Ummiselo wolawulo kuqoqosho

market Modern kufuneka ulawulo eyiyo nabalawuli bangaphandle. Oku kungenxa iimfuno zophuhliso kwinkqubo lemarike, njengoko ngokwayo olude isisombululo iingxaki ezininzi zentlalo noqoqosho. Ingcamango i "isandla engabonakaliyo market", ngokutsho apho loo nkokheli na, kungekho nabani na uncedo ukuze nazo zonke iingxaki, iye yasilela kumazwe amaninzi. Kwaye Russia ukhumbula kakuhle i "therapy kukothuka" ye ekupheleni koo zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Ukuqonda ukuba imarike kukodwa ayisekho, loo nto kakhulu emva kwexesha. ummiselo wolawulo zoqoqosho - enye izixhobo yolawulo lwangaphandle inkqubo nemakethe. Ngokutsho zezoqoqosho ezininzi, esi sixhobo sibalulekileyo. Kweli nqaku siye sihlolisise umgaqo wolawulo-mali, iinjongo, izixhobo, iintlobo. Masiqalise kunye inkcazelo esisiseko.

ukuba nombono

ummiselo wolawulo zoqoqosho - yiseti lwemisebenzi olwenziwa yi-Central Bank (CB), ezijolise ukutshintsha i parameters imali unikezelo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ibhanki engundlu iphembelela unikezelo imali kwezoqoqosho. Kwaye lo mlinganiselo uchaphazela Dynamics imali ingeniso. Nje ngezantsi siye sihlolisise neendlela zolawulo lwemali.

imigomo

Kwinqanaba yoqoqosho olukhulu iinjongo zolawulo zilandelayo ume ngaphandle:

1. Ukudala iimeko ukukhula kwezoqoqosho.
2. Nokugcina imeko ezinzileyo yamaxabiso.
3. Ukuqinisekisa nozinzo kwenzala kurhwebo lwasekhaya, amazinga exchange.
4. Ukufikelela kwinqanaba ubuninzi yengqesho.

Eyona njongo iphambili wemali - ukugcina uzinzo lwamaxabiso. Yonke enye livela kuzo. Uqoqosho Russian phantsi uzinzo lwamaxabiso ixhomekeke ukuncitshiswa engqinelanayo kwamaxabiso. Ukuba ichaphazela utyalo imozulu kweli lizwe kunye nokomeleza ukukhula koqoqosho lwexesha elide.

Ingcamango emali

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso - ukuhla kwamandla ukuthengwa lwemali ngenxa yokuthotywa kwexabiso layo. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngonyaka busisigxina-10%. Kulo kulandela ukuba 1000 engange namhlanje unako ukuthenga imali efanayo kwempahla njengoko 1100 ngonyaka.

ulawulo wolawulo ye-Central Bank ejoliswe ikakhulu kusehlisa izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Ayimangalisi into yokuba iibhanki Russian uboleke mboleko imali eninzi. Oku kubangelwe kukuhla kwamandla emali eliphezulu. Yaye ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ingqondo ezandleni zawo imali eninzi, njengoko suku ngalunye ikomkhulu uya 'kudla' imithetho engabonakaliyo emarikeni.

umthamo Limited of Central Bank

Akukho imisebenzi mthetho ye-Central Bank, ngoko ke umsebenzi wakhe nje njengokugudisa ukuhla kwimarike ngezigaba ngamnye zemalike zezimali.

Nangona kunzima, i-Central Bank ukuze aqhube ulawulo lwemali, nto leyo eyenzelwe:

1. Ukuphucula indlela yokusebenza nxaxheba ingeniso yemali.
2. Ukukhusela umdla eseleyo nxaxheba emarikeni.
3. Gcina kude eyenziweyo ukwandisa iindleko zabo.
4. Dala iimeko zotyalo-mali.
5. Ukuphuhlisa indawo ukhuphiswano emarikeni.
6. Ukwandisa imarike iinkonzo zebhanki nokuphucula umgangatho wabo.

