Ukubeka i "Grad": neempawu, iindleko kunye nomonakalo radius. njani inkqubo ivolibholi lomlilo "Grad"

Okwangoku, izihloko amanqaku neengxelo iindaba kumabonwakude ngokunxulumene ungquzulwano kwimpuma Ukraine, uyakwazi ukuva igama izixhobo zomkhosi ezifana ukufakelwa "Grad". Amanqaku izindululi irula ezininzi umxhelo. Range enomjukujelwa flight 20 km zinika mane cocekileyo umlilo iityhubhu imi emazantsi "phambene-375" drive lonke-wheel lori. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nkqubo mobile kuyinto kwinkonzo kumazwe angaphezu kwama-50. Yaye ekubeni 1963, waba phezu inkonzo zokusebenza eSoviet, kwaye ngoku usendleleni umkhosi Russian.

ulwazi zembali

Uluvo yokuphuhlisa iseti izindululi ngexabiso ezininzi iqela km ezingaphezu kwama-20 yi iinjineli yiSoviet kwaye ithatha imvelaphi yayo ukusuka 50 phakathi lwekhulu lokugqibela. Ufakelo Military "Grad" waphuhliswa endaweni BM-14 kwinkqubo. Le mbono ukuba isisu semoto ilori enokuthi ngokulula ukoyisa embi, endisiqhuba ukubeka piece zokudubula, swi imijukujelwa.

Ngowe-1957, le ngexabiso kunye zokudubula yolawulo engundoqo (Grau) wanika terms of reference Sverdlovsk uyilo bureau ukuphuhlisa ngumatshini wokulwa. Kwafuneka ukuba bayile nomatshini ukumelana 30 ukukhokela projectiles enzulu izidubuli. Injongo kwaphunyelelwa Kwakugqitywa rocket - ukudalwa egosogoso zezindlu phezu ekwenzeni umsila ukusonga.

projectile developer kukhethwe RI-147, nto leyo ecetywayo iteknoloji ye mveliso izindlu njengokuba indlela umzobo eshushu. Phantsi ukusekelwa AN Ganicheva kunye nenkxaso iKomiti State ngenxa yomsebenzi Defense neTekhnoloji kuqalile kwi ukudaleka umjukujelwa. Development warhead projectile wayalela GSKB-47, kunye nesigxina propellant injini - NII-6. NII-147 yenzelwe iqokobhe ne uzinziso mixed: umsila kunye ukujikeleza.

test

Ngowe-1960 wayeqhuba iimvavanyo umlilo of iinjini jet lukhule. Njengenxalenye kwisityalo eyenziweyo 53 81 wokukhusela - njengoko iimvavanyo kumgangatho karhulumente kulo.

Iimvavanyo endle yokuqala zabanjwa ngoMatshi 1962 eLeningrad. Grau labiwe 2 yokulwa izithuthi kunye imijukujelwa anamakhulu mahlanu. Ngokubaleka olucwangcisiweyo km-10 000 phantsi kumatshini uvavanyo ngaphandle umonakalo wadlula km 3380 kuphela. Umonakalo nya ngokwandisa semoto asi angasemva. Oku kwandisa nozinzo umatshini xa endizixunayo.

Emva kokuba ukutshona iintsilelo yoyilo iBhunga labaPhathiswa elenziwa into inkonzo nenkonzo kwi-1963 kufakelo "Grad", iimpawu zazo kulo nyaka ziye zabonisa N. S. Hruschevu.

Ukuveliswa lothotho inani le BM-21 yaphehlelelwa ngoJanuwari wonyaka ozayo. Kwakhona ngo-1964, xa i-Novemba zomkhosi imikhosi wabonisa abantu fakelo yokuqala. Ukususela ngo-1971, ukuthunyelwa izindululi rocket, kwaye umthamo walo iimoto 124, kodwa ngo-1995 inani "Grad", ethengiswa kumazwe-50 ehlabathini lonke, bekukho ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini.

design

combat Unique iimpawu zobugcisa "Grad" sele iphunyelelwe ngeendleko kwakusakhiwa oluxandileyo, equka:

• yokuqalisa;
• Freight kulayishwa isithuthi ngokusekelwe ZIL-131;
• inkqubo yolawulo lomlilo.

projectiles izidubuli engakhokelwa (ubukhulu 122 mm) zifakwa kwi umthi zokudubula, nto leyo limelwe izikhokelo 40, ngamnye neemitha ezi-3 kwisiseko eshukumayo. Guidance yokuqala abanokuya kwenziwe ku tye kunye moya nkqo nge actuator okanye ngesandla. Uluhlu angles kwi ukudubula tye - 102 ^ngasekhohlo yesithuthi ⁷⁰ kunye nelungelo; mpo - ukusuka ° 0 ukuya ^55.

