Uluhlu ematyeni alfabhethi

Won izimbiwa kunye nemixube zabo. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso iplanethi yethu ngaphandle izimbiwa okunene iyilwe nguye.

amaka

Nika inani elikhulu kubangela ntlobo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela. Zofuzo avelele:

• ludaka;
• zixelwe;
• ukubona.

share Recent omnye kwizintlu ezintathu:

• plutonic;
• hypabyssal;
• mlilo.

Nomnye lungohlulwa lube:

• omuncu;
• aphakathi;
• esisiseko;
• ultrabasic.

Phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba iqulunqe uluhlu olupheleleyo elulwalweni, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo emhlabeni, ngoko into eninzi kubo. Kweli nqaku siza kwenza iinzame ukuzimisa kakuhle ulwazi malunga neentlobo kakhulu umdla kokuhlambeleyo.

nemetamorphic: uluhlu

Aba phantsi kwempembelelo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba ngokuqhelekileyo iinkqubo iqala. Ekubeni kwenzeka ukuguqulwa xa izinto kwisigaba eziqinileyo, ukuba abangaboni unnoticeable. Ngethuba lenguqu, ukutshintsha isakhiwo, ukuguda noburhabaxa, ukwakhiwa yengxondorha yokuqala. Loo nguqu zenzeke, kufuneka ukuhlanganiswa olungileyo:

• zokufudumeza;
• wegazi;
• igesi ukusebenza, izisombululo.

metamorphism khona:

• lwengingqi;
• The contact;
• kolwandle;
• pneumatolytic;
• metamorphism.

Oku kulandelayo luluhlu lwe iliwa alfabhethi kule qela kwezimbiwa.

amphibolites

Ezi minerals akhiwa yi hornblende kunye plagioclase. I tape lokuqala thathwa nje silicate. Ngokweliso amphibolites - a shale okanye lens imibala ukusuka eluhlaza emnyama ukuya abamnyama. Umbala uxhomekeke kubungakanani begalelo olenzayo yeekhomponenti ezimnyama-obugolide zikhona nokwakheka wokumbiwa. izimbiwa Secondary beli qela:

• iziqhushumbisi;
• magnetite;
• titanium;
• zoisite.

gneiss

Kubume bayo, gneiss inyengane close kakhulu. Ngokweliso zokwahlula izimbiwa ezimbini enye ingenjalo ukusuka akusoloko kusenzeka, njengoko iikopi igranite gneiss esiza kuye ngokomzimba parameters. Kodwa intengo gneiss asezantsi kakhulu.

Gneisses zifumaneka ngokubanzi, ngoko isicelo ekwakhiweni. Izimbiwa zingafani nobugcisa. Konga phezulu, ngoko ilitye ingasetyenziswa njengako aggregate eziphathekayo. Xa porosity encinane nezisezantsi Absorption amanzi gneiss baye banda ukuxhathisa 'amazinyo. Ekubeni Ukhukuliseko nayo ezincinane, ukusetyenziswa kwezimbiwa akuvumelekanga njengoko bobuso.

shales

Ukwenza uluhlu elulwalweni, phakathi qiniseka nemetamorphic ukukhankanya schists. Yaba iintlobo ezifana, ezifana:

• udongwe;
• njengekristale;
• talc;
• chlorite.

Ngenxa isakhiwo engaqhelekanga kwaye umtsalane ilitye, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, akuzange kube izinto ebalulekile zokuhombisa asetyenziswe ekwakheni.

Shales - iqela kunokuba elikhulu, eyenza le kwamawa. Uluhlu lwamagama eziphilayo zisetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo eyiyeyabantu ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo (ingakumbi kulwakhiwo, ukulungiswa, nokwakhiwa):

• siltstone;
• zlatalit;
• serpantinitovy;
• gneiss;
• phyllitic kunye zileyiti.

quartzite

Eli litye eyaziwa kakuhle ngenxa yamandla ayo, ekubeni zwi luqokelelane kongezwe ukungcola. Senziwe quartzite yelitye lentlabathi xa iziqalelo zokuqala zwi izimbiwa indawo ngexesha metamorphism lwengingqi.

Kwindalo, quartzite wafumana kumiswa esiqinileyo. elimsulwa rhoqo:

• hematite;
• zakhiwe;
• electronic;
• magnetite;
• linguMika.

Le Iidipozithi acebe zifumaneka:

• US;
• India;
• Russia;
• Canada.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale sakhi:

• ukumelana iqabaka, ukufuma, amaqondo obushushu;
• amandla;
• ukhuseleko, ukhathalelo lwendalo;
• kwalo;
• ukumelana alkalis, asidi.

Philly

mncinane uluhlu lwe iliwa Hayi ongowakhe phyllites. Asezikhundleni isikhundla oluphakathi phakathi udongwe linguMika schists. Le nto exineneyo entle-olungisiweyo. Kulo mzekelo, amatye kuk crystalline, ukuba luphawulwa a schistosity ngokukhawuleza.

Phyllites babe Ndileka silky. Umbala - black, zibe nombala ongwevu. Izimbiwa zahlulwe phakathi Iizilebhu ezibhityileyo. Njengenxenye phyllites ukumkhulula:

• linguMika;
• sericite.

Ngamana kuba crystals okuziinkozo:

• albite;
• andalusite;
• lwerharnate;
• zwi.

iidipozithi Rich of phyllite eFransi, eNgilani nase-United States.

rocks ngentlenga: uluhlu

Izimbiwa eli qela zifumaneka ikakhulu kumphezulu. Ukuze kwakhiwe le miqathango ilandelayo kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane:

• kubushushu obuphantsi;
• imvula.