Indima Uqoqosho yemali Makhulu lilonke nangenxa ummi ngamnye ethile. Namhlanje sibona imeko apho lentengo lifinyele. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukuhla kwesantya senzala kwi needipozithi zebhanki, leyo ngoku kunqabile idlula-8% ngonyaka. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, eyenziweyo nabalawuli noqoqosho ukunciphisa imali yokwenene-nxaxheba kurhwebo ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela, ezifana lwemali ukwehla. ie yandisa lokwenziwa yexabiso le engange kukhokelela ekuncipheni ngamandla alo ngokuthenga kwiimarike zehlabathi. Ngenxa yokuba izwe lethu zonke ongenisa impahla yokugqibela, sibona ukunyuka okukhulu kwamaxabiso. Ngoko ke kucacile ukuba ulawulo wolawulo-Russia inkalo yayo ethile Ngokungafaniyo nezinye amazwe. Ngoko ke, asinakukwazi ukuba kukho iiresiphi jikelele icebo ekunene kwilizwe ngalinye. iindlela ezisebenzayo omnye ilizwe kunokukhokelela yokuwa epheleleyo-mali omnye.

izinto

ulawulo Monetary lujoliswe kwiziza zilandelayo:

1. Isantya Sokuyekwa bemali.
2. Umthamo mboleko.
3. Izinga lwemali kazwelonke.
4. Imfuno kunye nonikezelo lwemali kazwelonke.
5. Unikezelo imali kuqoqosho.
6. Le okuza ye lingabali malini.

ulawulo Monetary ngalunye kwezi parameters unalo ixesha eliqingqiweyo. Bona esetwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ngako oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba kuthi ukuba kulawulwe inkqubo yemali kuthiwa akuxhomekekanga loburhulumente kuphela ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuba i Central Bank, nto leyo ungamviyo abasemagunyeni, eqhuba ukuzeyisa. Ivela kwi intshukumo yamxhel'omnye karhulumente kunye Central Bank ixhomekeke ukusebenza yezenzo yakutshanje.

mechanism

Indlela regulirirovaniya wemali ubandakanya:

• Izulu.
• ucwangciso
• Iindlela kunye nezixhobo neziphumo.

Izisusa idinga imali

Ulawulo umgaqo wolawulo-mali kuxhomekeke injongo ebango imali.

Uhlobo lokuqala - unentsusa yentengiselwano. Inika ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho okukhoyo nxaxheba nemakethe. Kuba avareji umntu imicimbi injongo kuthetha istokhwe seencwadi ngemali iindleko zenyanga de intlawulo elandelayo: ukutya, eziluncedo, intlawulo mobile kunye nezinye.

Amashishini intshukumisa ezimfutshane na imali, leyo eyenzelwe ukugcina okuqhubekayo ishishini (iintlawulo kubanikezeli, intlawulo yerenti, njl njl).

Kuba karhulumente, loo nto stock exchange ekuvumela ukuba ukunika uqikelelo kwimarike angaphandle.

Uhlobo lwesibini - isisusa yokukhusela. It ivumela nxaxheba kwiimarike ukudala uqhelane. Kuba abemi abaqhelekileyo kwale nkomfa ukuba mini ngemvula, iminikelo idipozithi ukuze alondoloze izibonelelo kunye nabanye. Amashishini kunye norhulumente ukudala uqhelane nokuzinziswa mali.

Uhlobo lwesithathu - isisusa lentelekelelo. imali Modern wona umthombo ivenkile yexabiso. Ngoko ke, inxalenye yale mali isetyenziselwe ukuthenga of engaphathekiyo asethi (zemali), ingeniso ngokohlobo umdla ezahlukeneyo. Kwabo kufuneka ibandakanye imixokelelwane, izabelo, izixhobo zemali mveliso.

Imfuno kunye nonikezelo imali

Imfuno kunye nonikezelo imali zezona kunzima ukuqikelela amanani. Kunzima ukuqikelela into yokuziphatha elizayo, njengoko kuxhomekeke kuphela kwizinto zoqoqosho, kodwa kwakhona ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Umzekelo, uphuhliso cryptocurrency kunye e-commerce kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwemfuneko lwemali kazwelonke. Ukwanda kwemfuno imali kuxhomekeke zinto zilandelayo:

1. Ukunciphisa nokunyuka nokuhla kokulindelwe.
2. ukuzethemba kwinkqubo leebhanki.
3. Ukukhula koqoqosho.

Umntu Ukucengceleza umzekelo omhle Russia yemali emva kwentlekele ka-2008: urhulumente iye yamkela umthetho phantsi apho mandatory inshorensi zonke iidipozithi fumbani ukuya mali ethile. Kwaye awukwazi ukoyika ukuba ibhanki iya kuhamba yimali, njengoko urhulumente esebenzisa iinkampani ze-inshorensi liya kuzihlawula ilahleko. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni eli Isibalo ukuzithemba kwindlela yokugcina imali.

