Umyili Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer: engobomi, isebenza. Museum and Cultural Centre Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Niemeyer wazalwa e Rio de Janeiro, ngoDisemba 15, 1907 Le siganeko senzeka esitratweni, leyo ogama emva kwethutyana igama utatomkhulu wakhe Ribeyru Di Almeida. Lo mntu waba ngumlungiseleli waseBrazil Federal kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

umakhi ulutsha

Njengoko ukhumbula Oscar, wayephila ubomi bohemian ebutsheni bakhe. umyili Future Oscar Niemeyer watshata akuba egqibile esikolweni. Ekuqaleni wasebenza kwindlu yoshicilelo, kwaye emva koko, ngo-1930, waqala izifundo zakhe kwi-National School of Arts Fine, ibekwe eRio de Janeiro. Oscar wanyula becala izakhiwo. Emva kweminyaka 4, Niemeyer waphumelela. Wangena ukusebenza kwi studio kuyilo Lusio Kosty, utitshala wakhe. LinguLucio ngumseki lwezakhiwo YaseBrazil isimbo Art Nouveau.

Intsebenziswano Charles de Corbusier

Okokuqala Oscar wasebenza simahla. Kulo studio, wadibana nendoda siphenjelelwa kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe. Imalunga Charles Le Korbyuze, womzobi French. Yena waba ngumcebisi ukuba ngamagcisa aselula abayisebenzayo kwiprojekthi kwesakhiwo i-Ministry of Health and Education eRio de Janeiro. Lo mntu wakha wathi Oscar italente. Wayalela ukuba project ulawulo kuye.

Niemeyer, enkosi lo msebenzi, wafumana ndili wezakhiwo, Musa ukuboyika imifuniselo. Waphumelela ngobuciko ahlanganise ezinye iimilo kunye imigca engalindelekanga kakhulu umsebenzi amacandelwana kunye nezixhobo apho ke benziwa. Emva koko, ezi mpawu baba luphawu Niemeyer isebenza eza kuboniswa phantse ngasinye iiprojekthi 600 olwenziwa ngabo kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Base Brazil kunye nezintsonkothileyo Pampulha

Igama womzobi ngo-1939, wayesele esaziwa ngaphandle elizweni. Niemeyer, kunye Lusio Kostoy, i inkundla waseBrazil sayilwa, thaca eNew York kwi lo Mboniso ka yeHlabathi. Xa 1940 bokuqala wezakhiwo wafumana umyalelo enkulu entsha. Juscelino Kubitschek, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli weli lizwe, yaye lo gama nomthetheli owayesakuba isixeko esikhulu Belo Horizonte (saseBrazil), wamyalela ukuba akhe a Isakhiwo kwi iselunxwemeni. Pampulha. Apho bekumele ukuba club kwezikhephe kunye club tennis, ecaweni, iholo umdaniso imyuziyam. Emva kokugqitywa kweprojekthi Pampulha waba phantse nokutsala ezibalulekileyo lizwe. Kwangoko yaziwa ngokuba itshe bokwakha eBrazil.

izakhiwo UN kule projekthi entsonkothileyo

Oscar Niemeyer iye yaba indumasi wokwenene. Ngowe-1947 waba lilungu iqela nabayili abayisebenzayo ekwakheni zakhiwo UN eNew York. Niemeyer wayengoyena mncinane phakathi kwabo. Wabakhokela iqela lokwakha American Uolles ikampu. Ababhali bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo angumfanekiso, ukubaluleka-bulumko. Niemeyer wayila umba "workshop yehlabathi 'lo. Yena wayethanda nabo yamkele projekthi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ukuphumeza kwaye abakwazanga.

Cottage Canoas

In umyili-experimenter ebeyindoda yokulwa iingcamango. Ngokukodwa, ihlabathi-owayedume kodwa yayo engaqhelekanga enye indalo - enika Canoas. Yena walakha kwimimandla eRio de Janeiro ngo-1953. Namhlanje ke ihlomela yesithili ezazidumile São Conrado. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ukuze asetyenziswe ekwakheni le myezo izisombululo kusekho fresh, kodwa ukuba kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50. Le ndlu ngokoqobo kwakhiwa kwindawo yayo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye litye enkulu, leyo wokwakha wasala apho walala, mhlawumbi zeminyaka. Umakhi wagqiba ukwakha udonga lwendlu ngasentla nje. Umphumo waba kukuba inxalenye enkulu ilitye kukuba kude nekhaya, kwaye enye inxalenye - ngaphakathi. Oku kunika ngaphakathi engqongqo ekwakheni ngokuphuma kumnandi.

