USihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR - uluhlu lweempawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

USihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet waseUSSR, enyanisweni, intloko karhulumente yiSoviet, ukususela ngo-1936 zize ziphele nge-1989. Ngeli xesha, kwaba ofisi iphakamileyo oluntu USSR. Unyulo lukaMongameli kwenzeka kwintlanganiso ehlangeneyo apho zonke seSigqeba wathabatha inxaxheba, baba yinxalenye Council Ephakamileyo.

Yayingubani lo kuqala?

USihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR Wabonakala yiSoviet Union ngowe-1936. Esi sithuba iye yaziswa phantsi komGaqo-siseko omtsha. Enyanisweni, baye abo bangena yeenkokeli siz we-Union of Soviet Socialist seeRiphablikhi. Yaba igama isithuba efanayo ngaphambili. Enyanisweni, apha ekhaya nakumazwe aphesheya, umntu lowo usesikhundleni, yayigqalwa intloko karhulumente. Kwaye ke West nto ibizwa ngokuba kwakhona uMongameli Soviet Republic.

Ngelo xesha eSoviet Union wenza ngokusesikweni intloko kawonke karhulumente. Izigqibo zenziwa ngokuhlangeneyo ngabo bonke, ngubani olilungu Elawulayo, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Yile umzimba kunye ukuze akhuphe imimiselo ukuba uzimisele uphuhliso lesixhobo lonke ilizwe, amisiweyo mhlolokazi ke Abalawuli, wayebanika imbasa imiyalelo kunye neembasa.

Kulo mzekelo, enyanisweni, uninzi noomagunya ezandleni kuNobhala Jikelele we-Soviet Communist Party, kungekhona encinane ulawulo waba yintloko leBhunga Commissars yaBantu.

Kuyo yonke imbali ye-USSR kwisikhundla UNobhala Jikelele we-Party kunye noSihlalo we-Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR izihlandlo eziliqela ahlanganiswa. Ingakumbi, le meko loo yabonakala i-sharing 70 ekupheliseni isithuba kunye iziphazamiso ezimbalwa.

Le posi ekugqibeleni zipheliswe emva kokuba senziwe utshintsho nezilungiso-siseko kunyaka-1988. Onke amagunya Elawulayo wegqitha waya usihlalo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR. Xa wawumisa isithuba lukaMongameli waseUSSR, abantu abahlala kwesi sikhundla, kwakukho imisebenzi ummeli kuphela. Baya ikakhulu akumi into yokuba kuqhuba iiseshoni ahlangene Chambers.

Eyokuqala yaba uMikhail esibizwa

Eyokuqala kwimbali karhulumente Soviet Mihail Ivanovich esibizwa wathatha indawo. Emva ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko usihlalo sele wakhankanya wonyulwa kwiseshini lokuqala kweBhunga Ephakamileyo, esenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-1938.

Esibizwa waba ngummeli abaziwayo mbuso. lwenkokheli zombutho kunye nesimo abadumileyo. Kungekudala emva kokuba amaKomanisi kumandla, baqalisa ukuba kuthiwe "All-Russian umlindi."

isekela lakhe lokuqala esibizwa wamisela UNikolai Mikhailovich Board isekela Shvernika owathi kamva esikhundleni kule post.

Xa imfazwe iJamani yamaNazi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba esibizwa ugula kakhulu. Yena wayekiswa imisebenzi yakhe, wathabatha Shvernik. ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintathu emva kokuba usihlalo yokuqala Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR ngesiquphe waza wafa ngumhlaza wamathumbu.

party owasinda

Emva esibizwa kunye Shvernika ukuze akhokele Elawulayo leza ingxelo ubude bahlale Politburo ye-Central Committee Communist Party, imfazwe uTshawe Kliment Voroshilov.

Nangona isibakala sokuba Voroshilov owayebandakanyeka ukuyilwa kuluhlu ukufa (isiginitsha yakhe kuluhlu 185, njengako leyo shot ngaphezulu kwama-18 amawaka abantu), unyaka kokufa kukaStalin yaba wonyulwa usihlalo omtsha yeBhunga Ephakamileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba kucacile. Nangona le nkqubo ukuveza ukunqulwa ubuntu eSoviet Union ayikenzeki, kwaye kufuneka eqinisekisiwe kwaye ithembekile abantu phakathi kweenkokeli umbuso.

