kananjalo, kwakukho "isleshi" izixhobo, likuvumela ukuba nihambe uyile. Yintoni iintlobo ezininzi iinqanawa?
• Burke obizwa emkhombeni, iimasti abathathu, kodwa ezimbini zokuqala iiseyile yembutho kuphela, kwaye eyesithathu - elibhalwe ngokumileyo kuphela.
• UBrigadier - phantse iyafana naleyo awahlali, abasemkhombeni nje uBrigadier. Kwi iseyile mizzen odale i elibhalwe ngokumileyo, kodwa ezinye i-inventri - nje ngqo.
• Schooner ebizwa nasiphi na isithuthi kunye nenani izibonda ezo bobabini. Kodwa hayi ngaphantsi kwe ababini kwabo bebewuthwala iseyile elibhalwe ngokumileyo.
• Polutoramachtovye enkundleni. Bona iseyilana kunye mizzen, sanga "edidekile," libe phantsi kophahla olunye.
• iimpahla Abangatshatanga-nge-. Njengoko unokuthekelela, bazifinyeza iiseyile, bona omnye kuphela. Njengoko umthetho, iiseyile kwakukho eyona alula, ngqo.

It nje Kwenzeka ukuba uhlobo iqhelekileyo kwimbali emanzini ehlabathini waba uBrigadier iyingangamsha. Ezi nqanawa awahlali lula kakhulu kwaye schooner phantsi ulwakhiwo, kunye amalungiselelo ngempumelelo ubudlelane obabuyilwe ngenkohliso baneempawu ukushukumiseka nesantya engcono.

Galleons kunye revolution in navigation

Isikhephe ngomkhombe yokuqala, esenzelwe ngokukodwa ulwandle zokunqumla elide - oku ke galleon. Kukholelwa ukuba le nqanawa yokuqala kule klasi yaba Karakka Mary Rose 1512 zokwakha, ephethwe yi-British. Nangona kunjalo, IsiPhuthukezi aqinisekile ukuba babe nelungelo yokudala galleons, ekubeni kuqala bakha caravels.

Kodwa kwakukho zonke ezi neenqanawa ayikho ukusuka ekuqaleni, kuba kungenzeka ukwakhiwa yabonakala kuphela xa ishishini imikhumbi iye ithathe ixesha elininzi impumelelo yobugcisa kwesayensi loo minyaka. Ngokomzekelo, omnye galleon - oku isitya mnogopalubnoe ngomkhombe kuqala. Ukuba isakhiwo elikhulu ngokupheleleyo ngomthi kunye nokusetyenziswa ubuncinane yentsimbi ezinqabileyo, nje akazange ziwile, abaziinkunkqele kwafuneka ukuba kube kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu zezakhono zasemsebenzini.

Discoveries endle zolwakhiwo igobhogobho kwesi sikhephe

Kukholelwa ukuba eli cebo ezivunywa ukwakhiwa iinqanawa, xa izindlu kwenziwa kuqala, uze emva koko ke alekwe, yaqanjwa amaByzantine ngeenxa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane AD yokuqala. Ngaphambi koko, iinqanawa iingcibi eziqokelelweyo, nto leyo umzimba ekuqaleni, uze emva koko kuyilo yayo "saphumeza" isakhelo. Kule meko kwaba nzima ukufezekisa ukuchana ophezulu, kunye neenqanawa kunye ukuhamba eliphezulu Ngoko ndizuze kungeyonto ayenza rhoqo.

Umda ukuphelela ngaloo minyaka - sesifumene-nge- ezimbini ezincinane inqanawa apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba uhambo emxinwa-nye nonke, kodwa okukhethekile yakhe - cabotage.

Indlela fastest sesikimu yaseByzantium lususwa emzantsi Yurophu, apho iinqanawa eyakhiwe ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV, amaBritane waqalisa ukwenza oko kwindawo ethile 1500, yaye ngeenqanawa Northern Europe kunye clinker lining elula kwezinye iindawo zakhiwa ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ekuqaleni, amagama iinqanawa, eyenziwe ubuchule baseByzantium, usoloko uqulathe ingcambu ka 'Carvel' oko kwakuthetha ukwakhiwa yesakhelo, kunye emva amaplanga "kakuhle" yayo. Ngenxa yoko - lo caravel, isikhephe esincinane kakhulu, sele seaworthiness ebalaseleyo.

Izinto eziluncedo ze indlela entsha

Abaziinkunkqele zifumene eninzi amancedo xa ekugqibeleni wafudukela iimpahla isidumbu ibandla. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - kwisakhelo ukususela kwimihla zokuqala zokwakha ivumela ukuqikelela imilo ikamva enqanaweni, imisele zayo kunye ukubana ngokukhawuleza ukuchonga iziphako design enokwenzeka. Ukongeza, ubuchwepheshe obutsha eye wavumela ukwanda kakhulu ngobukhulu leenqanawa ngokusetyenziswa ezomeleleyo isakhelo "springy", nto leyo endaweni nokuba imithwalo enzima kakhulu.

Ukongeza, isikhumba kungaqala iibhodi phi ngokubanzi, evumela kakhulu ukunciphisa iindleko zokwakha kunye ukunqanda ukugawula oki ngenkulungwane ubudala. Umzekelo, inqanawa-nge- ezimbini ezincinane inqanawa eyakhelwe phezu nkqubo onjalo unokuba 'cut "ukusuka wepayini efikeleleka kakhulu, aze ezinde, yaye seaworthiness yayo ayenziwanga yonakale.

