Le indima kunye nomsebenzi iiproteni kwiseli. Yintoni umsebenzi iiproteni yeseli enze?

Protein - yeyona ibalulekileyo izinto eziphilayo, inani apho siya ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye macromolecules, aba bakhoyo esiseleni ophilayo. Benza up ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ubunzima mba owomileyo zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana eziphilayo. Imisebenzi ye kwiiproteni ezahlukeneyo esiseleni, ezinye zazo ndingaziwa kwinzululwazi. Sekunjalo, imiyalelo eziphambili 'umsebenzi' wabo kakuhle. Abanye kufuneka akhuthaze iinkqubo iiseli zomzimba. Okunye ebalulekileyo yezimbiwa compound ikhutshelwa iimpahla iseli inwebu negazi kwilungu omnye komnye. Abanye ukukhusela umzimba ngamagciwane angaphandle rhoqo. Enye into icacile - ngaphandle kwiproteni akwenzeki akukho nkqubo emzimbeni wethu.

Imisebenzi esemqoka iiprotheni

Umsebenzi kwiiproteni emzimbeni eyahlukeneyo. Iqela ngalinye isakhiwo imichiza ethile, wenza i "umsebenzi" ezikhethekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iintlobo iiprotheni ezinxulumene kunye nabanye. Abanoxanduva izigaba ezahlukileyo inkqubo efanayo. Okanye ichaphazele nje ezimbalwa. Umzekelo, ukuba nowolawulo iiprotheni lwenziwa yi enzyme iihomoni. Lo mkhwa angamelwa, sikhumbula olo iadrenaline hormone. Yesu a umaleko bacinga ukuba le adrenal. Inkqubo imithambo yegazi, kwenyusa isixa ioksijini egazini. Liphuma kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi kwandisa umxholo iswekile. Kukhuthaza ukutya. Kwakhona, lo iadrenaline i neurotransmitter e-nervous system iintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye ezirhubuluzayo.

Umsebenzi enzymatic

Ezininzi ezenzeka phakathi kwiiseli ze eziphilayo reactions kwemichiza yenziwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye pH. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, izinga sicatshulwa incinane kakhulu, ehlanganisa mfuneko ezizodwa eyaziwa enzymes. Yonke ngeyantlukwano yabo idibene ibe iiklasi 6, ezahluke Okukodwa yazo yokusebenza. Enzyme kuhlelwe phezu ribosomes iiseli. ukufunda kwabo inxaxheba enzymology yezenzululwazi.

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ngaphandle enzayim akakwazi ukusebenza iiproteni zolawulo. Zinelungelo selectivity eziphakamileyo amanyathelo. umsebenzi wabo ilawulwe activators kunye inhibitor. Ukongeza, enzayim ngokubanzi kombisa Okukodwa ngokumalunga substrates. Kwakhona umsebenzi enzymatic kuxhomekeke kwiimeko emzimbeni kwaye ingakumbi iiseli. flow yabo xi isiphumo pH asidi, ubushushu, amandla ionic yesisombululo, ngamanye uyondelelwano lwee- neetyuwa kwi icytoplasm.

umsebenzi Transport of iiprotheni

Endlwaneni kufuneka usoloko ukwenza umzimba ufuna izimbiwa kunye izinto eziphilayo. ukuba kwakudingeka izixhobo zokwakha kunye imithombo ye-eneji eziseleni. Kodwa indlela lokufika kwazo inzima kakhulu. imifinya zeeselula kwenziwa nje kuphela iiprothini. imifinya zebhayoloji lwakhiwe ngokumalunga-siseko maleko kabini lipids. Phakathi kwabo iiproteni ezahlukeneyo elungiselwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imimandla esibamba akhiwe phezu komhlaba inwebu, kunye hydrophobic - kwintsika yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo esinjalo iqokobhe kungenwa nto. Kulo ayikwazi ngokwazo, ngaphandle "uncedo 'ukuba kudlule amacandelo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana iswekile, acid kunye ion METOLIT. Ngaphesheya inwebu cytoplasmic kungena kukho icytoplasm, kokuba ithuthwa iiproteni ezikhethekileyo, ziyaxhonywa kwiingcamba lipid.