Noko ke, lo msebenzi kuphela mnyakazo kubomi ishishini womzobi enkulu, owaba isixeko abaseBrasilia, ikomkhulu omtsha karhulumente.

Uyilo kwesihloko laseBrazil

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwakukho ingcamango sokutshintshela kwikomkhulu eBrazil, apho ngelo xesha eRio de Janeiro. Ke ingcamango ngelithi ukuba Rio ukwakweli Atlantic elunxwemeni, xa kuthe kwakho yokuhlasela sichengeni ngaphezu kwesixeko, ibekwe besiza. Sekunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba esona sizathu siphambili sokuba kudluliselwe eyinkunzi laseBrazil - imfuneko ukuphuhlisa embindini lizwe, enabantu abaninzi ngelo xesha.

Ngowe-1957, lo msebenzi uxanduva kwaye bangabazukileyo Juscelino Kubitschek, ngoku umongameli Brazil wayalela ukuba ukusombulula Oscar Niemeyer kunye linguLucio Costa. Le yokugqibela fanele kwisicwangciso ngokubanzi sophuhliso yesixeko, kwaye Oscar - idrafti isambuku izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo. Ngokutsho kweengcali, umsebenzi kwezi labazobi baba ukucikideka idumileyo yocwangciso lweedolophu kweli xesha. Phantse ukusuka ekuqaleni kwiminyaka emi-3 landa umzi, elithe ngokukhawuleza waba ngomnye onomtsalane zokuhlala umhlaba. De kube ngoku, akukho akalingani phantsi. Umhla kuvulwa ngokusesikweni - Aprili 21, 1960

Eyona Ukwakhiwa ikomkhulu laseBrazil

Ekuqaleni, esi sixeko yenzelwe ukuba ahlale kuyo 800 amawaka. Abahlali, kodwa ngoku kukho angaphezu kwama-2.1 yezigidi. Njengoko Brazil bathi ikomkhulu labo ufana moya imilo. Ukuba enyuka phezu kwenqaba TV, ibekwe kanye ndisembindini wesixeko, uya kubona i "umkhombe eziphaphazelayo", nto leyo equka isitalato zibonwe ngaphambili, izikwere, iipaki kunye nezakhiwo. Xa iziko - ummandla elingunxantathu waMagunya ezintathu. Ezimbombeni iye izakhiwo 3: yebhotwe elalibizwa ngokuba uMongameli, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye National Congress. Oku "endlwaneni-moya." "Wings" kuyo - iindawo zokuhlala, ezibizwa - "emzantsi" yaye "emntla" iphiko. Intsalela ikomkhulu kwakhona umahluko kwicandelo - kwicandelo loshishino, ihotele, nonozakuzaku, ummandla zokuzonwabisa.

Kuyakhwankqisa ngokoqobo zonke isakhiwo, leyo yayiyilwe Oscar Niemeyer. ezi izinto mangaza us ngeemilo ezingalindelekanga, imigca ngqindilili, imisele ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, xa unyawo iinqaba ezimbini i-National Congress, nganye eneyazo imigangatho-28, olunzulu ukuzolula platform. Kuye izitya 2 emikhulu - Housings House of Representatives neNdlu Yeengwevu (ingasentla). Eyokuqala kwezi neendebe yinto omfusa kunye amajukujuku, kunye nezinye kunabela ukuya esibhakabhakeni.

National Theatre, ekwimo yephiramidi, nathi ukunyanzela kunye ngokuphuma yayo. Inxalenye engundoqo isakhiwo komhlaba. Iyamangalisa kunye yecawa ngeglasi cone yayo emikhulu. Esi sakhiwo (nizhee afanekiselwa) ibiyelwe ntsika amhlophe, lulolwe ipensile. Baya kuhlala emhlabeni, yaye ngoko, ukuphindaphinda imilo ibandla, eshiya ngeentolo zakhe esibhakabhakeni.