Ekuqeqesheni abasebenzi

Ekugqibeleni, kwaba lula ukuqesha abasebenzi kakhulu abanezakhono ngaphantsi: ngqo emva kuyilo udibana abantu nje abambalwa, neengcibi zemithi Sizibandakanye kuphela egubungele. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa iinqanawa iintlobo yokuqala, ngamnye kubo kumele ukuba phantse virtuoso ngayo ubugcisa bakhe. Bakhula processability zokwakha uvumelekile ukuba imikhumbi kakhulu ulwandle olukhulu.

Ngamnye ezinkulu aba isitya mnogopalubnoe engahambi ukulwa ngamandla alo bongamile kweshumi inqanawa ekuqaleni angenzi, ezithe, kunye amakhulu okulungileyo kuphela navigation unxweme.

Umgubo zokudubula kunye sailboats

Sele iinkulungwane 14-15 kwishishini emanzini iqala ukusasaza ngenkuthalo wompu zokudubula, kodwa sele kudala ibekwe kuphela yezicwangciso zambethe ezazijoliswe ekuqaleni ngenxa yabatoli. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni strong "lunatyiswe", wenza inqanawa ezingazinzanga kakhulu, nangona ukuphazamiseka iphantsi kakhulu.

Kungekudala guns baqalisa ukuba zibekwe ecaleni axis longitudinal zesixhobo, kodwa kwi kumgangatho ophezulu. Noko ke, ukugcina imipu ejoliswe umlilo ngexesha elifanayo kwakunzima kakhulu kuba le njongo ukusebenzisa umngxuma ngeenxa Wayixakaxa apha emacaleni. Loxolo, bona eziplagwe kunye bavimbe somthi.

Ezi amazibuko ngokuba imipu kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Le ezintsha wanika ndlela ekuyilweni ezinkulu kakuhle exhobileyo Zempi. Loo isitya ngomkhombe enkulu mnogopalubnoe ibekwe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba zombini iimfazwe yomkhosi wamanzi, kwakunye ukwandiswa ezweni ikamva Latin America.

Giants zamaXesha Aphakathi

Kodwa ke ukukhankanywa yokuqala galleon zakudala ezifumaneka amaxwebhu embali abasusela ku-1535. izinto zayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu Spanish ne IsiNgesi. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinqanawa ezo minyaka, le ngaphantsi kakhulu kunye imigca igobhogobho "oluchanekileyo", eqinisekisa ukumelana flow ubuncinane uhamba. Mast umkhumbi yale hlobo wathwala inqanawa isixhobo engumxube, leyo, ayikhulule eKosi ngumoya kufutshane counter ngobuchule ngenxa kunye neqela nomthetheli.

ukubana kwabo emini yanamhlanje yaba endilisekileyo - ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-2000! Ngaloo ndlela ke iindleko galleons bade babe ngaphantsi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kumabanga zitshiphu zomthi. Ingxaki bazisa ngaphandle kokuba lwemasti umkhumbi, nto leyo efunekayo kuphela pine okunqwenelekayo.

features design

Iimasti nazo ezenziwe imithi nompleyini phezu iziqalelo amandla oki kwezindlu avunyelwe. Ngokungafaniyo Karakka, isaphetha superstructure hayi ijinga phambili. ukutya Sika kwaba superstructure ephakamileyo emxinwa, nto leyo iba nefuthe entle uzinzo wenqanawa ngexesha yombhodamo. galleons ngokuqhelekileyo ezahlukeneyo abazizityebi azinamsonto imihombiso kunye nezinye embodiments le lwezindlu.

Le umkhumbi inkulu olu hlobo waba ezisixhenxe (!) Kwayo. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa ezi ngxilimbela kuye ngokubanzi ibango ukusebenza zezibalo (khumbula Enkulu Embassy of Peter Holland). Badla ke isonka yabo akulambathanga; Ukubala kwanceda ukwenza inqanawe enkulu kakhulu, kodwa ixesha elide, kwaye unako ukumelana naseluqhwitheleni, wakhwela, kulandele yangqubana iinqanawa nge.

Iimpawu ukudlula zokulawula iiseyile

Inani imasti le galleons zazisuka ukususela emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, phambi athwale iiseyile square, kwaye ngasemva - emacaleni. Le galleons inkulu Spanish kwakungase mizzen nje ezimbini, elibonelela ukusebenza ngesantya olungileyo kunye ngamagingxi kunye nemfuneko ukususa oku-. Indlela abachweli ezisezantsi abanezakhono kwakuya inxaxheba ekwakheni ezi iinqanawa, njengoko kakuhle ukuba kumbiwe amadoda abo, njengoko kwakufuneka banyamezele leekhilomitha amakhulu ezininzi zokulawula iiseyile.

Hi ndlela leyi, ubude elincinane ngokwentelekiso galleons yokuqala wenza kubo uhlobo 'usapho "igalari, thina sithetha ngaye ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Ukuba inqanawa wangena ndawo ingundoqo uzolile, wakwazi ukuya kwi ikhosi komfula. Kakade ke, naseluqhwitheleni ukusebenzisa olu khetho stroke zazibulala.