Ngexesha imfazwe amaJamani Voroshilov wayalela iLeningrad Front. Xa intloko Elawulayo wahlala iminyaka 7, ngoko ke wahlala ilungu.

Z Ilyich Dear

Ngowe-1960, Voroshilov indawo yi Z Brezhnev. USihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet waseUSSR, ezifakwe kuluhlu kweli nqaku, ukususela kumaxesha amaninzi mva nje libambe nesithuba sikanobhala jikelele. Eyokuqala kule intsimi yaba Brezhnev, owaba uNobhala Jikelele ngo-1964. Election Brezhnev usihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR kwenzeka xa wayeneminyaka engama-54 ubudala.

Ngowe-1964 ukuba indawo ngomnye kakhulu adumileyo kunye nempembelelo ngexesha abapolitiki Soviet, lowo waqala umsebenzi wakhe phantsi Lenin, Anastas Mikoyan. Wakhonza kule post kwiminyaka enesiqingatha.

esiqaphelekayo Podgorny

NgoDisemba 1965, isithuba wonyulwa UNikolai Podgorny. USihlalo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR yaba oyinzalelwane Ukrainian Communist Party Committee, nto leyo ezizodwa kwizikhundla isigqeba mboni ukukhanya.

Nabo wamphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, Mikoyan bammangalela ngqo kuye ukuxokisa ndideliwe yona. Waxelela ibali ngexesha lemfazwe Podgorny wayalela ukuba kuphunywe-mveliso eswekile Voronezh. kwenziwe umsebenzi Ezinobungozi, kodwa Nicolai, esoyikela ubomi bakhe, ngelo isityalo kwaye khange ibavelele ingxelo ngelo xesha, yena buqu zisongamela ngobungxamo. Mikoyan ezinjalo ubuxoki nako ukuma.

Podgorny USihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR Uyekile ukwenza ngo-1977, akuba wasebenza kule ndawo phantse iminyaka eli-12. post yakhe ilahlekelwe kwi XXV Congress of the iqela, xa waya Brezhnev Boyika ukuba Podgorny, sibambe isimo esimaxongo zempilo nguNobhala-Jikelele, unako ukubeka ibango endaweni yakhe. Ngoko ke, ebudeni kwinkongolo lwamalungu lepati ayexhasa, ku Brezhnev zidityanisiwe zombini zithuba. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa sikhundla, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku, Brezhnev wabuya. Waba usihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR (1977 - 1982). Ngowe-1982, wafa. Policy ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-75 ubudala.

Ngeli xesha ke uye wanikela uncedo Magomet Gettuev, uSekela Sihlalo we Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR.

isiko yokudibanisa

Emva Brezhnev waba isithethe iqela ukudibanisa isithuba, nto leyo luzinikele kweli nqaku, kwaye isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele iqela.

Ngaphandle Vasiliya Vasilevicha Kuznetsova, ombambe okwethutyana isithuba ukususela ngoNovemba 1982 nangoJuni 1983, ukususela ngoFebruwari ukuya ku-Epreli 1984, yaye ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuJulayi 1985, oku kuqhutywa kuzo zonke iinkokheli ezilandelayo karhulumente eSoviet.

Iintlola karhulumente

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1983, intloko de facto karhulumente yayiyintloko owayesakuba amalungu zokhuseleko yiSoviet kaYuri Andropov. Noko ke, ngenkuthalo ukwenza imisebenzi yabo uYuri abakwazanga. Kungekudala emva kokuqeshwa kwakhe kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukugula kakhulu. Wasebenza ngokwenza ngaphandle kokushiya ekhaya. Kungekudala ke wasweleka ngenxa ukusilela kwezintso, iminyaka yakhe emininzi bathuthunjiswe sifo.

Ixesha obufutshane-of uKonstantin Chernenko

Ngo-Apreli 1984, yena indawo yi uKonstantin Chernenko. Yena ngonyaka omnye kunye neentsuku 25, wabulawa sisifo sentliziyo.

wazalwa laso

NgoJulayi, esibude buyiminyaka-85 yentloko Elawulayo wathabatha Andrei Gromyko. Andrei waba ngonozakuzaku, waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe kwiikomiti iqela ngaphambi kwemfazwe, xa Malenkov kunye Molotov. Kungekudala Gromyko waqalisa ukuba bamele umdla eSoviet Union kwimibutho ngamazwe ebalulekileyo eliqela - iBhunga lezoKhuseleko kunye UN.

