Yintoni i kspell? Lo mbongo, a kspell. Abalobi sonnets

A ozithandayo neembongi kunye abalandeli izibongo kspell ukuba bayinzala imisebenzi Provencal troubadours, owadala ezingafuni lyrics yaye baba ngabokuqala ukuba baqambe amaculo zolu kunokuba in Latin. Igama uhlobo iya emva Provencal ilizwi sonet - sonorous, ingoma sonorous.

Yintoni i kspell? Imbali ingenzeka

War Albigensian (1209-1229) ukuba layigubungela kumazantsi eFransi, ngenkani troubadours abaninzi bafudukela esasiseSisili, apho kwi 1200s e Naples kwi nembongi enkundleni kunye abakhusela uFrederick II, kwasekwa isikolo umbongo. abameli balo igalelo kwinguqu i kspell - ke Italian wababizela SONETTO - olu hlobo loncwadi phambili umsebenzi wakhe. neembongi Sicilia ebeyithanda lo lwesigodi Tuscan, nto leyo esele Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 13-14 obenza isiseko ulwimi Italian. Uninzi buchopho le Renaissance wabhala sonnets: Petrarch, wabe, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, inkawu de Vega, Shakespeare ... yaye ngamnye siba kwisiqulatho imibongo into entsha.

Iimpawu zeemilo

kspell Classic iqulathe iivesi elinesine. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwi ngohlobo quatrains ezimbini (quatrains) kunye Terzigno (ezintathu) ezimbini Renaissance umbongo Italian kwaye French imbongi, kwaye ngexesha IsiNgesi - quatrains ezintathu couplet omnye.

Umbongo-Sonnet kakhulu musically, kulula kakhulu ukuba baqambe amaculo yona. kwaphunyelelwa isingqisho Ezinye enkosi alternation of zandi ubudoda kunye nababhinqileyo, xa uxinezeleko iwela yokugqibela kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kwi lwegama kokugqibela. Uphando lufumanise ukuba i kspell classical iqulethe 154 zamagama, kodwa eli siko liye nto yenza ngokuvumelana nazo zonke iimbongi. Italy, France kunye England - nelaye lasisiseko emithathu ngohlobo lwemibongo. Abalobi sonnets - weza evela kwilizwe ngalinye - baye benza iinguqu ezithile ukuze ifomu kunye nokwakheka.

isithsaba sonnets

Olu uhlobo lo mbongo intsukaphi eItali ngenkulungwane ye-13. Xa sonnets zakhe-15, yaye umphathi lo mxholo yaye ingcamango kwezinye ezilishumi elinesine. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siye saqalisa ukusebenza ekupheleni. Xa i kspell elinesihlanu ezibalulekileyo zezona izitanza ezimbini zokuqala, kwaye ngokwesithethe, i kspell lokuqala kufuneka ukuba uqale umgca wokuqala nalapho iphela khona nge i yesibini yokugqibela. Akukho umdla kangako ezinye iinxalenye enesidanga-umbongo. Ezinye elinesithathu sonnets kumgca wokugqibela yangaphambili ngokuyimfuneko kufuneka ukuba kumgca wokuqala wonyaka olandelayo.

Neembongi Russian kwimbali loncwadi yehlabathi ukukhumbula amagama Vyacheslava ivanova kunye Valery Bryusov. Bazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni kspell, ngoko ukubonisa umdla isithsaba sonnets. ERashiya, le yindlela yokubhala yavela ngenkulungwane ye-18. Genius valeriy Bryusov waba inkosi yalo uhlobo, niliphulaphule iziseko lusekiwe. umbongo wakhe wokugqibela ukusuka isidanga sonnets ( "Intshabalalo series") luqala le migca:

"Elinesine undixelele ukuba kuyimfuneko

Amagama iinkumbulo owuthandayo uphilile! "

, Kufuneka ukuba bachithe uhlalutyo elincinane uhlobo ubume yayimlindele ngakumbi. Ngenxa yesithethe, lo kwisitanza sokugqibela kspell yokuqala iqala ize iphele - okwesibini; kspell lwesithathu iqala kumgca wokugqibela kowangaphambili, kulo mzekelo - "! amagama iinkumbulo ozithandayo uyaphila" Kungaphikiswa ukuba valeriy Bryusov yafikelela bafezeke olu hlobo loncwadi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, 150 ngezidanga zoncwadi ekuthini sonnets iimbongi Russian, kwaye kukho malunga nama-600 kwihlabathi kwimibongo.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). Italian I Renaissance

Bambiza umntu wokuqala Renaissance umsunguli philology yamandulo. Franchesko Petrarka Wabufunda igqwetha, waba ngumbingeleli, kodwa akazange aphile ngokuvumelana siseko theocentrism. Petrarch waya kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ukuba bakhonze Cardinal waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe zoncwadi kwidolophana Vaucluse emazantsi eFransi. Bonke ubomi bakhe watolika ngqangi yamandulo kwaye bakhetha ezakudala yamandulo - Virgil kunye uCicero. Uninzi nemibongo yakhe, kuquka sonnets, Petrarch wabekwa yingqokelela "Canzoniere", igama elithetha "Book of Iingoma". Ngowe-1341 ngomsebenzi wakhe yoncwadi wathweswa isidanga ngowakhe.

