UVermeer Ian: imizobo. Umdwebi waseDutch uJan Vermeer

Umculi uJan Vermeer ungomnye wabaculi abadumileyo be -Golden Age yobugcisa beDatshi. Uthathwa njengongumntu ongenakulinganiswa wesimboli kunye nepeyinti yansuku zonke. Igama lakhe limi kunye noFrans Hals noRembrandt. Ukususela kwindawo yokuzalwa kunye nokufa komculi yidolophu encinane nje ekude neHaye, kwimbali yaseRussia yembali yobugcisa ubizwa ngokuthi nguJan Vermeer waseDelft. Kule nqaku siya kuqwalasela ubomi kunye nendlela yokudala yomdwebi.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nolutsha

Umhla ochanekileyo wokuzalwa komculi, asazi. Kodwa wabhaptizwa ngomhla wokugqibela ka-Oktobha 1632 kwelinye lamasonto asepareni aseDelft. Ngokuchasene nazo zonke iingcamango malunga neentsapho ezinkulu zalo xesha, uyise kaJan Vermeer wayenalo nonyana yakhe kuphela, ngaphandle kwonyana wakhe. Wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesibini ubudala xa wazalwa. Ngomama wenkosi, u-Diegne Baltes, siyazi malunga nantoni na. UJanson Reineer wanyuka esuka e-Antwerp waya e-Amsterdam ngo-1611 kwaye wayebandakanyeka ukugqoka isilikhi. Emva kokuba sele esatshatile, wathuthela eDelft waza wathenga indlu yokuhlala. Asazi isizathu, kodwa ngesizathu esithile watshintsha igama lakhe kunye nefayili. Umnini wehotele "uMechelen" wayebizwa ngokuba nguRayner van Vos. Akazange ayeke ukuloba kwaye asayinwe kwiGugu yeSt. Luke - ivenkile edibanisa bonke abasebenzi bezobugcisa. Kulo "mbumbano" kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye yobomi bajoyina kunye noVermeer Ian, abazithobileyo emva kweminyaka emininzi.

Imfundo:

Into enye icacile: unyana akazange alandele ezinyathelweni zikayise kwaye akazange afunde isilikhi yokuluka. Ngubani na owathatha izifundo? Emva koko, ukuze ube ilungu leGugu leSt. Luka, kwakudingeka ukuba ufanelwe isihloko senkosi. Kwaye, oku, kwandulela ubuncinane ubuncinane iminyaka emithandathu yokufunda kwaye uhlale kwisimo somfundi. Ingxelo ethi uJan Vermeer Delftsky waba ilungu lenhlangano, ibhekisela ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1653. Ngoko ke, ndagqiba isigqibo sam emsebenzini kwaye ndaqalisa intombazana ngomnyaka weshumi elinesihlanu wobomi bam. Ngubani owayengutitshala? Uninzi lwabahlaziyi bemvelo bavuma ukuba babe noLeonard Bramer okanye uGerard ter Borch. Kukho inguqu engafumananga ubungqina bombhalo wokuthi uKarel Fabricius, owayengumfundi we-Rembrandt, wayenceda ukwenza amanyathelo okuqala kwimiboniso yobugcisa kuJan Vermeer. UPeter de Hoogh wayenempembelelo engathandabuzekiyo kumculi oselula. I-Vermeer ilizuze i-style yakhe yohlobo lwepeyinti kwimifanekiso yakhe. Kodwa uHooch wayengenakuba ngumfundisi wentsha, kuba wayehlala eDelft kuphela ngo-1652.