Kukho iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezintathu genetic:

• clastic emele amatye erhabaxa kwakhiwa zaphuka rocks;
• udongwe, imvelaphi leyo lu dityanisiwe inguqu amaqela izimbiwa 'silicate "yaye" aluminosilicate ";
• biohemo-, chemo-, organogenic. iinkqubo yokulahlwa kwe enjalo akhekha izisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Oku kuthatha yinxenye esebenzayo eziphila kuphela, izinto eziphilayo. Indima ebalulekileyo kweemveliso inkunkuma.

Ukusuka ukukhululwa chemogenic:

• halides;
• sulfate.

Uluhlu yamatye kule laseMelika:

• gypsum;
• anhydrite;
• sylvinite;
• rock ityuwa;
• carnallite.

Ezingxondorheni ibalulekileyo ludaka:

• Dolomite, lekalika-like ashinyeneyo.
• Lekalika equka potassium carbonate kunye admixture inani elifanayo inclusions nezinki. Parameters kobubanzi izimbiwa, kumiselwa ubume kunye nesakhiwo, kwakunye bezimbiwa texture. Eyona - kwenyuka amandla compressive.
• Sandstone kwakhiwa Iinkozo bezimbiwa amaqhina oqhagamshelwano izinto eziphuma zendalo. ilitye iyahlala ixhomekeke admixtures yaye yintoni into yaba yokubopha.

mlilo

Qiniseka ukuba mlilo kufuneka kuchazwe. Uluhlu lemveliso ezinjalo, kuquka apha izimbiwa lasekwa ngo-mlilo. Kolu khutsho:

• effusive;
• clastic;
• mlilo.

Isigaba sokuqala, okwabizwa ngokuba iliwa mlilo, ziquka:

• andesite;
• abangelwe;
• diabase;
• liparite;
• uqhoqhoqho.

Xa pyroclastic, oko kukuthi detrital, isikhundla:

• breccia;
• tuffs.

Phantse uluhlu-alfabhethi olupheleleyo lweendidi rock mlilo:

• anorthosite;
• zakhiwe;
• gabbro;
• diorite;
• dunite;
• Komati;
• latites;
• monzonite;
• obsidian;
• pegmatite;
• peridotite;
• perlite;
• elirhabaxa;
• rhyolite;
• syenite;
• tonalite;
• petrosilex;
• SLAG.

rocks organic

Ukususela iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo akhiwa organic amatye uluhlu apho, ubizwa kufanele luqala umbandela ebonakalayo - wokulinganisa. Ezi namawa basonta sele kuxoxwe ngasentla iqela sedimentary zibalulekile nje kuphela ngokwemigaqo ukusebenza ukusombulula imisebenzi yabantu eyahlukeneyo, kodwa nje izinto osisityebi zakudala.

Ohlobo ibalulekileyo yale hlobo iliwa - wokulinganisa. Yinto eyaziwa ngokubanzi kwaye zisetyenziswa inxaxheba kubomi bemihla ngemihla: kubhaliwe kwathiwa kwiibhodi ezikolweni.

Mel kwakhiwa calcite, elingaphambili bezibandakanya amaqokobhe babehlala kumalwandle akudala coccolithophorids lisiza. Zizo ezo izinto obungabonakaliyo ngobuninzi awayengabemi iplanethi yethu ikhulu lezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, lona lisiza nga ukudada ngokukhululekileyo kuyo yonke indawo enkulu yolwandle efudumeleyo. Ukubhubha, eziphila esiwa ezantsi, zakha umaleko ashinyeneyo. Ezinye iindawo zizityebi iidipozithi of neetyuwa, kukho amakhulukhulu kweemitha ngokomelela ngaphezulu. Elaziwa kakhulu ke iinduli ngetshokhwe:

• iVolga;
• French;
• IsiNgesi.

Ngokufundisisa namawa Cretaceous, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa imizila kubo:

• urchins elwandle;
• yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe;
• sponge.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi inclusions - kuphela ekhulwini embalwa iyonke zihlolwe itshokhwe, ukuze loo amacandelo musa kuchaphazela parameters amatakane. Emva kokufunda iidipozithi Cretaceous, le komhlaba ufumana ulwazi malunga:

• uhlobo ubudala;
• ikholam amanzi apho ngaphambili;
• iimeko ezizodwa ngaphambili ezazikho kwindawo behlolisisa.

rocks Igneous

Phantsi magmatism ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondwa wokuhlangana ngezenzeko ezibangelwa lolu daka kunye nemisebenzi yayo. Daka - kunyibilika silicate, langoku ngokwemvelo ekwimo elulwelo, kufutshane nomlilo. Njengenxalenye lolu daka kukho ipesenti ephezulu lweziqalelo aziphethe. Kwezinye iimeko, kukho iintlobo:

• non-silicate;
• nizkosilikatnye.

Xa Udaka lwentaba- kwaye crystallizes, kukho igneous. Baya ebizwa kwakhona igneous.

Ukwabela hlobo:

• ebandakanya wonke;
• effezivnye.

Kuqala kubunzulu olukhulu, ize eyesibini - ngexesha dubulo, ngokuthe ngqo, okkkt zomphezulu-langa.

Amaxesha amaninzi nje njengenxalenye daka kukho iintlobo zamatye, zanyibilika egalelwe mass silicate. Oku kwabangela:

• ukuphakamisa iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni, lube mkhulu;
• koxinzelelo sokumpompa;
• intlanganisela zizathu.

Inguqulelo ezaziwa ematyeni ukubona - zakhiwe. Kakade igama lakhe kakhulu Latin - 'umlilo "imela azalela yaso litshisa kakhulu. Igranite kuyancomeka kuphela parameters zayo zobugcisa (le nto aku- ixesha elide), kodwa ngenxa yobuhle, ngenxa inclusions crystalline.