Ukwakhiwa kwe yecawa zifana umkhombe yabasemzini ziwela ngengozi, kunokuba ibandla ngengqiqo yemveli. Hayi kude kube kukho omnye ummangaliso lwezakhiwo - Isakhiwo Ibhotwe Itamaraty, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokuba Palace of nakwiingqameko. Ku fanele ku kwiSebe leMicimbi Foreign. Esi sakhiwo kwakhona yabakho kwimiqolo bayila gallery kunye nakwiingqameko aphezulu eziphathekayo kunye imingxunyana ububanzi. iinkcukacha engalindelekanga kakhulu kwiziko ebalulekileyo enjalo kwichibi elikhulu ojikeleze Itamaraty Palace ngeenxa zonke. It fun lwemidlalo iintlanzi.

We Izakuchaza kuphela isakhiwo engundoqo, leyo wadalwa elikomkhulu waseBrazil Oscar Niemeyer. Iiprojekthi ezahlukahlukeneyo zayo ezininzi. Ndawonye umehluko iiphiramidi, uphahla, ikomityi ajikelezayo waza wabatshayela nezimiso zamatye, iipaki kunye nezikwere, i engqongqo zejiyometri iimilo, logic kunye nesithuba ezitalatweni isixeko likubona ibinzana imigaqo ukukhanya. Akumangalisi ngakumbi ngathi indawo umsebenzi ngumongameli laseBrazil - komkhulu "Planalto" (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

Umbhali layo nalo Oscar Niemeyer. Le sesakhiwo esi sakhiwo Kuyinto ephawulekayo. Esi sakhiwo elincinane imigangatho emine ayikhangeleki njenge ibhotwe. Kuphela umlindi ibonisa ukuba oku izigqibo apho zezopolitiko ezichaphazela bayahlelwa amazwe ezinkulu Latin America.

A lot of kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente ezilungiselelwe yi Nimeyer Apocrypha. Urhulumente, umzekelo, wafumana Palace yayo ngo-1960. Noko ke, nangona loo inkonzo eliphezulu kurhulumente, umakhi kodwa kwafuneka ashiye ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Sixelele ukuba oko kwenzeka njani.

ubomi Niemeyer elubhacweni

Ngowe-1945, Oscar wajoyina Communist Party of Brazil, waza wahlala ethembekile iinjongo zayo de ukufa kwakhe. wayila wezakhiwo isixeko esitsha, kodwa ubunzima ngenxa yokuba ayikwazi ukubeka ecaleni amatyotyombe kunye ematyotyombeni. Izimvo Niemeyer akazange wayifihla. Ngenxa yabo, akaba nako ukuhlala eBrazil emva ngowe-1960 yi ubhedu yasemkhosini. Oscar kwafuneka kwamanye amazwe ukuya eYurophu. Wazinza Paris. Le ukuhamba umyili ngenkani ngokuba "ukugxothwa ngokungeyomfuneko". ngoko Niemeyer walihamba lonke ihlabathi, ukutyelela phakathi kwamanye amazwe, kunye eSoviet Union, apho wafumana abantu abayithandayo kunye nabaxhasi ezininzi. Waba yintshatsheli inkqubela yezentlalo kunye noxolo emhlabeni. Kuba lo nguye lawongwa ngebhaso "ngenxa ekomelezeni uxolo phakathi kwezizwe" (International Lenin Prize).

Njengoko ngaphambili, umakhi wasebenza nzima. Kubonakala ukuba eyayimi ngayo umsebenzi wakhe olukhulu ngokwenene: Italy, eJamani, France, Lebanon, Congo, Ghana, eUnited States, Algeria kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi. Eyona idumileyo lweeprojekthi lwakhe ngeli thuba iKomiti Central of Communist Party of France, ibekwe eParis, kwakunye "Mondadori" eMilan.

Ukubuyela eBrazil, Kubitschek Memorial J.