Isiteshi komgqomo lixhotyiswe kukho umsantsa esijijwayo, apho, xa uphambuko lokugqibela projectile ujikelezo apha.

Ngesantya intshukumo kumatshini - 75 km / h, mhlawumbi ihamba kunye amaqokobhe icala. ukumiswa Vehicle na inkqubo cima leyo ishenxisa ukusetyenziswa IKONA zixhasa sixhobo. Emva kokuba ivolibholi nga nangoko ukushiya isikhundla, khon 'ukuze bafumane watshayiswa logwayimbo ukuziphindiselela. Adjustment yecala lwenziwa ukulawula umatshini eyahlukileyo, njengenxalenye yokukhuthaza ukuqhubela.

Wabancina uyilo jet yokulwa isithuthi, uyakwazi ukubona indlela izityalo "Grad".

Echanekileyo isikhokelo izixhobo into ifunyanwa bubukho izixhobo abalibona: panorama Hertz reticle ngoomatshini kunye K-1 collimator, nto leyo eyandisa degree of umonakalo kweemeko yenkungu.

Iqokobhe lokuqala

Projectile Uhlobo eyenzeke abaqeshwe izakhiwo zokudubula imvula, kuba iqulathe iinxalenye 3: Battle, injini kunye somfanekiso. Warhead - ngokwako iqokobhe kunye fuse kunye nesigxina ingxa-. injini ye jet ubunjwe egumbini umlomo, nesigxina ucinezelo umgubo. Kuba ucinezelo of an igniter, leyo sizoyenza isigxina propellant, okanye isicelo Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Wadubula wesekethe evaliweyo yombane, yaye mgawuli evela izibane zigqengezelayo igniter.

Missile 9M22 waba Iimboniselo yokuqala badubule izindululi rocket ezininzi "Grad". iimpawu projectile:

• uhlobo: high-edubulayo;
• ubude - 2,87 m;
• ubunzima - 66 kg;
• uluhlu eliphezulu - 20.4 km, ubuncinane - 1,6 km;
• flight Isantya - 715 m / s;
• ubunzima warhead - 18.4 kg, apho isahlulo sesithathu - Uyadubula.

A ukufunyanwa mbuso Alexander Ganicheva ezintsha. Wacela indlela mveliso a projectile, leyo kukugcina esi sicatshulwa wequmrhu amacwecwe ziintsimbi, kungekhona itankana sentsimbi yecandelo elula nje ngaphambili. Enye impumelelo uMyili Oyintloko NII-147 yaba kukudala inekhola, iba ekwenzeni umsila projectile kwaye enika ithuba ibekwe kwimilinganiselo irula.

9M22 shell enikezwa ne yokothuka isaphetha iifyuzi MRI MRI-U, nto leyo zingacwangciswa kwi amanyathelo 3: lophanyazo, deceleration amancinane enkulu. Emva kokoyiswa iithagethi kwi imigama emifutshane lokuchaneka amakhonkco brake esetyenzisiweyo, ubukhulu apho ikhethiwe kisekiyo ngqo umgama.

Uphuhliso imijukujelwa 9M22 kwaphucula iimpawu zobugcisa "Grad". Ukonakala wezabasebenzi wokuwalayisha ngokupheleleyo "Inqaba" lisetyenziswa kwi kummandla ka-1050 m ^2, kunye necebo ngebala - ukuya 840 m ^2.

Imveliso lothotho inani imijukujelwa yaqala ngo-1964 kwi-Foundry intsimbi "Zempahla '.

Ukukhulisa amandla yokulwa

Ngophuhliso umjukujelwa yokuqala kukutshabalalisa ukucinezela imikhosi yotshaba ekujongwe ufakelo "Grad", iimpawu (ukonakala radius) isoloko iphuculwe. Umzekelo, ezi ndidi zilandelayo amaqokobhe zidalwe:

• Ukuphuculwa uhlobo eliphezulu-umonakalo iimbumbulu 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• uhlobo LOWO-chemical - 9M23 twatse zibhabha iinkcukacha M22S;
• sigade - 9M22S;
• umsi ezivelisa - 9M43, alishumi ezi Iimboniselo ayakwazi ngokudala lomsi phezu kwendawo weehektare 50;
• ukusuka anti-zam imiqobo - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• kunye amachiza ayityhefu - 9M23.

Amanye amazwe ezivelisa mvume entsonkothileyo okanye ngokungekho, njengokuba dynamically nokuphuhlisa iindidi ezintsha ze amaqokobhe.

ulawulo lomlilo

Inkqubo yolawulo umlilo likuvumela ukuba wenze kuqhume ulisele yedwa. Pyrotechnic injini fuse irula livela ubume wenkunkuma, leyo kusetyenziswe elorini 21 ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi BM-ukusasazwa okanye ngokusebenzisa i ekude ezishenxayo kumgama 50 m.

