Uhlalutyo Igazi: iintlobo, zokucazulula zalathisi

Igazi - yenye yeendlela eziphambili kwaye ulwazi luqhelekileyo diagnostic. Ngokutsho iziphumo, ungenza kuzigweba amagunya karhulumente, ukuba akuhlangule, ngqo ukuqinisekisa, okanye ukuphikisa uxilongo, ukufumanisa, kweliphi na inqanaba lesi sifo futhi ukunyenyisa unyango emiselweyo, ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ka emzimbeni ukulungisa ezinye. Uhlalutyo igazi, iindidi ezaziwa bonke oogqirha, ezingenziwa kuphela abo bagulayo, kodwa abantu ngokugqibeleleyo enempilo kuva izinto zonyango kuhlolwa-ups kanye ngonyaka (in eziguqulweyo kunye nezikolo, emsebenzini, kwi umkhosi). Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi, kungekhona umntu welizwe lethu, leyo kufuneka ekungabekwanga enqumla amanani endimangazayo ngandlel oyikisayo kwiitheyibhile kunye neziphumo zohlalutyo.

Iimvavanyo Igazi: Iintlobo

Kukho iimvavanyo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo igazi:

• Hormone.
• Sugar.
• Uvavanyo ukujonga izakhi.
• Immunoassay.
• Ekunqandeni.
• Zabamakishi ithumba.
• Ukuze uqinisekise ukuba ukukhulelwa kunye nabanye.

Okokuqala, cinga ezimbini ziqhelekileyo kwaye ngexesha elinye zisimfamekisayo uhlalutyo elula yesigulana:

• Ezinto eziphilayo.
• Clinical (ekwabelwana / isenzeka).

eziphilayo

Phambi kokuba ufunde imimiselo zohlalutyo zengqo- igazi abadala, itafile leyo aya kunikwa ngezantsi, siya ukuqonda, yintoni ukuba ukuba.

Direction eziphilayo - oku ke intwana iphepha-GPs ukunika ifake ngemihla. Wamiselwa ukucwangcisa isigulane ngasinye kanye ngonyaka esweni imeko yempilo emva nayiphi yokuhlaselwa sisifo enzima, kwakunye nawuphi na umntu othe esibhedlele.

Blood yesampulu lwenziwa kuphela apho iphuma khona (idla ngokuba kwi joint engqinibeni, kodwa kusenokuba kukho umahluko ucingo ukusuka imithambo ezandleni, iinyawo, imilenze) kwaye kusoloko kusasa, ungatyanga. Emva kovavanyo inkqubo ityhubhu ithunyelwe elebhu okhethekileyo. Iziphumo zohlalutyo idla bayilungisa ngosuku olulandelayo.

Norms analysis zengqo- igazi abadala: itafile

Isalathisi	iyunithi yokulinganisa	Komda omncinci oluqhelekileyo	Nelona qondo liphezulu oluqhelekileyo
Sugar / glucose	mmol / l	3.3	5.5
urea	mmol / l	2.5	8.3
Blood nonprotein nitrogen (intsalela)	mmol / l	14.3	28.6
creatinine	micromole / ilitha	44	106
lipids ezifanayo	g / l	4	8
cholesterol	mmol / l	3.6	7.8
Low lipoprotein Ukuxinana, LDL / LDL iCholesterol	mmol / l	oyindoda: 2,02 Women: 1,92	oyindoda: 4,79 Women: 4,51
Ukuxinana High lipoprotein, HDL / HDL iCholesterol	mmol / l	Men: 0,72 Women: 0.68	oyindoda: 1,63 Women: 2,28
factor atherogenic		0	3
Triglycerides (izinga kuxhomekeke ngokuqinileyo yobudala kunye ngesondo. Amaxabiso ngenxa kweminyaka engama-35-40)	mmol / l	oyindoda: 0,61 Women: 0,45	oyindoda: 3,62 Women: 1,99
phospholipids	mmol / l	2.51	2,92
yibilirubin	micromole / ilitha	8.5	20,55
protein	g / l	65	85
albumin	g / l	35	50
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)	IU / l	10	38
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	IU / l	7	41
Gamma-glutamyl	mmol / l	abantu: 15 abafazi: 10	Men: 106 abafazi: 66
phosphatase awana	IU / l	20	140
calcium	mmol / l	2.15	2,50
potassium	mmol / l	3.5	5.5
sodium	mmol / l	136	145
chlorine	mmol / l	98	107
insimbi	mmol / l	oyindoda: 11,64 Women: 8,95	amadoda: 30,43 abafazi: 30,43