Imfuno imali - luphawu oluphambili. iindlela ezisebenzayo kunye nezixhobo zolawulo lwemali baxhomekeke kwi nemfuneko enkulu imali. Kufuneka kwakhona kukhunjulwa ukuba umnqweno ukuba imali kunye Ukuphandwa ngokufumaneka kuzo akufani. Apha ujamelene elide ezifana amatyala - ezinkozo kunye nemali non-cash-akhawunti zebhanki. Imfuno imali uchazwa ngokuba nesabelo bakulindele amatyala azo.

Velocity imali

Umgaqo ummiselo wolawulo kuqoqosho ixhomekeke kwizibonakalisi ezifana uqina imali. Ukukhula iidipozithi ixesha elide beebhanki ezinegalelo ekunciphiseni imali uqina, and vice versa, okusindisa uqoqosho isixa esikhulu semali kwandisa uqina imali.

supply imali

Regulator Market mazibale ngokuchanekileyo inqanaba Ukwanda imali kuqoqosho. nokuba uyakwazi ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa ekunyukeni kwamanani imali? Zintoni emali, zokwenyuka kwamaxabiso kunye namaqondo omngcipheko kuqoqosho? iimpendulo eqondile zale mibuzo kuchaphazela zokuziphatha kolawulo. Umfundi omnye zinikeze umzekelo ekuqaleni kweminyaka emibini sewaka eRashiya. Yokufika enkulu imali kwilizwe ezinxulumene super-iingeniso evela kwintengiso hydrocarbon, iye yaba nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. Akakwazi "nokugaya" zonke unikezelo imali ngaphandle kokuqhatha imveliso. Ukunyuka olukhawulezisiweyo ku 10-12% ngonyaka. Kulo mba, kwabakho ukunyuka okubonakalayo ixabiso letyala. Kakubi ezo amacandelo ezoqoqosho ukuba akukho ezinxulumene oyile negesi leshishini: ulimo, ukuthuthwa, ezothutho, kwicandelo likarhulumente. Investments kula macandelo baba okungenamsebenzi kuthelekiswa utyalo kwezinye iindawo. Kwakhona, bekukho ukungalingani kwengeniso abemi abaqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umvuzo umndilili pay utitshala waba ngeenxa 6-7 lamawaka. Engange ngenyanga, yaye olungisa izinto kumaziko zokwakha ukuze ifumane engange iwaka ezimbalwa ngosuku. Namhlanje sibona ukuba ukungalingani kushishino ayikho lubonakale, kodwa ngoku sinazo iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho.

Unikezelo imali emiselwe:

1. Isiseko yemali (assets) le-Central Bank. Ezi ziquka mboleko neebhanki, izibambiso - ngokuqhelekileyo enobuhlobo amanqaku likaNondyebo anoqoqosho eziphambili ehlabathini - neemali zangaphandle.
2. amazinga enzala kurhwebo ngemali ekhaya. Kwakhona ngokuba isitshixo izinga mboleko. Ukuba izinga lenzala apho Central Bank inika mboleko kwiibhanki zorhwebo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko lingaphantsi lenzala umba mboleko zakutshanje kubantu kwezolimo, ekubeni esilala ingeniso elizayo yibhanki kunye nepesenti kwengozi kunye ukubuya. Umzekelo, ukuba isantya iqhosha mboleko ngu-7%, ayikwazi kuba esezantsi ipesenti mboleko yebhanki umntu wemvelo, ekubeni ilahleko akukho namnye akayi umboleke. Umlinganiselo wenzala on kweemarike zexesha elifutshane luqokelelane ngokusekelwe nomlinganiselo loovimba yenkqubo leebhanki bekelelo yayo. Namhlanje sibona imeko umdla kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba uyicamngce kwimbali yanamhlanje kwilizwe lethu, abantu babeka needipozithi zebhanki eninzi imali, nto leyo, kananjalo, phantse bonke inshorensi. Kulo mba, nabalawuli zemali bakwenze imali abemi ziibhanki, ukudala iimeko inzala ephantsi kwi iidipozithi.
3. Ukuseka reserve esisigxina.

