Ukufana ye DNA kunye RNA. iimpawu zothelekiso-DNA kunye RNA: itheyibhile

Yonke into ephilayo kweli hlabathi akafani abanye. Baya kwahluka enye kwenye kuphela ngabantu. Izilwanyana kwakunye nezityalo kweentlobo mnye abe umahluko. Isizathu soku kuphela ezahlukeneyo iimeko zokuphila kunye namava obomi. Umntu ngamnye ephilayo nganye akumiselweyo kulo nangeencwadi yemfuza.

imibuzo ebalulekileyo umdla malunga asidi acid

Kwanangaphambi kokuzalwa eziphilayo nganye awayo yemizila egqiba ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkalo isakhiwo. Akubalulekanga nje ingubo umbala okanye igqabi imilo, umzekelo. Zofuzo zibekwe kunye neempawu ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Ngapha koko, iikati ayikwazi azalwe Hamster, imbewu yengqolowa akuyi kukhula webaobab.

Kwaye konke oku eninzi inkcazelo ukuhlangabezana nucleic - DNA kunye RNA iimolekyuli. ukubaluleka kwabo kunzima ukuba zazi. Ngapha koko, ukuba nje kuphela nokugcina ulwazi kubo bonke ubomi babo, zinceda ukuliphumeza ngoncedo iiprothini, yaye ukongezelela, ayidlulisele kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Njani oko, kunzima kangakanani na isakhiwo -DNA kunye RNA? Oko ibukeke kwaye yintoni umahluko? Kuko konke oku siya siyiqonde kula macandelo alandelayo kweli phepha.

Lonke ulwazi siya ukuhlalutya kwiindawo, ukuqalela ezisisiseko. Okokuqala, siyaqonda ukuba nucleic ezinjalo, ukuba avuleka, ngoko ukuthetha Isakhiwo yabo nemisebenzi. Ekupheleni senqaku silindele ukuba lokuthelekisa itafile ye-RNA ne-DNA, apho ungenza isicelo nangaliphi na ixesha.

Yintoni a nucleic acid

Nucleic - ezi khompawundi organic ukuba ubunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo, ukuba ipholima. Ngowe-1869 bona kuqala wachaza Fridrihom Misherom - ezinto ezivela eSwitzerland. Ebona into ubunjwe phosphorus ne-nitrogen kwiiseli ubomvu. Sazigqibela ukuba kuphela eziba, isazinzulu wayibiza nukleina. Ke okuseleyo emva kokwahlulwa iiprothini, kusithiwa nucleic acid.

monomers zalo nucleotides. imali yabo kwi molecule acid ngabanye for uhlobo ngalunye. Nucleotides ezo molekyuli yakhiwa ezintathu:

• monosaccharide (pentose), unokuba kweentlobo ezimbini - ribose kunye deoxyribose;
• isiseko nitrogen (enye ezine);
• intsalela acid phosphoric.

Okulandelayo sijonga umahluko kunye nokufana DNA kunye RNA, netafile ekupheleni eli nqaku liza ayilungise iyonke.

Iimpawu lwesakhiwo: pentose

Into yokuqala yokufana DNA kunye RNA kukuba ziqulathe monosaccharides. Kodwa ahlukile acid nganye. Oko kukuthi, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni zinemoletyhule pentose, nucleic acid, bahlulwe DNA kunye RNA. Ubume be-DNA ibandakanyiwe deoxyribose, njengoko RNA - ribose. Zombini asidi pentose afumaneka kuphela β-fomu.

Xa deoxyribose i-atom carbon yesibini (okhethiweyo njenge 2) na ioksijini ndingekho. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba ukungabikho kwalo;

• shortens ulwalamano phakathi C ₂ no C _3;
• Oku ukwenza zinemoletyhule DNA ozinzileyo ngakumbi;
• Oku kukwadala iimeko ukuze ivale indawo ye DNA ngaphakathi kwinucleus.

Ukuthelekiswa izakhiwo: iziseko nitrogen

iimpawu zothelekiso-DNA kunye RNA - akukho lula. Kodwa umahluko kubonakala ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni. iziseko nitrogen - yiyo "iibhloko zokwakha" nto ibalulekileyo iimolekyuli zethu. Bathwala ulwazi yemfuza. Okunye ngqo, hayi isiseko, kwaye umyalelo yabo kwikhonkco. Ba purine kunye pyrimidine.

Ukubunjwa DNA kunye RNA monomers iyahluka sele inqanaba: in deoxyribonucleic acid sikwazi ukuhlangabezana adenine, guanine, cytosine kunye thymine. Kodwa endaweni thymine e-RNA iqulethe uracil.

Ezi iinqwelwana zantlanu eyintloko (ezinkulu), zenza isininzi asidi acid. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezi, kukho kwakhona abanye. Oku kwenzeka kunqabile kakhulu, zincinane ezo kwisiseko. Kwaye bobabini afumaneka kuzo zombini asidi bona - lo ngomnye ukufana phakathi DNA kunye RNA.