Ubomi bomntu

Ngethuba sisengqinelana nesimo senkosi yamahhala kwimbutho yaseSt. Luke, uJan Vermeer watshata. Okhethiweyo wakhe nguKatarina Bolnes, intombi yomrhwebi ophumeleleyo ophethe umbane wezitena ngaseDelft. Endleleni eya emtshatweni, abathandi babelinde imingcipheko, kodwa kungekhona impahla. Inyaniso kukuba u-Ian Vermeer wayevela kwintsapho yamaProtestanti, kwaye umtshakazi wakhe wayevela kwintsapho yamaKatolika. Unina wentombazana, uMaria Bolnes, ekuqaleni wavuma ngokucacileyo umfaki sicelo ngesandla sentombi yakhe. Kwathatha uxolo lukaBramer, naye ongumKatolika, ukwenzela ukuba intliziyo yomama-mkhwenkwe uza kuthobisa. Umtshato wenziwa ngo-Ephreli 20, 1653. Ngaphantsi kwesivumelwano, abasandul 'ukutshata bafudukela kwindlu yomtshakazi. Kodwa umculi waqhubeka ekuxhaseni unina, owayegijima ehotele. U-Ian Vermeer noCatarina Bollnes babenabantwana abalishumi elinesihlanu, kodwa kuphela kulishumi elinanye kuphela basinda kwintsana. Abadlali belo xesha bavame ukubonakaliswa kwiindawo zabo zokukhupha abafazi okanye abathandi. Ungahlali kude nale ndlela kunye noVermeer Ian. Ngamanye amaxesha imifanekiso yezobugcisa iboniswa njengoCatarina. Umzekelo, simbona, ekhulelwe, kwinqwelo "Umfazi onamaxabiso".

Ukukhula komsebenzi

Intsapho yomculi ayizange ihlupheke. Ekuqaleni, ihotele yaseMechelen, eyayisisigxina esikhulu semarike yaseDelft, sincede ekuxhaseni intsapho enkulu. Iingcali zaseNetherlands azizange zihlale zihlwempu. Imizobo kunye nezinto zokusetyenziswa kobugcisa zazifuneka kakhulu kuluntu lwaseDutch. Abaphathi beetalente ezincinane bazizisela inhlanhla, badweba imifanekiso emininzi ngenyanga. Kodwa u-Ian Vermeer wayengathandi ukukhawuleza. Wabhala imifanekiso emibini kulo nyaka. Ukunyamezela okunjalo kwamcaphukisa umkhwekazi wakhe, kodwa kungabikho abatsha. Bakukulungele ukuhlawula imali enkulu kwimigudu yakhe. Abamkeli abaziintloko bomsebenzi wenkosi nguHendrik van Buyten kunye noJacs Dissius, umquki kunye nomvakalisi waseDelft. Inyaniso yokuba umzobo kaJan Vermeer waxabiswa ngabantu abaphila ngexesha lakhe kubonakaliswa kukuba umculi wayekhethwa kabini umongameli weGugu yaseSt. Luke (ngo-1662-1663, kunye no-1670-1671).

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi

Umphathi wepeyinti yohlobo lwaye waxabiswa njengomgxeki wobugcisa. Olu luhambo oluphela kwimeko yobomi beVermeer kwisixeko. Akayi kubuya eDelft, ukuba uFriedrich Wilhelm I, uMongameli waseBrandenburg, akanikelwanga ukuthenga imifanekiso yeRoma kunye neVenice. Ngoko umculi wahamba njengengcali eThe Hague ukujonga ubungqina bezinto ezikhutshwayo. Isenzo sokungabonakali sisaphila, esichaza ukuba i-Jortersen Jacob noVermeer Jan imidwebo yayingathathwa njengoyinyaniso kwaye ixabisa isahlulo seshumi senani elibuzayo. Ngolu hlobo, umculi wagqiba iintsuku zakhe malunga nobuhlwempu. Ngomnyaka we-1672, imfazwe yaseDatshi-yesiFrentshi yaqala, eyadlula iminyaka eyisixhenxe. Ukurhweba kwezobugcisa izinto eziqabileyo. U-Vermeer waphoqeleka ukuba athathe imali mboleko ukuze axhase intsapho enkulu. Ngo-1675, umdwebi wagula waza wafa ngokukhawuleza. Ilifa lakhe liya kubaboleki.