Iimpawu art

Eyona iphambili Petrarch - ukuba uthando ukuthandwa, kodwa uthando kufuneka mazingapheleli abafazi kodwa nabahlobo, usapho, indalo. Lo mbono ubonakala umsebenzi wakhe. incwadi yakhe "Kantsonere" libhekisela kucamanga Laura de Asanda, intombi knight yakhe. Collection yabhalwa phantse bonke ubomi yaye iintlelo ezimbini. Sonnets incwadi yokuqala ngokuba "Kuba umphefumlo uLaura," owesibini - ". Ngomhla kokufa Laura" Xa iyonke, ingqokelela - vesi 366. Le sonnets 317 ka Petrarch waphawula nemiba nezenyama iimvakalelo. Xa "Canzoniere" umbhali ubona umsebenzi isihobe icengceleza i Madonna ezintle enogonyamelo. Yena idealizes uLaura, kodwa oko akuthethi balahlekelwe iimpawu zayo ngokwenene. Le hero lyrical lifumana bonke ubunzima uthando ezingabuyekezekiyo kwaye ubunzima, ukuba kwakufuneka ukungophuli isifungo engcwele. Eyona edumileyo kspell umbhali - 61, apho abenqwenela ukwenza ngomzuzu ngamnye wachitha yakhe ethandekayo:

"Makabongwe imini, nyanga, ihlobo, iyure
Kwaye umzuzu xa amehlo am wadibana abo amehlo! "

Ukuqokelelwa Petrarch - isivumo zemibongo, apho ubonisa inkululeko yakhe ngaphakathi nokuzimela ngokomoya. Yena uya kulo, kodwa abayi uzisole uthando. Wayebonakala ukuzithethelela nokuzukisa inkanuko emhlabeni, ngenxa yokuba kungekho uthando, ubuntu ngeke asinde. Vesi, kspell ibonisa le mbono, kwaye luyaqhubeka ukuxhasa iimbongi izihlandlo kamva.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). Italian I Renaissance

Umbhali omkhulu Renaissance (eyona nto idume ngayo umsebenzi wakhe "I Decameron") komntwana ongumgqakhwe, ngoko ekuqaleni yena wayeliphatha ngendelelo, kodwa italente namandla, kwaye wayibona imbongi abaselula. Ukufa Petrarch Boccaccio bafudukela kangangokuba wabhala kspell esihombo sakhe, apho uchaza ingcamango impermanence ubomi emhlabeni.

"Ngu Sennuchcho ukuya chino wajoyina,

Ke wabe kuwe, naphambi kwakho

Ke zifihliwe zabakho kuthi ngokubonakalayo. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho wanikezela sonnets wabe Aligeri kunye nezinye buchopho, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - amabhinqa. intanda yakhe wamthiya igama elinye - Fiametta, kodwa uthando lwakhe ayikho ebaluleke Petrarch, yaye ngakumbi phantsi emhlabeni. Uyasijika kancinci uhlobo kspell kwaye ibhiyozele ubuhle ubuso, iinwele, izidlele, imilebe, ubhala malunga akutsalwa yakhe ubuhle ichaza neemfuno nokomzimba. Dodger kunye ozithandayo kwabasetyhini ulindele ishwangusha ngqwabalala: kudana ngokwesimo izidalwa ezintle ewolo ubunzima, Boccaccio ngo-1362 wathabatha imiyalelo ezingcwele.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Renaissance

Wazalelwa kwintsapho abazali izityebi ezindilekileyo, Per De Ronsard waba lonke ithuba imfundo elungileyo. Ngowe-1542, wanikela izibongo French iimitha efa omtsha kwimibongo nezicengcelezo, kuba ngawo kufanele ngokuba "ngukumkani neembongi." Yeha, ngokuba impumelelo yakhe wahlawulwa kakubi yaye sisithulu bakhe, kodwa zange ashiye inkanuko self-ukuphuculwa. imbongi Advanced yamandulo awayecinga noHorace Virgil. Per De Ronsard yayikhokelwe umsebenzi ababengaphambi kwakhe, wayesazi ukuba i kspell; waza wachaza ubuhle yabafazi, uthando lwakhe ngabo. Le mbongi uthi ezintathu: UCassandra Marie Elena. Kwelinye sonnets, evuma uthando yakhe intombi ethile emnyama-iinwele kunye brown amehlo, yaye wamqinisekisa ukuba akukho redheads okanye svetlookie soze enze nto iimvakalelo ukukhanya:

"Mna abrawuni ephila ne ovuthayo umlilo,
Mna angwevu ubone andifuni ... "

sonnets Iinguqulelo eyenziwa ngulo umbhali ababhali Russian zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini - Vilgelm Levik kunye Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). IsiNgesi Renaissance

Ngaphandle kokuba Amahlaya amahle kunye iintlekele ezidweliswe ebuncwaneni uncwadi yehlabathi, uShakespeare wabhala 154 sonnets, umdla ngokukodwa kubagxeki abaziyo. Iincwadi zakhe baxelelwa ukuba "eli qhosha, wayivula intliziyo yakhe." Kwezinye sonnets umbhali ekwabelwana amava yakhe yokomoya, ngoxa abanye sele ovalelweyo, usinga. UShakespeare bazinikela chetyrnadtsatistrofnye umbongo kumhlobo wakhe elimnyama Lady. kspell nganye inombolo abayinqobo kuye, ngoko ke kulula ukubona ukuba iqondo iimvakalelo yombhali; ukuba imisebenzi yokuqala hero ombambazelayo ubuka ubuhle, emva 17 sonnets kufika nokucela ngokufanayo. Kule mibongo phantsi inani 27-28, ukuziva - asinto uvuyo kodwa phithi.

sonnets kaShakespeare zabhalwa nje kuphela uthando imixholo: amaxesha umbhali isebenza-sobulumko, ukuphupha ukungafi, walihlawulisa ezimbi. Noko ke, lo mfazi kuba yena - kukho egqibeleleyo, kwaye kukhuselekile ukuthi ubuhle umiselwe ukuze asindise ihlabathi. Xa i kspell odumileyo 130 Shakespeare ubuka ubuhle emhlabeni intanda yakhe, amehlo akhe musa linokuyithelekisa iinkwenkwezi, ukuntsonkotha sikude umthunzi ubuncwane of rose, kodwa yena uthi couplet yokugqibela:

"Kodwa yena anikela ngawo khon ngenkankulu,

Ngubani xa kuthelekiswa aluhlaza kumbi. "

Italian, isiFrentshi, IsiNgesi sonnets: iimfano neeyantlukwano

Renaissance usinike obukhulu ezininzi iincwadi. Owaqala e-Italy kule nkulungwane weshumi, a elithile emva koko iye wafudukela eFransi, yaye kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva - eNgilani. umbhali zonke, ukuba inzalelwane yelizwe, amngenise ngokohlobo kspell utshintsho, kodwa waqhubeka ukuba izihloko kakhulu efanelekileyo - ekhwaza esithi abafazi ubuhle kunye nothando lwakhe.

Le quatrains kspell classic Italian ebhaliweyo izicengcelezo ezimbini, Terzetto uvumelekile ukuba abhale njengoko ababini okanye abathathu, kwaye alternation of zandi yinkunzi nemazi kwaba yokuzikhethela. Ngamanye amazwi, ugxininiso kwi kwisitanza angawa kule yokugqibela, kwaye lwegama kokugqibela.

E France, ukuvalwa besiwiswe kwi phindaphindo lwamagama kunye nokusetyenziswa zandi okusecaleni. Quatrains ezivela tercets ezahlulwe ngokungqongqo kwezinye syntactically nganye. Iimbongi le Renaissance eFransi wabhala sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

ezintsha yaziswa eNgilani. Iimbongi bayazi into kspell, kodwa endaweni ifomu yakhe eqhelekileyo, ezibandakanya quatrains amabini kunye TERCET zombini quatrains ezintathu couplet omnye. Yokuphetha vesi ingqalelo iqhosha, wamzalela salandelwa ekhululekile aphoristic. Le tafile yamanani ibonisa indlela iinguqulelo nganye ezinga malungu abantu zandi kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

kspell namhlanje

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya ifomu ivesi yokuqala iye yaguquka ngempumelelo kunye nomsebenzi ngababhali yelo xesha. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, aziwayo kakhulu imodeli French. Emva Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak yakhiwe yaguqulelwa sonnets Shakespeare, ababhali banomdla kwifom IsiNgesi. Le yokugqibela zifunwa nangoku. Nangona yokuba zonke sonnets zaguqulelwa buchopho ingca- iincwadi, umdla kolu hlobo uhlala efanelekileyo unanamhla: ngo-2009 Alexander Sharakshane lapapasha ingqokelela kunye iinguqulelo sonnets kaShakespeare.