Ulandelelwano zeenqwelwana nitrogen (kwaye ngokukwanjalo nucleotides) kwikhonkco DNA ichaza apho iiproteni nga nokulungelelanisa le seli. Zeziphi molecule obuyiyile mzuzu kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomzimba.

Makhe vula kumanqanaba yentlangano nucleic. Ukuze uphawu oluthelekisayo DNA kunye RNA ukufumana kakhulu epheleleyo injongo, siza kujonga isakhiwo nganye. Xa DNA ezine, kwaye inani amanqanaba esebe e-RNA ixhomekeke kuhlobo yayo.

Ukufunyanwa Isakhiwo DNA, imigaqo isakhiwo

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zahlulwe prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Le yokuhlela isekelwe kuyilo engundoqo. Abo kunye nezinye DNA ezifumaneka iseli ngohlobo zofuzo. Esi sakhiwo ekhethekileyo apho acid molecule ideoxyribonucleic ebotshiwe kwiiproteni. DNA inamanqanaba amane mbutho.

Ubume lokuqala limelwe kubekho udederhu nucleotides, ukulandelelana apho ngokuthe ngqo ngoba umzimba ngamnye kwaye izeziphi izitropu ezihambelanayo phosphodiester. intuthuko enkulu ekufundeni ubume DNA chain kufika Chargaff kunye nabasebenzi bakhe. Bafumanisa ukuba umlinganiselo zeenqwelwana nitrogen zixhomekeke imithetho ethile.

Baye ngokuba imithetho Chargaff kaThixo. Eyokuqala kwezi ithi ukuba imali neziseko purine kufuneka ilingane kwimali pyrimidine. Iya kucaca emva kokufunda isakhiwo sesekondari DNA. Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu awo ulawulo yesibini: i izinyo ratio A / T kunye T / C ilingana umanyano. Umthetho Kunjalo le asidi yesibini acid - ukuba omnye Ukufana DNA kunye RNA. Kuphela kwindawo yesibini thymine wawungenakuzisola uracil.

Kwakhona, izazinzulu ezininzi waqala Cazulula DNA iintlobo ezahlukeneyo phezu inani elikhulu ngezizathu. Ukuba sum of "A + T" ngaphezulu "D + C", DNA eso kuthiwa AT-uhlobo. Ukuba phezu koko, sisebenzisana kunye GC-uhlobo DNA.

model isakhiwo zasesekondari yaphakanyiswa ngo-1953 zizazinzulu Watson kunye Crick, kwaye nangoku elaziwa kakuhle. Le ndlela yenziwe a kweleli kabini, equka imisonto emibini antiparallel. Iimpawu eziphambili lobume zasesekondari zezi:

• Ukwakhiwa umcu DNA nganye ngokungqongqo ezithile ngenxa iintlobo;
• hydrogen ubuhlobo phakathi imixokelelwane, siya kwenziwa ngokusekelwe complementarity of iziseko nitrogen;
• imixokelelwane polynucleotide entwine omnye komnye, ukwakha ezijikeleze pravozakruchennuyu, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "Helix";
• intsalela of phosphoric acid ibekwe ngaphandle iziseko siba nitrogen - ngaphakathi.

Ngaphezu koko, luthe, kunzima

Isakhiwo ephakamileyo DNA - yinto superspiralizirovannaya sakhiwo. Oko kukuthi, kananjalo, ukuba imolekyuli iintsontelo zibini ejijekileyo kunye namanye, kuba compactness olungcono DNA isilonda iiproteni ezikhethekileyo - histones. Zahlula-hlulwe iiklasi ezintlanu ngokungqinelana ikhontenti lysine kunye arginine.

Inqanaba entsha ye DNA - chromosome. Ukuze ubone enoba oko eDibanisa yenethiwekhi ulwazi yemfuza, cinga kulandelayo: ukuba Eiffel Tower sayihamba yonke amanqanaba ukugangatheka, kwakunye DNA, oko mazifakwe bhokisi.

Zofuzo abangabodwa (chromatids luqulathe igama elinye) kunye kabini (yakhiwa chromatids ezimbini). Bona zinika yokugcina enokuthenjwa yolwazi yemfuza, kwaye bajike nokufikelela evulekileyo kwindawo efunekayo, ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Iintlobo RNA iimpawu zolwakhiwo

Ngaphandle nje kokuba kukho RNA yahlukile kwi-DNA lwesakhiwo yayo ephambili (ingekho thymine, ubukho uracil), le mibutho ilandelayo nayo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo:

