Sutures zotyando: iintlobo kunye neendlela ze alpha

Xa umsebenzi wayo, oogqirha basebenzisa sutures, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kubo, le yenye yeendlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo eziqhelekilyo ngokujoyina kwinyama zebhayoloji: iindonga enyama yangaphakathi, imiphetho inxeba, kunye nabanye. Kwakhona zinceda ukunqanda ukopha, kuba inyongo, bonke enkosi ukukhetha suture ekunene.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, lo mgaqo uphambili nokudalwa naluphi na uhlobo lokudibanisa ithathwa ngokuba intlonipho elunxwemeni ngalinye isilonda, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo yayo. Le umthungo kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuze kukho ngqo yayifana imiphetho isilonda, yaye ngamnye esicwangciswe welungu lwangaphakathi, nto leyo ifuna suturing. Namhlanje le migaqo adityaniswa elithi "uvakalelo".

Ngokuxhomekeke kuyo isixhobo isetyenziswa ukwenza umthungo, kwakunye nokuzoba yokusebenza, umntu ukwahlula iintlobo ezimbini: sutures manual nobomatshini. Kuba ukusibeka weld manual ngendlela usebenzisa inaliti aqhelekileyo kwaye kubuhlungu, abanini inaliti, amashiya kunye nezinye izixhobo. Kuba crosslinking kungaba ukhethe i suture zokwenziwa absorbable okanye imvelaphi eziphilayo, ucingo yesinyithi okanye ezinye izinto.

Uphawu mechanical lisetyenziswa yi isixhobo okhethekileyo apho ukusetyenziswa ezityiwa yesinyithi.

Ngexesha nemithungo amanxeba kunye nokusekwa ugqirha anastomoses unakho yaseZimbabwe kumqolo - umqolo kunye ungqameko - amabini, okanye imikrozo emine. Kunye nesibakala sokuba seams inamathelene kungqameko inxeba, ngokunjalo nayo ke ume kakuhle gqitha igazi. Kodwa ziziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo suture namhlanje?

Ukwahlukanisa sutures zoqhaqho

Njengokuba besesitshilo, the seams kunokuba zombini ncwadana kunye mechanical, kodwa kukho iiklasi ezininzi sisahlula yabo;

• ukuba iindawo, ngokunjalo ubuchule oluqhubekayo zezicelo zabo;
• ukuba isabelo sabo kwifom - elula, ezingundoqo, emise okanye P Z, esipajini umtya, i-8 emise-;
• e kusebenziso lungohlulwa lube hemostatic kwaye kwiglasana ebethelelwa;
• yi inani lemiqolo - ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezine;
• umhla ofumana ngaphakathi laphu - asuswayo enincokola kwityala lokuqala, kukho nexesha elithile emva kokuba yaseZimbabwe zisusiwe, yaye kwimeko yesibini kuhlala emzimbeni ngokusisigxina.

Kwakhona Kubalulekile ukuphawula kukuba sutures zotyando, izimvo zabo yahlulwe, kuxhomekeke izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo: zinokuba absorbable xa kusetyenziswa zokuthunga - iintlobo ze Vikram Dexon - is zokwenziwa. Lingena singene sayo umzimba - olu hlobo ingenamthungo esilala amalungu vuphukuphuku. Constant - ezi ntlobo amalungu ukuba zange zibhangiswe, bahlala emzimbeni ngonaphakade, yaye ejikelezwe yi inyama capsule nokuqina.

okubonakalayo for suturing

izinto Suture iquka izinto ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa tubal semithambo, ngokusebenzisa sutures yotyando. Iintlobo ekufanisweni suturing inyama nesikhumba lwaya minyaka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuphuhliswa njani utyando. Ukuba oogqirha kuphela zange asebenzise ukudibanisa esikule amalungu kunye nesikhumba yangaphakathi:

• ezanyisayo imicu;
• isikhumba sentlanzi;
• ezifunyenwe yeempuku imisila sakhe;
• luvo yezilwanyana;
• Hair athathwa avuse zamahashe;
• imfesane yosana nje ukuzalwa umntu;
• imicu iimpahla;
• benemfuyo okanye lwawo ngefayibha;
• ngerabha emthini.

Kodwa ukuba izinto zale mihla, ngoku nisuke naba imicu ethandwayo zokwenziwa. Kukho iimeko apho metal nazo zinokusetyenziswa.

Kuba naliphi suture iimfuno ezithile apha:

• amandla eliphezulu;
• ubuso ziindlela ezigudileyo;
• luthambe;
• zobude ngokulinganisela;
• inqanaba eliphezulu slip ye emzimbeni.