Inkqubo zebhanki njengoko nto ibalulekileyo azinampembelelo ubonelelo ngemali

Nempembelelo gqitha unikezelo imali inkqubo yogcino. Dwelisa iindlela kunye nezixhobo zolawulo emali:

1. Ukunciphisa okanye ukwandisa umba imali.
2. Ukudala Sokuyekwa ezinzileyo lemali.
3. Intengiselwano kwimarike zemali okulawula imali kwegazi.

Iindlela zolawulo yemali kumazwe aphuhliswe ngokwezoqoqosho nokuphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo ezahlukeneyo.

Central Bank - ungumdlali ophambili kweli ummiselo. Ukuze wenze oku, usebenzisa ezi zixhobo zilandelayo yommiselo yomgaqo-lawulo wemali:

1. Impikiswano imali.
2. Mboleko yeebhanki, okt. E. I-Central Bank uba "yibhanki yeebhanki" yaye unika Uboleke kwiibhanki zorhwebo njengoko amazinga babo. perekreditovyvatsya zakutshanje ezo mali kurhwebo lwasemakhaya ngamaxabiso inzala ephezulu.
3. imisebenzi market Vula ngokuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa lwako kunye iimali ukwenzela intlawulo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele.

Ngenxa imisebenzi ngasentla, ebumba kwindlela enye kumgaqo-lawulo wemali.

Ngoko ke, indima ibalulekileyo Uqoqosho I-Central Bank of lizwe. Ukucacisa lo mbandela kwezoqoqosho kamva kweli nqaku.

isimo CBR

Inkqubo Russian zebhanki, i-Central Bank - yebhanki engundoqo eli lizwe. Yena on top of yonke inkqubo zemali yaye yenzelwe ukuba ukunyenyisa izinga zonke ezinye iibhanki ngokuhambelana nesicwangciso ngokubanzi kwezoqoqosho. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-mboleko kunye nolawulo. Njengoko umsebenzi yokugqibela Central Bank unelungelo lokunqumamisa imisebenzi yonke imibutho ngetyala, nditshitshisa mvume yakhe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ndiye Ndathatha uluhlu omhle onomtsalane neschastlivchikov efanayo. Abaninzi baba noluvo lokuba Bank lokususa ngokupheleleyo site yeebhanki ezinkulu kunye nenxaxheba karhulumente.

Central Bank naye arhente engundoqo yomgaqo-lawulo wemali. Nangona kunjalo, akukho asebenzise iindlela isigqibo ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo, kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho.

Ingxelo kwi-Central Bank of Russia?

Nangona i-Central Bank of Russia - ibhanki enkulu elizweni, nto leyo nguye kuphela onelungelo ukushicilela engange, yena ungamviyo kwanawo urhulumente Russian okanye naliphi na iqumrhu likarhulumente. Ukuba isimo sethu ayizi kuba namali yaneleyo yokuhlawula imivuzo, imihlala-phantsi kunye neenzuzo, i-Russian Central Bank iya ungambizi kurhulumente. Le nkqubo ngamazwi yakhiwa ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni nokusekwa kwe-Russia ezimeleyo. Le imeko bangela ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi zezopolitiko kubiza B. N. Eltsina - umongameli wokuqala Russian - ungumngcatshi. Ingxelo kwi-Bank of Russia? Abanye bathi siqinisekile ukuba Central Bank of kwilizwe lethu - isebe le-Federal Reserve, abanye bathi kwi-International Monetary Fund, lokwenene, ekubeni kukho reference ngqo kuyo kulo Mthetho. Noko ke, bobabini uqinisekile ukuba ilawulwa Rothschilds kunye Rockefellers.

Kodwa kuyimfuneko kukuhlalutya uMthetho Federal kwi "I-Central Bank of the Russian Federation", yonke into iwela kwindawo: i-Central Bank ibandakanya intloko kunye namalungu eBhodi yabaLawuli in inani labantu 14. Bonke bephela banyulwa nguRhulumente Duma ngokungqinelana ngumongameli Russian. Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba uphendule umbuzo ubhalo: ingaba Central Bank of Russia lentlangano pro-American? An affirmative Impendulo kuphela ukuba iPalamente ngokwayo iya kuba pro-American.

Kwakhona, abalandeli US central ebhankini ukuze athi eRussia ukuchaza ukuba ngo-2014 i-75% yabo ingeniso epheleleyo ye-Central Bank of Russia ukhutshelo nebhajethi federal, ize i-15% iya Vnesheconombank.