1. Transport RNA (tRNA) yi zinemoletyhule-balahleke enye. Ukuze enze umsebenzi wabo yokuthutha acid nesiza protein yokuqaphela, isiphathele isakhiwo lesibini engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ibizwa ngokuba "igqabi clover". loop ngalinye lenza umsebenzi wayo, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu isiqu acceptor (it linamathela iasidi acid) kunye anticodon (leyo zimelwe ukuba zingqamane codon kwi isithunywa RNA). Isakhiwo ephakamileyo tRNA wayefunda kancinci, kuba kunzima kakhulu ukuya ukuchonga zinemoletyhule ngaphandle waphula inqanaba eliphezulu mbutho. Kodwa ezinye iinkcukacha kwezesayensi apho. Ngokomzekelo, xa igwele transfer RNA ngohlobo ncwadi L.
2. Messenger RNA (nezaziwa ngokuba ingcaciso) wenza umsebenzi transfer ulwazi DNA kwisiza protein yokuqaphela. Yena ungqina ngako oko uhlobo protein ekugqibeleni uya kuhamba phezu kwayo yokuqaphela ribosome. isakhiwo yayo ephambili - molecule-balahleke enye. isakhiwo Secondary inzima kakhulu, kuyimfuneko ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo ekuqaleni njini protini. mRNA abunjwe ngohlobo izikhonkwane, ezo ingabekwa eziphelweni amacandelo isiqalo nesiphelo nokuqwalaselwa kwiproteni.
3. RNA Ribosomal eziqulethwe ribosomes. Ezi organelles iqanjwa subunits ezimbini, nganye kuzo kubekwe kwindawo rRNA. Le asidi acid kugqiba nokubekwa zonke iiprothini ribosomal kunye namaziko esebenza le organelle. isakhiwo lokuqala RRNA limelwe ulandelelwano nucleotide njengoko kwinguqulelo acid yangaphambili. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Inqanaba lokugqibela uyayibhuqa iinxalenye ekupheleni rRNA ukusukelwa umxokelelwane omnye. Ukwenziwa kwezi petioles ngakumbi unegalelo ukugangatheka kobume yonke.

imisebenzi DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid uba yokugcina ulwazi yemfuza. Kungenxa ngokulandelelana kwayo nucleotide "ezifihliweyo" zonke iiproteni emzimbeni wethu. I-DNA Abo bangayigciniyo kuphela, kodwa kakuhle ezikhuselweyo. Kwaye ukuba kukho impazamo logama ukukopa, uya alungiswe. Ngoko ke, zonke izinto genetic kuhlala ifikelela selezizimazi.

Ukuze adlulisele inkcazelo inzala, i-DNA inawo amandla kabini. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukuphindaphindeka. Lokuthelekisa itafile RNA ne-DNA iya kusixelela ukuba omnye nucleic acid ayikwazi ukwenza njalo. Kodwa eminye imisebenzi emininzi.

imisebenzi RNA

uhlobo ngalunye RNA yenze nemisebenzi yayo;

1. Transfer ribonucleic acid inika ukuziswa acid acid ukuya ribosomes, apho zenziwa iiprothini. tRNA uzisa nje kuphela izinto zokwakha, ukuba nayo inxaxheba nesokuvuma codon. Kwaye umsebenzi wakhe kuxhomekeke kwindlela neprothini uya kwakhiwa ngokuchanekileyo.
2. Messenger RNA ufunda ulwazi DNA kunye transfers kwi-site protein yokuqaphela. Apho iqhotyoshelwe kule ribosome kwaye lisibeka umyalelo acid kwi kwiproteni.
3. Ribosomal RNA ibonelela ingqibelelo isakhiwo organelle, elawula ukusebenza onke amaziko ezisebenzayo.

Nantso enye Ukufana DNA kunye RNA: omabini anyamekele yemfuza eyenziwa yi esiseleni.

Uthelekiso DNA kunye RNA

Ukulungisa yonke le ngcaciso ilapha ngasentla, ke singayibhala kwitheyibhile yonke.

Ngoko ke, sathetha ngokufutshane malunga zifana ngantoni-DNA kunye RNA. Itheyibhile iza kuba sisixhobo sele kuviwo okanye isikhumbuzi elula.

Ukongeza siye sakufunda ngaphambili kwi tafile ezinye izibakala. Umzekelo, ukukwazi kwe-DNA efunekayo kabini zokwahlulwa iseli ukulungisa zombini iiseli ezifunyenweyo genetic material luphela. Nangona RNA kabini kwisithuba akukho ngqiqo. Ukuba ufuna enye iseli molecule, oko synthesizes template yayo DNA.

Iimpawu DNA kunye RNA ukufumana emfutshane, kodwa Ubuziselela zonke iinkalo lwesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi. inkqubo translation umdla kakhulu - le Yindibanisela protini. Emva kokuba ukulwazi kucaca enkulu kangakanani na indima edlalwa RNA ebomini yeseli. A inkqubo kabini DNA umdla kakhulu. Yiloo nto kuphela ukukrazula le kweleli kabini kwanokufunda nucleotide ngayinye!

Funda izinto ezintsha yonke imihla. Ingakumbi ukuba ezintsha kuyenzeka kuzo zonke iseli komzimba wakho.