Transport kwezinto kwilungu enye ukuya kwenye

Kodwa ke umsebenzi lothutho iiprotheni ikhutshwa phandle kuphela phakathi kweziyobisi intercellular kunye iseli. Ezinye iinkqubo ebalulekileyo komzimba kuyimfuneko ukuhambisa iziyobisi kwilungu omnye komnye. Umzekelo, ukuthuthwa protein igazi - albumin serum. It sinikezwe unendlela eyodwa ukwenza umchiza isakudityaniswa nee-asidi ezinamanqatha, evela kule ukwetyisa amanqatha, iziyobisi, kunye iihomoni steroid. iiproteni yenethiwekhi ezibalulekileyo haemoglobin kwaye (beninikela mpilo) transferrin (nokuxhuma ion nentsimbi) kunye tseruplazmin (ngokwakha izakhiwo ngobhedu).

Ukuqondisa umsebenzi iiprotheni

Kubaluleke kakhulu apha ekuhambeni nokomzimba kwi eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo multicellular kufuneka iiproteni receptor. Bona abayibeka ukuya ndizayo plasma. Baya bakhonza ukuba aphawule kwaye zokucazulula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimpawu bangenayo njengomlambo eliqhubekekayo ziiseli kungekuphela kwinyama ezikufutshane, kodwa ukusukela kokusingqongileyo nje yangaphandle. Okwangoku, mhlawumbi neprothini receptor kakhulu ucwaningo acetylcholine. Le ibekwe inani labafowunelwa interneuron kwiseli ndizayo.

Kodwa ke umsebenzi alarm kweziyi ikhutshwa phandle nje kuphela kwiiseli. iihomoni abaninzi ukubophelela receptors ezithile kumphezulu wazo. uhlobo olunjalo uqhagamshelwano kwaye umqondiso leyo iyazingenela nokomzimba eziseleni. Umzekelo iiprotheni enjalo insulin, wenza kwinkqubo adenylate cyclase.

zikhusela

Imisebenzi ye iiproteni kwisisele zahlukile. Abanye babo inxaxheba omzimba. Ikhusela umzimba zizifo. Amajoni omzimba angaphendula arhente angaphandle ezichongwe yi-Yindibanisela inani elikhulu lymphocyte. Ezi izinto ayakwazi emane onakalise ezi arhente, basenokuba bezingaqhelekanga ephilayo, ezifana neentsholongwane, amasuntswana supramolecular, okanye inokuba iiseli zomhlaza.

Elinye lamaqela - beta "" lymphocyte - ukuvelisa ziiproteni ufake egazini. Zinelungelo osemqoka umdla kakhulu. Ezi proteni kufuneka baqaphele iiseli basemzini macromolecules. Emva koko ke kunye nabo, ekusekeni ezintsonkothileyo leyo kutshatyalaliswa. Ezi okuthiwa immunoglobulins. Sami components ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha - it antigen. A immunoglobulins, leyo kunxibelelana kubo - izilwa-buhlungu.

umsebenzi structure

Emzimbeni, ukongeza ezikhethekileyo kakhulu, kukho kwakhona ziiproteni zezakhiwo. Iyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla ngoomatshini. Le nemisebenzi iiproteni kwisisele zibalulekile ukugcina ukumila nokugcina umzimba obutsha. Eyona idumileyo collagen. Le neprothini ephambili matrix extracellular izicwili nokuqina. Xa ezanyisayo aphezulu, kukuwe 1/4 we ubunzima lilonke iiprothini. collagen kuhlelwe e fibroblasts, ezo iiseli eziphambili izicwili nokuqina.

imisebenzi enjalo iiproteni kwisisele zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukongezelela collagen, eyaziwa enye protini noshowo - elastin. Kananjalo icandelo isizalo extracellular. Elastin unako ukumnika amathuba kwezihlunu ukuzolula ngaphakathi kwemida ethile kwaye ngokulula abuyele imilo yokuqala. Omnye umzekelo we iproteni noshowo - fibroin, nto leyo ifumaneka imibungu silkworm. Eli candelo iphambili intambo isilika.

motor protein

Indima iiproteni esiseleni zibalulekile. Kwakhona ukuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi izihlunu. Muscle nokuncipha kuphindwe inkqubo ebaluleke nokomzimba. Ngenxa yoko, ukuguqukela igcinwe njengoko ATP macromolecules zibe amandla imichiza. Ngqo inxaxheba kwinkqubo ziiproteni ezimbini - actin kunye myosin.