Kodwa enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo isicelo izinto suture iyahambisana inyama yabantu. izinto Okwangoku eyaziwa esetyenziselwa amalunga, ube iipropati antigenic kunye reactogenic. iintlobo Absolute ezi mpawu ayisekho, kodwa ubukhali kubo kungakuncinane.

Kwakhona kubalulekile suture wamelana nzala, akayigcina umniniyo elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwangaxeshanye iimpawu zayo eziphambili ahlale yokuqala. Suture ingaba ziingxaki anazo kwimicu omnye okanye ngaphezulu apho amaqhina oqhagamshelwano phakathi yi ukujiwuza, anganithi okanye nangegolide, kwaye kumphezulu wazo Ubuthelezi, ukuba isale Yanjengomthwebeba, abicah okanye teflon.

Okwangoku, ahlinzwe kusetyenziswa iindidi zezinto suture absorbable and non-absorbable. Ukuhlelwa sutures zotyando, uninzi luquka ukusetyenziswa kwayo absorbable - zokuthunga, nto leyo yenziweyo ukusuka tunica muscularis emathunjini amancinci iigusha, ngokunjalo ukwenza oku ukusebenzisa umaleko submucosal. Namhlanje kukho-13 ubukhulu zokuthunga nezahlukileyo phakathi kwabo ubukhulu.

Amandla izinto weld inyuswe kunye nobukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, amandla trehnulevogo Uhlobo malunga 1400 g, kodwa ubukhulu yesithandathu - 11500 of olu hlobo yosinga absorbable kuba phakathi iintsuku ezisi-7 no-30.

Of le suture non-absorbable kutyando usebenzisa ngemisonto isilika, umqhaphu, neflakisi, horsehair.

iintlobo yaseZimbabwe

Xa suture ugqirha isikhumba kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo indlela bahlabeka okanye neqwengiweyo ngenxeba, ubungakanani bayo nendlela ezinemiphetho yayo wayaphula. Kwakhona ithatha ingqalelo indawo owenzakeleyo. Utyando kakhulu idumile ukuze ziqwalaselwe njengoko sutures zotyando, inqaku ifoto liza kubonisa ukuba zikhangeleka njani:

• ongama okuqhubekayo;
• maqhuqhuva ongama;
• nodular cutaneous;
• eqhubekayo multi-umqolo, isicelo ngaphakathi eluswini;
• eqhubekayo kumqolo omnye, isicelo ngaphakathi isikhumba.

Oku kuya kunceda ukuqonda kakuhle ukuba iindlela sutures zoqhaqho ezisetyenziswa xa crosslinking lenxeba engaphandle.

uhlobo intradermal Continuous

kutshanje lakhe basebenzisa kakhulu qho, ukunika isiphumo engcono izithambiso. main inzuzo yaso kukhubazeko ogqwesileyo ekupheleni inxeba, isiphumo elihle izithambiso kunye nokuphazamiseka amancinane microcirculation, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi amalungu. Intambo ye nezitishi siyaqhutywa dermis umaleko moya enxuseneyo kuso. Noko ke, kuba lula etsala intambo kungcono ukuthatha izinto monofilament.

Xa kwenziwe unyango lokuqala zoqhaqho amanxeba, iintlobo yaseZimbabwe kungaba ukhethe ezahlukeneyo, kodwa oogqirha ukhetha sutures absorbable: Biosyns, monokrilu, polysorbate, Dexon kunye nabanye. Yaye zixhobo ezo musa ukuluhlakaza, zezona polyamide monofilament okanye ezinepolypropylene.

Isitishi wamngena

Le enye lweentlobo ezithandwayo ingenamthungo yangaphandle. Nendalo yawo, isikhumba punctured kakhulu ekwehliseni inaliti. Ukuba usebenzisa ngayo, i ukugqojozwa ikhangeleka unxantathu ogama lesiseko bujoliswe inxeba. Olu hlobo okuhlatywa nga ngokuthembekileyo ukubamba suture. Inaliti eyafakwa nwebu epithelial kufutshane nje ngohlangothi kwenxeba, unyathele ka-4 mm, kwaye ke ziqhutywa kwi elibhalwe ngokumileyo in inyama ongama ehamba kancinci kude ngohlangothi, kangangoko oku kunokwenzeka.

Xa sele iphumelele kwinqanaba elifanayo ngohlangothi isilonda, inaliti esijikeleziswa ukuya osembindini kwaye lesitofu kwindawo zinzulu isilonda. Inaliti kule meko inabela ngelaphu ngqongqo macala isilonda Kwelinye icala, kuphela kulo mzekelo, omhlophe ufumana inani elifanayo amalaphu.