Nantoni na, kodwa umthetho onzima ngokwenene esahlula Russia ukusuka Central Bank of urhulumente Russian. Kwaye ukuba nibambane phakathi kwabo, ngoko ke ulawulo iya kuba yibhanki eyongameleyo, njengoko imiba etshisa ibunzi ayisonjululwa kwiinkundla ngamazwe, othe-siseko izisombululo ngentla kwiinkundla zasekhaya. Loo nto-siseko wethu, nto leyo isebenza kweli lizwe ukususela ngowe-1993.

Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank of Russia

I-Bank of Russia yenza le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1. Yeyona otyalwayo ukuba amaziko amatyala kweli lizwe.
2. Phuhlisa kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente enobunye lawulo wemali.
3. It has a yedwa malunga nomba ukuphunyezwa lwemali kazwelonke.
4. Icwangcisa ulawulo lwemali.
5. Icwangcisa imithetho ukuqhuba imisebenzi zebhanki, ingxelo kwinkqubo ukubhankisha accounting.

Ukususela uluhlu uya kuqaphela ukuba Central Bank lisebenzisana kunye norhulumente. E. Zenza namaqabane, yaye akukho ndawana na ngaphantsi. Le nto ibonisa ukuba baninzi ukuba Russia - thanga inkqubo yezimali West. Nangona kunjalo, le abavikeli inkqubo bakholelwa ukuba ivumela ukunqanda nalwazelelelo amagosa Russian asekuhlaleni ukusuka ukukhutshwa kwamalweyile ngendlela imali kunye ikhredithi rhoqo zasekhaya. Kwanele ukuhlalutya umda yolonakaliso, awayethe sele akukho mfihlakalo ukubuza ukuba ingaba ulawulo lwangaphandle phezu cinezela ushicilelo into embi? Mhlawumbi le nto kuphela ngandlel 'ukugcina lizwe ukusuka kwamaxabiso iyonke.

Iinzame ukubuyisela i "geqe"

Kwilizwe lethu kukho inani laMalungu nabezopolitiko ngubani ngokuphandle uNojaji phantsi kwesizwe ye-Central Bank. rhoqo Bona eyaziswa uRhulumente Duma umthetho osayilwayo, kodwa ngoko nangoko liphuma wave ezingalunganga ukugxekwa yoluntu. Kutheni le nto isenzeka? Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abemi bethu musa ukuthembela urhulumente wethu kukuba amaxesha amaninzi ukuba belahlekiswa. Abaninzi lokukhetha nokuzimela Central Bank of urhulumente Russian likubona nentembelo ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo kunokuba kudluliselwe ukuba urhulumente, nto leyo eza nayo nayiphi na ukulawula ubonelelo ngemali. Khumbula imihla USSR: imali yonke kodwa akukho mntu wayefuna ukuba athengise impahla amaqhekeza engento iphepha, njengoko urhulumente lonke ixesha aphazamise lo mgaqo-lawulo wemali ye-Bank for inzuzo elifutshane lwezopolitiko nobungozi zophuhliso. Ngoko ke, kwimeko apho abavelisi kwempahla ezigcinwe izitora, bengaqondanga ekudaleni kusilela, ize ingananwa for "ngomgunyathi" ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. Akukho manyathelo zezolawulo na oye wancedisa ukwenza kubekho le entsebenziswano ukuba bangene imarike ngokusemthethweni. Kungenxa yoko le nto abemi bethu basala ngaphandle iminikelo yabo, ekubeni ukumimitheka kwezoqoqosho kwakufuneka kubatshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo kubo ngenxa qhwa-akhawunti kunye ekukhawuleziseni emali.

State Bank of the USSR

ESoviet Union State Bank into ilawulwe ngokupheleleyo iBhunga labaPhathiswa USSR. Isixa semali isigqibo ngokuthi zomthetho. IBhunga laBaphathiswa wanika umyalelo, kwaye Bank daba ngenxa yayo. Oku kuye kukhokelele kwimeko apho isayensi kwezoqoqosho ubizwa ngokuba "kwamaxabiso zinganakwa". Ngamanye amazwi oku linokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kukho imali konke konke, kodwa ayikwazi ukuthenga nto. Oku kuyaqondakala: abalimi bakhetha ukugcina iimpahla izitora ukuba uyithengise, kuba le mali zange abe ixabiso ngawo owoyamaniswe namhlanje. Eneneni yakhula ngempahla, nto leyo efana nenkqubo feudal. Imeko efanayo ingenzeka kwakhona xa phantsi kwesizwe Bank of Russia.