Kuphela 1980 Apocrypha Nimeyer wabuyela eBrazil. Yena ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukwenza iphupha lakhe - iprojekthi sisikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa "uyise" kwengqukuva saseBrazil Juscelino Kubitschek. Sikhumbuzo, kucacile apho zisikhumbuza ihamile kunye irhengqa, singqongwe ngobunono. Le ibekwe kufuphi enqabeni TV. Le yenye ezinika ephambili eyinkunzi waseBrazil.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, ukufa womzobi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubomi Oscar Niemeyer wasebenza studio yakhe, ibekwe Rio de Janeiro, phezu chibi ka Copacabana. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe yakutshanje iquka ukuvuselelwa "Sambadrome". eli lungiselelo kunye nqwelo yakhiwa ngo-1984. Ngexesha zomkhosi egcinwe apha izikolo kukhuphiswano Samba. Kuphela ngo-2012 le ndlela lanikwa ngokungqinelana idrafti Niemeyer.

Umakhi ebalaseleyo Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer wafa ngoDisemba 6, 2012 esibhedlele e Rio de Janeiro, apho waza waphathwa ngenyanga. Oscar akazange aphile ngokuvisisana wokuzalwa 105th leentsuku ezili-10 kuphela. Intombi yakhe kuphela, uAnna Maria Niemeyer, wafa eneminyaka engama-82 ngoJuni ka-2012

Cultural Centre Oscar Niemeyer

Le into ifumaneka kwi-Spanish ne Aviles yi ingxilimbela museum kunye umboniso ezintsonkothileyo. Kwiiholo yekonsathi uze iziko mboniso zinginginya iintlobo iziganeko yenkcubeko - eyokubonisa abafoti kunye namagcisa, yeqonga zomdaniso neziveliso yeqonga, iikonsathi, luhlola umboniso, izifundo zemfundo kunye neesemina.

Le nto umdla evela ngokwembono bokwakha. Yena ufane phezu lokudlala ngaphezu isakhiwo imyuziyam. IZiko iqulathe kwizakhiwo ezintlanu, nganye luphawulwa olungaphambili umbala kunye neemilo ingako. Iziko leeNkcubeko, ibekwe Aviles, - oko ngumbala kuphela imisebenzi ekwakhiweni Oscar Niemeyer. Esi sigqibo andinyulanga ngengozi - isakhiwo wayefanele ukuba ibe uhlobo ngeyeza wadandatheka labemi idolophu mveliso encinane. Kangangexesha elide Aviles iphathwa njenge "ledada elibi" wasemntla ka eSpeyin. It lidla enxulumene kunye nabemi iiglasi icuba eli lizwe ibekwe apha steelworks. Ngelo xesha linye amabala mboniso Oscar wanika ubomi entsha isixeko. Umsebenzi wokwakha waqala ngo-2008 waza wagqitywa ngowe-2011 iinxalenye ezintlanu iziko - a multiplex, injengenqaba ngokuqaphela, iholo kunye isikwere engundoqo.

Oscar Niemeyer Museum

Curitiba (Brazil) - isixeko eyaziwa kungekuphela nje umzi omncinane eBrazil. Kwaba apha ukuba odumileyo Museum Niemeyer. Sinikezelwa bokwakha mihla, ubugcisa obubonwayo, ukuyila nobugcisa yevidiyo. Esi sakhiwo sagqitywa ngowe-2002. Ekuqaleni le nto yayibizwa ngokuba "New Museum", kodwa wanikwa igama Oscar Niemeyer sele ngo-2003

Esi sakhiwo ukwabizwa ngokuba 'zonke iliso lokubona "okanye" Museum yamehlo' ngenxa eyilwe yayo yoqobo. Shape kufana iliso omkhulu, ejinga emoyeni. Namhlanje le Umfuziselo Curitiba na Museum of Art Modern. Oscar Niemeyer waqalisa umsebenzi kwi projekthi ngo-1967. Emva koko wakha isakhiwo olungundoqo indlela kwimpucuko kwiziko lemfundo ephakamileyo. Kamva, ngowe-2001, wabuyela kule projekthi kwaye balenza. Ngoko kwakukho ukwandiswa enkulu umnatha ziintsimbi, ikhonkrithi emhlophe kunye nepleyiti iglasi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Oscar Niemeyer Museum. "Amehlo" kuba phezu kwamanqwanqwa phakathi kukho ichibi ngumntu.

igama lakhe ngokuqinileyo ebhaliwe kwimbali izakhiwo, ngokomakhi ebalaseleyo Oscar Niemeyer. umsebenzi wakhe yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Abazi ayeke sekufika Baziyolise abaphila.