Ngenxa kwezoqoqosho kwizibhedlele zezithili, oogqirha musani cinga kuyimfuneko ukuthumela izigulane ukuba kuhlalutyo eqhelekileyo ngokupheleleyo, yaye ngoko ke umfanekiso kweentlobo ezithile iimvavanyo zegazi zengqo- kwizikhombisi eziza kwabelwa ezinye iimpawu kuphela.

Umzekelo, ukuba isigulane ikhalazela iingxaki zesibindi, uye athathe yibilirubin igazi (total), neprotini iyonke, albumin, aminotransferase alanine, wesigrike-GTP, iiproteins C-lovukelo, phosphatase obrak.

Ukuba ugqirha akrokrela ukuba isigulana unesifo seswekile, kuya kwenziwa uphando kuqala zengqo- ibe iswekile (glucose) ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa okanye aphikise hypothesis.

Izigulane zonke ugqirha ezahlukeneyo kwaye abanamava, xa kukho iimpawu ngqo zesi sifo, akayi kuchitha imali izibonelelo yomguli kunye esibhedlele ndabulaleka. Emva izihlandlo ezimbalwa ngonyaka nje ukuchitha uhlalutyo igazi epheleleyo ngokubanzi, ngaphandle nabuphi na ubungqina, akukho mfuneko.

Gcwalisa wegazi

iintlobo zovavanyo igazi Ngoko nazyvaaetsya ekufuneka yenziwe kwi ungatyanga kuphela (akukho nto ngomnwe liya kuthatha igazi okanye mithambo).

yokulinganisa intsebenzo kwesi sifundo Namhlanje olwenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwi analyzers Haematology okhethekileyo.

Ipharamitha eziphambili yegazi lonyango:

• Athwala - icandelo erythrocyte, eliveza ukuya ancedisana amalungu kwe-oksijini. Ukunciphisa inani mpilo kubulala isicwili hypoxia. Ummiselo for abafazi - 120-140 g / l, kumadoda - 135-160 grams / ilitha.
• Leukocytes (inani). Leukocytes - Iiseli umsebenzi walo ongundoqo - zokuzikhusela nezakhi ngeentsholongwane, iiseli ithumba. Kulungile: (4 - 9) × 10 ⁹ / l.
• Izinga neentlenge Erythrocyte - sisalathisi leengxaki emzimbeni. Kwabasetyhini, ummiselo ukuya ku-12 mm / ngeyure, amadoda - up 8 mm / hr;
• Hematocrit - iiseli ezibomvu. Ukuba hematocrit inyuswe, kunokwenzeka ukuba iqalise ubukho erythrocytosis okanye wegazi. Ukuba .o - igazi, overhydration, ukukhulelwa. Ummiselo for abafazi - 0,360-0,460 l / l emadodeni 0,400-0,480 l / l;
• Erythrocytes (inani). Yandisa inani iiseli ezibomvu kunokubonisa egazi igazi, nangezilonda, izifo izintso. A ukwehla - ukopha, ianemia, ukukhulelwa, njl Izinga amadoda (4-5,15) x 10 ¹² L abafazi -. (3.7-4.7) × 10 ¹² l.

Yintoni enye ukubonisa uvavanyo lwegazi

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, yintoni na iimvavanyo igazi, omnye kufuneka kuqala siqonde ukuba yintoni igazi yaye yintoni na ekufuneka ngayo.

Igazi - umzimba ngelaphu, eyenziwa ngaba plasma (kulwelo) kunye neeseli (leucocytes, erythrocytes neeplatelets). It ujikeleza imithambo yegazi phantsi izishunqulelo zentliziyo kwaye ondla onke amalungu omzimba womntu.