Emva koko, phantse kwiminyaka engama-30, ekhokelwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa leMicimbi Foreign. Yaba ixesha umsebenzi wakhe bezozakuzo weza mhlawumbi amanqanaba kakhulu imfazwe "iqhosha lokulayita". Relations kunye United States nucleated North Atlantic Alliance yaba kakhulu. Enye imfuneko kuphela uyakhumbula ukuba 60s ekuqaleni ihlabathi phantse kwi kumqukumbelo eqala imfazwe yenyukliya. Noko ke, iinkokheli USSR kunye USA ekugqibeleni akazange avumele ikhondo ebulalayo iziganeko. indima ebalulekileyo oku udlalwa oonozakuzaku okukhuphileyo ezi nkqubo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngaphambi nje kokuba baqeshwe yakhe plenum ye-Central Committee Soviet Communist Party Gromyko ecetywayo nesithuba sikanobhala jikelele abaselula, ngoko a Mihaila Gorbacheva omncinane-yaziwa.

Gorbachev zilamkele isithuba lokuqala iqela, ugxothiwe Gromyko evela kwiSebe leMicimbi Foreign. Ukunyulwa abaselula ethembisayo, kwabonakala kuye, Eduard Shevardnadze. Gromyko okufanayo ufumene isikhundla sokuba ngusihlalo Elawulayo eSoviet Ephakamileyo, apho ngelo xesha balahlekelwa phantse yonke inkululeko yakhe kunye nokubaluleka. Enyanisweni, Gromyko zazisetyenziswa jikelele yamsitho.

Usihlalo yokugqibela Elawulayo USSR Supreme Soviet

Gromyko wangena kweso sithuba yi uMikhail Gorbachev. Waba usihlalo Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR (1985 -1988). Okokuqala uSekela wamiselwa njengenkokheli iqela elaziwayo Anatoly Lukyanov, wabonakala kamva njengenxalenye kombuso, kodwa amnestied isigqibo sikaMongameli Boris Yeltsin eRashiya, kwakunye namanye amalungu amaninzi mdibi.

Ngelo xesha, imeko mandundu nakwiiriphabliki ezininzi yesizwe. Youth intetho Bawuyeka umkhala ngokuchasene norhulumente Kazakhstan, sele kwaphakama Karabakh kunye Georgian-South iingxabano Ossetian. It aggravates imeko e Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia and Transnistria. Ekhathazwa yaba imeko kuninzi republic eSoviet.

Ngelo xesha Gorbachev wenza amanyathelo elibalulekileyo ukusonjululwa Cold War. Ngokukodwa, ezi zivumelwano zasephakadeni izixhobo eyona ziye zasayinwa. Ezi zibandakanya isibakala sokuba eli lizwe liya ukuphelisa imijukujelwa eziPhakathi kwaye elifutshane-kuluhlu. Utyikityo lakhe isivumelwano, wabeka US uRonald Reagan.

Noko ke, inguqu yedemokhrasi ngokutsha incipient akuvumelekanga Gorbachev elide kakhulu ngamandla. Yaye eneneni isikhundla sihlalo Elawulayo Supreme Soviet kungekudala kwayekwa. Ngoko Gorbachev nguye oziphethe yokugqibela wakha ukwenzile oko.

Nantso into sikhundla kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo ukuba:

• UMikhail esibizwa;
• UNikolai Shvernik;
• Kliment Voroshilov ;
• Z Brezhnev;
• Anastas Mikoyan;
• UNikolai Podgorny;
• Vasily Kuznetsov;
• KaYuri Andropov;
• UKonstantin Chernenko;
• Andrei Gromyko;
• UMikhail Gorbachev.

Xa indawo uSihlalo Elawulayo USSR weza kamongameli. Baba Gorbachev ngokwakhe. Kwaye ngoko Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin abatshintsha amaphepha eziliqela kwimbali Russian.

Ekugqibeleni, intloko karhulumente Gorbachev ngokwakhe wemka ngo-1991, emva kokuba ukutyikitywa esemthethweni kwesivumelwano Bialowieza kwi ekuyekeni ubukho USSR.