I-Vermeer Jan: imisebenzi yokuqala

Kwangexesha elide umfana omncinci wahlaziywa yiBaroque yaseNtaliyane. Imifanekiso yakhe yokuqala imifanekiso ephakamileyo kunye nephakamileyo. Umculi uphendukela kwiingqikithi zonqulo ("uKristu unaMariya kunye noodadewabo uMarta"). Impembelelo yakhe kunye nomlawuli waseDutch wepeyinti yokubhala uPeter de Hoogh. Isitala sakhe saqhubeka kwaye saqhutyelwa kwiindawo zokukhutshwa kweVermeer. Umfanekiso obalaseleyo kweli xesha ungabizwa ngokuba ngumthi omkhulu we-"vas Vault ". Kukho uluvo lokuba umlingisi ongakwesokudla ungumfanekiso wesalathisi. Ukubunjwa kwesikhumba "Kwi-Vault" kuqaqambile, kugcwele intshiseko yolutsha kunye nesimo sengqondo. Umbala weNewal udibanisa ngesibindi kunye neendawo ezinobunandi bombala ococekileyo. Ukususela ekupheleni kwee-1650, umculi washintsha indlela yomfanekiso. Ubhala amancinci amancinci omnye okanye abaninzi abalinganiswa kwaye ahlawule ingqwalasela kakhulu kwisiqwenga ngokubhekiselele kwisimo sengqondo, umoya wesimo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ubhala ngokucophelela iinkcukacha, ucinga ngokukhanyisa, okuguqula indawo yangaphakathi kwidolophana elincinci. Okuqhelekileyo ngeli xesha ukudweba "Intombazana eneNcwadi", "iMilkwoman", "Lacemaker".

UJan Vermeer: "Intombazana eneParl Ear Earring"

Lo ngumdwebo ogqwesileyo oonobumba. Ikwa-Museum yeHague, kodwa cishe ayifumaneka kwindawo - ihlala ijikeleza ihlabathi. Kwaye intombazana eboniswe kumfanekiso ibedla ngokuba yi "Northern Mona Lisa". Inkosi kule ngxowa yifikelele kwintsimi yayo. Intombazana encinci ifana nomntu obunomfazi obumnene. Yonke ingqungquthela ifakwe ingoma engapheliyo. Ukuguqula ikhanda ngokubukeka okungenakukhuseleka, iiperiki ze-pearl-bluuhlaza kwimvelaphi emnyama zibonakala zikhanya. Ubani uJan Vermeer abonisa kulo mfanekiso? Intombazana eneendlebe zeparele ... Kungenzeka ukuba nguMaria - intombi endala yomculi. Kodwa, njengabachasene nale ngongoma yombono, owokuzalwa kwintsapho wabonakala ngo-1653. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha lokubhala umfanekiso (1665) UMariya wayeneminyaka elinesibini kuphela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba intombazana isemfanekisweni emncinci, usengumdala kunendoda yentombazana.

Ukukhishwa kwexesha elide

Ekupheleni kwee-60s zekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe, umculi washintsha indlela yakhe encinci. Ngoku sele enezihloko ezimbini ezizithandayo. Bayizintombi kunye namantombazana aqhuba iingxoxo ezinzulu, athabisa iwayini okanye adlale umculo kumagumbi ahlotshisiwe. Ngokomzekelo, unokuthi "I-Letter Love" kunye ne "Intombazana ephethe iGitarari". Kwaye umxholo wesibini ngabantu, unomdla ngomsebenzi wabo. Ingqondo engqondweni yomntu ibonakaliswa kwiingcambu "I-Astronomer", "Geographer", "Kwi studio yomculi". Umsebenzi kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasetyhini ngenye isihloko esithi uVermeer Ian uthethelela ekupheleni kobomi bakhe obufutshane. Imizobo ethi "Lacemaker", "Umama ngasemva", "Owesifazane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ufunda incwadi" kunye "Intombazana ezama entanyeni" yimizekelo ecacileyo yolu xanduva lomculi.