Ezi protein motor ezi molekyuli Imicu zisebenzayo kwi contractile kwinkqubo kwezihlunu skeletal. Kananjalo efumaneka kwizihlunu non-kwezihlunu iiseli eukaryotic. Omnye umzekelo we iiproteni motor - tubulin. Ukususela oko wakha microtubules, leyo into ebalulekileyo misila kunye isiliya. Kwakhona microtubules eziqulathe tubulin labonwa kwiiseli ze nervous nezihlunu izilwanyana.

antibiotics

indima enkulu ibakhusela iiproteni kwiseli. Inxalenye yalala kwiqela, ebizwa antibiotics. Ezi zizinto imvelaphi zendalo, apho synthesized, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsholongwane, umngundo kakhulu, kunye namanye amagciwane. Bona ejoliswe abathintela nokomzimba ezinye izinto ezikhuphisanayo. Ukufunyanwa imithi protein imvelaphi ezibe 40. Baye yaguqula amayeza, ngokunika kube negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso.

Ngokwemvelo imichiza zazo, imithi - iqela zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ahluke indlela yazo yokusebenza. Abanye aphazamisane njini protein phakathi kwiiseli, kwibhloko yokugqibela imveliso enqanda ebalulekileyo, zinqanda ukukhula yesithathu, yesine - ukuzala. Umzekelo, esaziwa kakuhle streptomycin ukusebenzisana kunye ribosomes iiseli bacteria. Ngenxa yoko, kakhulu ukucola phantsi Yindibanisela iiprothini. I-antibiotics data musa ukusebenzisana kunye ribosomes eukaryotic umzimba womntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezi izinto ezi awunatyhefu ezanyisayo eziphezulu.

Le nto yonke imisebenzi iiproteni esiseleni. Uluhlu kwezinto zintsholongwane ukumisela, kunye nezinye iintshukumo ezizodwa kakhulu ukuba le khompawundi ezithile zendalo bayakwazi nkqubo iintsholongwane hayi kuphela. Okwangoku kuyaqhubeka ukufunda zintsholongwane protein imvelaphi, nto leyo xa zidibene ne DNA iyangqubana iinkqubo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kolwazi yemfuza. Kodwa okoko nje izinto ezinjalo zisetyenziswa kuphela ichemotherapy lomhlaza. Umzekelo, ichiza elinjalo dactinomycin actinomycetes kuhlelwe.

ubuthi

Iiproteni kwiseli ukwenza umsebenzi a eyinqaba ethile kwaye nkqu. A Inani eziphilayo eziphilayo eziveliswa iityhefu - ubuthi. Ngemvelo yazo, ziiproteni nezintsonkothileyo ephantsi ubunzima molekyuli ulungelelwaniso. Ngokomzekelo, omnye enetyhefu mushroom ido- indebe ukufa.

iiproteni spare ezityiwayo

Ezinye proteni zisebenzayo ngeembumba ukutya lezilwanyana nezityalo. Kukho imizekelo emininzi. Ixabiso iiprothini imbewu iseli cereal efakwe kuyo. Baya liyakunkcenkceshela intsholongwane kwezityalo asaqalayo nisaqala yophuhliso lwayo. Xa isilwanyana iiproteni ukutya egg albumin kunye casein nobisi.

Iipropati protein Unstudied

Le mizekelo ingentla - kuphela inxalenye ukuba sele efunde ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa ngokwesimo kusekho iimfihlelo ezininzi. Iiproteni kwiiseli iintlobo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, kwaye ngoku kunzima mabazihlele. Umzekelo, monellin - iproteni yafunyanwa kwaye owayengahlali izityalo Afrika. Oku kumnandi, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ukutyeba and non-ityhefu. Kwixesha elizayo, kunokuba ube indawo elihle kakhulu iswekile. Omnye umzekelo - iproteni efumaneka iintlanzi kwezinye Arctic, singabi ukuqanda yegazi, osebenza nokubanda lokoqobo kwi ku a thelekisa. A Inani izinambuzane iikhompawundi protini amaphiko resilin ngokunxulunyaniswa, luthambe ekhethekileyo phantse ogqibeleleyo. Kwaye yiloo nto yonke imizekelo izinto eziya kuhlolisisa kuphela kwaye bathi.