Ubude umjikelo ivolibholi ngokupheleleyo imizuzwana 20 imiselwe ku "Grad". Iimpawu ezinxulumene lobushushu, oku kulandelayo: intsebenziswano liqhawuke ethenjiswe kwiqondo lobushushu ukusuka 40 ° C ukuya +50 ° C.

Le Group ilawula ufakelo siquka umphathi, nabancedisi-5: gunner; Fuse Umfaki; Idluliselwe / umlayishi; ekulweni isithuthi umqhubi / umlayishi kunye ngumqhubi wemoto yothutho umlayishi /.

isithuthi Transport iyilelwe ukwenza amaqokobhe ebhodini esisigxina ezishelifini zokubhala.

kwempucuko

inkqubela Technical kufuna umsebenzi rhoqo phezu yotshintsho kwezixhobo. Kungenjalo, nkqu indawo inamandla emarikeni kungonakali.

Irula izindululi "Grad" ngo-1986 kuye kwaphuculwa. wakhululwa Model BM-21-1. Ngoku ukulwa base isithuthi yayimi phezu kwisisu semoto ka "phambene". ngemibhobho Package Guide likhusela ngokuchaseneyo elangeni ubushushu nenkcula. Kwakhona kukho ithuba badubula ngokukhawuleza.

Ngokwesiseko imoto ndingaz-66B ngokunciphisa inani yokuvelisa emigodini amaqokobhe ukuya ku-12 ufakelo ezilula lwenziwa amajoni emoyeni - BM-21 V.

Ngokwesiseko BM-21-1 kwi ekuqaleni kowama-2000. Senzayo umsebenzi ukuze kukhululwe umntu yokulwa isithuthi ezenzekelayo - 2B17-1. Inzuzo akumgangatho ufakelo - ngaphandle zokudubula a izinto ekhokelwa kunye output calculation. Leyo kwenkcazo utshaba nokulungelelanisa inkqubo navigation olugciniwe.

Ukulwa isithuthi "amanzi" (BM-21PD) ekujongwe ukuba litshitshiswe lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko kumda olwandle. Inkqubo akwazi ukusebenza kunye sonar okanye ngokuzimeleyo.

Isakhiwo "Prima", wadala kwi 80s, waba guides-50, kodwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali owayengafanelanga phambili imveliso.

Ikhutshwe MLRS "Grad" eCzechoslovakia, Belarus kunye Italy. version Ukrainian ye BM-21 obekwe kwi Krae isisu semoto. Belarus "Grad-1A 'ingathatha ngaxeshanye ezimbini iimbumbulu endaweni enye. I-Italian Inkqubo irula yokuqalisa (olufinyeziweyo FIROS) lahlukile kuba kweqokobhe baxhotyiswa injini jet ezahlukeneyo, ibangela ukudubula umgama ukungalingani.

accounting empini

Nokuphela Second World War, iingalo ugqatso kuqhubeka ngenkuthalo. Zonke lwesayensi ziye ejoliswe ekuphuculeni imveliso emkhosini. Amaxabiso kwimveliso zomkhosi yaqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu ngexesha lemfazwe.

Price izixhobo mihla kwakhona phezulu kakhulu. Enye projectile irula yokuqalisa "Grad" ezixabisa 600-1000 zeerandi. Emva kokuba ayivume ngumatshini wokulwa, (1963), iindleko enomjukujelwa ofanayo ixabiso yeemoto ezimbini "iVolga". Kwaye ngobuninzi iindleko imijukujelwa yaba ezimbini kuphela imivuzo zenjneli - engange-250 (ingcaciso evela film "Shock Force").

Iindleko ukufaka "Grad" - oko kuyimfihlo yorhwebo. Kuqikelelwa elinye iphephancwadi lwamaNgesi, umlandeli ixabiso "Inqaba" - "Inkanyamba" - i $ 1.8 million (ulwazi ethatyathwa lowu "Phaeton", inombolo udaba 8, ngoJanuwari 1996, iphepha 117.).

Njengoko Amahlumelo ukufaka "Grad"?

ngokudubula Umgaqo BM-21 iyafana kusini na indlela yokusetyenziswa "Katyusha 'odumileyo kwaye isekelwe phezu inkqubo imvula badubula. Kule 40 projectiles kunaso zokudubula usoloko obuphakamileyo enomjukujelwa olunye, mbeko nocoselelo kunye nobunzima. Iinjineli bakwazi Nokwethisa le engxakini ukuba usebenzisa yokuqalisa enomjukujelwa iziqu eziliqela.