Igazi ayimfuneko ukuze umntu ukuze:

• Ukudlulisa carbon dioxide ancedisana emiphungeni, neoksijini - umva.
• Ndikunyothula ukuba iiseli izicwili izondlo.
• Zilawule lobushushu emzimbeni.
• Wrap inkunkuma kunye nezinto yingozi izintso lula ukuba kubulawe elandelayo ivela emzimbeni.
• Nokhutshelo hormone okubopha ndawonye zonke iinkqubo ilungu;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomzimba.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukungqinelana ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
• Ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi imizimba, abanike uxinezeleko entliziyweni.

Ngenxa yoko, siyaqonda ukuba igazi zinokubangela ukuba iingxaki ezininzi emzimbeni: akukho ukunyhashwa kumsebenzi nganye iinkqubo, iqumrhu nganye emzimbeni womntu. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ngexesha athathe uvavanyo igazi, ugqirha aya kuyinyula zeziphi iindidi zeefayile, kwaye ukusombulula le iqhina.

ihomoni

Ngoku, phantse ummi zonke wesihlanu kwilizwe lethu elikhulu, unako ukufumana ezinye iimpazamo kunye izitenxo kwi le ndlala lengqula. Ukuba ugqirha uhlolo inorhano tshintsho ukuthumela isigulane ultrasound (US) iimviwo yendlala nobubovu, kwakunye uvavanyo kwegazi TSH (thyroid-ekuvuseleleni hormone ngenani). Emva zonke kakuhle omzimba akhokelela nenzalo, yobuntu ukuphazamiseka, iingxaki umsebenzi ngengqondo, ngokukhawuleza kwaye usinda ngexesha naluphi na usuleleko kunye nokudumba emzimbeni.

Ubungqina obubonakalayo buxela ukuba ukunikela igazi umlinganiselo ihomoni

Zezi zilandelayo:

• Siphila endaweni intswelo ezichongiweyo iodine.
• Emva kolo tyando.
• Ukuba unayo ingxaki ukukhawula ephethe umntwana.
• Ukuba usebenzisa iindlela hormone wokhuseleko ekukhulelweni (TTG ulawulo kanye ngonyaka).

Xa zolwaphulo bezichaziwe ngaphambili kwi yesinye, esweni ikhosi lwesifo kunye nokukhethwa iziyobisi.

Na ukungaqheleki kule hlalutyo ukuthetha ngemiba efana:

• Hypothyroidism (function lengqula sezantsi).
• Hyperthyroidism (ukwanda umsebenzi endlaleni).

Ixesha ezichongiweyo ezinxaxhileyo kancinane ukusuka kwisiqhelo efanele ulungiso iziyobisi ecikizekileyo, ubhaqo kakhulu kwaye kade wesifo kungafuna unyango ngotyando. Ukuba show nomonde ngentla eqhelekileyo hormone lengqula-ekhuthazayo, oko inyanzelekile kumisela ultrasound esinobubovu lengqula kwaye kungenzeka ukuba ubomi therapy hormone.

UNorma nezalathisi yendlala ezakhayo hormone

Ukucacisa Uxilongo kunye esweni ke sifo ukumisela uvavanyo lwegazi eneenkcukacha ngenxa TSH, equka:

• T3 mahala (hormone elinoxanduva lokutshintshiselana oksijini). KwiSithethe - 2,6-5,7 pmol / L.
• T4 mahala (hormone onoxanduva iprotheyini ukutya). Normal - 9-22 mmol / l.
• Antibodies thyroglobulin protein (ukuphepha inkqubo izifo sokuhlasela). Normal - kwiiyunithi 18 / ml ..

Kubalulekile phambi ukuqokelela hormone TSH igazi ayeke utywala yokwamkelwa kwabafundi, izicwangcisi hormone kunye nezinye iziyobisi equlathe iihomoni. Kuyimfuneko ukuba anciphise ukusetyenziswa nikuyeke imini zikaVitoliya.

igazi ekunqandeni

Kuyenzeka ukuba axilongwe ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ngexesha uhlalutyo ityhileke kubani ngempazamo ukwaphula lexinene igazi. Ukuba kophulwa bufunyenwe ngethuba uhlalutyo kwemichiza, le zeetheraphisti eliya ukunika indlela ukuya phambili uhlalutyo kwi coagulation igazi. Yintoni ukubiza ntoni ukuba yenzululwazi ukukhumbula - koaugologramma.