Ngenxa isimiso ukusebenza kwe ukufakelwa ivolibholi "Grad" kwintshukumo - isixhobo ukuba unako ukutshabalalisa iihektare ezingama-30 kummandla lotshaba, kukho ikholam kwezixhobo wamajoni, izikhundla lokuqalisa of imijukujelwa, ibhetri udaka, iiyunithi zobonelelo. A Iqokobhe adubule le ngumatshini wokulwa, ibulala bonke ubomi kumgama owela ngaphakathi kweemitha ezili-100.

Okokuqala ehlabathini MRL ukuba arhabaxa kweli qondo imigama emide, - ukuseta i "Grad". Iimpawu, radius wotshabalalo yokulwa isithuthi iinjineli Soviet ziphucukile nje isiphumo akanalo unxaxho iphezulu projectile ukusuka ekujoliswe kweemitha ezingama-30. abayili amazwe babecinga ukuba le ukuchana kunokuphunyezwa kumgama akukho kweekhilomitha ngaphezu kwama-10. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa kwe-USSR yambetha utshaba kumgama-40 km kwaye ivelisa 720 kweqokobhe kwimizuzwana engama-20, nto leyo ilingana kwiitoni 2 iziqhushumbisi.

izicelo zomkhosi

Uvavanyo yokuqala practice isakhiwo "Grad" yaqhutywa ngowe-1969, ngexesha le ungquzulwano phakathi China kunye USSR. Ukuzama ukuba baphule utshaba ndinkqonkqoza ngaphandle imikhosi yakhe i Sino-eSoviet amatanki akuphumelelanga, koko, amaTshayina wathabatha zinoboya T-62, nto leyo yayibonisa ngasese. Ngoko ke, kule khosi baya oonokrwece iziqhushumbisi ukusuka kwisityalo "Grad", abatshabalalisa utshaba ngaloo ukuphelisa ungquzulwano.

Kule minyaka 1975-1976. isithuthi ekulweni yayisetyenziswa ngo-Angola. Imisebenzi indawo kweli dabi liye ayenziwanga athile ibotshelelwe nokulwa phakathi kwimiqolo ukuya phambili. Ngoko ke kule inkalo i "Inqaba" kwi yokuba kwisiza yokuwa projectile kwakhiwa "ellipse ufile", ngoko umhlathi-mkhosi, nto leyo iyahambelana elandisiweyo ekulweni e Angola iye yaba yinto ekujoliswe efanelekileyo.

E Afghanistan, siye awayedubula ukusuka 'Inqaba "umlilo ngqo. I Chechen imfazwe kwakhona ngokubonakalayo kusetyenziswa izithuthi zomkhosi.

"Grad" ixesha lethu - umalunga 2500 iiyunithi, lo kwezikhali yomkhosi i-Russian Federation. izithuthi Mortal ezazithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle ukuya kumazwe-70 ukususela 1970. We nakuthathatha BM-21 ungquzulwano ehlabathini lonke: kwi Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, eSiriya, Libya kunye nokuqalisa zakutshanje eliphikisayo kwimpuma Ukraine.

iimpawu yamacebo zobugcisa fakelo "Grad"

Izakhono kunye parameters kwenkqubo ozinikiweyo ngenxa BM-21.

• Chassis - phambene-375.
• Power injini - 180 l. a.
• Imilinganiselo, m:
  - ububanzi - 2.4;
  - Ubude - 7.35;
  - ubuninzi ukuphakama - 4.35.
• Ubunzima, iitoni:
  - kunye amaqokobhe - 13.7;
  - uncharged BM - 10.9.
• Kwesona santya siphezulu intshukumo, km / h - 75.
• Nezikhali, ziingceba. - 120 imijukujelwa.
• Ukuvuleka mm - 122.
• indawo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi, ha:
  - ubuchule 1,75;
  - wezabasebenzi 2,44.
• Ubude yesikhokelo, m - 3.
• Inani kwabakhokeli esiqwini, iiPC. - 40.
• ixesha imvula Full, ne - 20.
• uluhlu ukudubula, m:
  - ubuninzi - 20 380;
  - ubuncinane - 5000.
• ukumiselwa kwexesha kwi indawo ukudutyulwa, imiz. - 3.5.

Namhlanje MLRS eziveliswe JSC "MZ". Base limi imoto "phambene-4320". Ezi sampuli omtsha waqalisa indawo ngesimo ezimeleyo, iboniswe phezu setup imaphu electronic indawo, ukukwazi ukungena data kungena fuse.

Ndifuna ukukholelwa kwaye siyathemba ukuba ukufakelwa "Grad" (iimpawu, isakhiwo, mode of operation) efunekayo kunye umdla kubantu abaselula njenge sihlahla zophando, kodwa hayi ngenxa yokwaphuka izixeko kunye bayahlelwa abantu!