Kwakhona ibonisa ukuba kuhlalutyo zezi:

• Iimpawu ukopha, bazigruzule, nokuba kumatshini omncinane.
• Lomsebenzi elandelayo.
• Izifo iimpahla intliziyo, isibindi, igazi.
• Ukukhulelwa.
• okukwazi base-.

Umhlaba wokuhlahlelwa coagulation luquka iseti enkulu yezalathi:

Isalathisi	yinto yamihla le
index prothrombin	imizuzwana 12-20.
APTT	imizuzwana 38-55.
plasma lwefibrinogen	2.0-3.5 g / l
ixesha thrombin	imizuzwana 11-17,8.
plasma recalcification	imizuzwana 60-120.
Kwaphela lweeHedfowuni	3-11 min
Kwaziswa kwe ihlwili legazi	ukusuka 44% ukuya kuma-65%

Ukuba umntu onyulwe ukuba ukuhlalutya igazi ekunqandeni, igama akakwazi ukukhumbula. isigulane ngasinye ufumana indawo ezizodwa apho uya kunikwa ixesha, igama zophando kunye neemfuno eziyimfuneko ngokulandelwa nokuphunyezwa kwayo, kuxhomekeke kwesifo ezijonge:

• Fingerstick imveliso ucingo eziphathekayo ukuze igazi capillary novavanyo amahlwili.
• Kucingo olubiyele ye yegazi ngezixhobo ukuvelisa uvavanyo igazi lwemithambo.

Olu hlahlelo, efana nabanye abaninzi, kufuneka uthathe ungatyanga.

Uhlalutyo hormone ababhinqileyo

iihomoni Good - yinto ebalulekileyo eqhelekileyo yokusebenza yonke eziphilayo. Yaba nguye lowo buxhomekeke kuyo ubuthongo eqhelekileyo, intlalo-ntle, ubuchule kumsebenzi ngokomzimba. Ukufunda ngemvelaphi kwamadlala eziyimfuneko kwabasetyhini kunye ezi mpawu:

• Ugwayi.
• ukutyeba okanye kakhulu umzimba.
• Ukuphazamiseka ukuba sexesheni.
• Ucaphuka.

Xa ukungalingani kumanqanaba hormone kwabasetyhini asakhasayo ngokwemigaqo iingxaki zempilo kwenkqubo zokuzala (kubandakanywa fibroids, cysts, polycystic), nokuphazamisa psyche, ukutyeba / emaciation, ku- okanye ukupheliswa menses, nenzalo, inkunzi ukukhula ipateni kweenwele umzimba ngaphezulu.

Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo kwegazi iihomoni ababhinqileyo ziquka:

• Follicle-ushukumisa hormone.
• Prolactin.
• Luteinizing hormone.
• Estriol.
• Hormone.
• Follicle-ushukumisa hormone.
• DHEA-sulfate.

Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuba umgangatho hormone utshintshatshintsha kakhulu, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba komjikelo, ngoko ke kufuneka ulandele ngenyameko imiyalelo ye ugqirha phambi kokuba ukunikela ngegazi. Nasiphi na uhlalutyo hormone basoloko Kwathi ungatyanga, iiyure 1-2 emva yokuvusa.

hormone sex Male

• Testosterone.
• sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone.

Uhlalutyo i hormone ngesondo inkunzi linokukwenziwa zombini amadoda kwanabafazi. Eyona nto kukuba Androgens abanoxanduva drive (yobuntu) kwabasetyhini kunye namadoda. Ngokukhethekileyo, testosterone iimpembelelo kwakhona kwi sebaceous namadlala, izihlunu kunye nobuchopho.

Uhlalutyo inani androgen, amadoda kunye nabafazi kuhlala yonke imihla kusasa ungatyanga.