Abathe nkqo nkqo umatrasi suture

Iintlobo izitishi zoqhaqho kunye amaqhina zikhethwa ugqirha ngokuxhomekeke ubungqongqo isilonda, ukuba kukho ubunzima encinane ngokuthelekisa imiphetho inxeba, kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise suture umatrasi ngokohlobo oonobumba P, eziqala tye. Ukuba isicelo ezingundoqo suture ephambili kuhlinzwa inxeba nzulu, kulo mzekelo, ungenza ushiye kwisisu intsalela. Kunokuba kuqokelela oko esahlula enxebeni ekhokelela ukuba kukhule. Oku ukube suture kwi imigangatho eziliqela. Le ndlela suturing lunokwenzeka kokubini kwinqanaba le ndawo kunye nohlobo gqolo.

komphetho Kananjalo ngokufuthi isicelo Donatti (nkqo umatrasi suture). Ekwenzeni lokuqala lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa okuhlatywa 2 cm ukusuka kungqameko nxeba. Vykoli na icala kwaye umgama elifanayo. Xa uqala okuhlatywa elandelayo nomgama vykoli kusukwa inxeba sele 0.5 cm. Le ngemisonto okubopha kuphela emva kokuba onke beentanda ukuba ebekwe oko kunokwenzeka ukuba kube lula manipulation enzulwini isilonda. Ukusebenzisa omhlophe Donati yenza kube lula ukuthunga inxeba kunye diastasis enkulu.

Ukuze ufumane izithambiso, ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe ngocoselelo unyango lokuqala zoqhaqho amanxeba, iindidi yaseZimbabwe Kukhethwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba umdlalo sloppy kungqameko inxeba, umphumo iya kukhokelela loloyiko kakhulu. Ukuba sisebenzisa amandla kakhulu xa retaining esiludumbo yokuqala, kuya kuba imivalo ezinqamlezayo ugly, apho ibekwe ecaleni lonke ubude kwesiva.

Ke ukuba amaqhina wokubopha, yonke imisonto isilika ubophe iindawo ezimbini, kunye nezenziwe kunye zokuthunga - ezintathu.

Iintlobo sutures zotyando kunye neendlela isicelo sabo

Xa ukusebenzisa naluphi na uhlobo ingenamthungo, kunye nokusetyenziswa zazo ezininzi kutyando, kubalulekile ukuba balandele ngqo ukwenza buciko. Ngendlela echanelekileyo isicelo lenzeka suture?

Kunye inaliti xa umnini inaliti ye kuqala wahlatywa edge kumgama 1 cm, ubambe forceps. Yonke enye iqondene vkoly nomunye. Inaliti akuvumelekanga ukuba uthwale ngaphandle ngqo nge omabini emiphethweni, kodwa ke enokwenziwa, ngoko emva kokuba omnye, ngoko kwenye. Emva kokugqitywa isiphelo vulu ezibambe forceps kunye inaliti ishenxiswe, nemisonto esidityaniswe, apho kungqameko inxeba kufuneka ushwankathelwa omnye komnye ngokusondele kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngoko wenza i beentanda lokuphumla logama nje eso silonda athungwe ngokupheleleyo. joint nganye kufuneka ibe kumgama 1-2 cm ukusuka kwenye. Kwezinye iimeko, kwiindawo ongabotshwa phezulu, xa zonke ezivuzayo na zona.

Indlela tie ngeqhina lomtshato

Kwiimeko ezininzi, oogqirha basebenzisa iyunithi elula wabopha suture. Kwaye kube njalo emva suture ukuba azinamsonto kwi ngohlangothi isilonda, iziphelo kufutshane kunye nizibophe kwiqhina, ngaphezu kwayo ngomnye.

lokumisa ngoogqirha zingenziwa ngenye indlela: njengoko ngomsonto azinamsonto enxebeni, omnye-sasekhohlo, ungathatha kwelinye icala, omnye emva komnye, isondezwe kufutshane kunye kungqameko inxeba, yenza ngeqhina kabini, kwaye sele phezu kube lula. Iziphelo umsonto benqunyulwe kumgama 1 cm ukusuka ibandla.

Indlela ukuthunga isilonda, usebenzisa isibiyeli metal

Iintlobo sutures zotyando kunye neendlela isicelo yabo ibe ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo imiselwa kwi kwasendaweni site inxeba. Enye indlela isenokuba cross-nothungelwano ngokusebenzisa ezityiwa yesinyithi.

Ezityiwa ezi ipleyiti yesinyithi kabani ububanzi mm eziliqela, kwaye ubude - malunga iisentimitha, kodwa ibe ngaphezulu. Zombini iziphelo awo thaca ngokohlobo nemisesane, kwaye ngaphakathi intsimbi, leyo ingena esikule kwaye akukho rhutyu ngaphandle amagwegwe.

Ukuze isicelo ukuziqinisa inxeba lulandela kungqameko ukufaka amashiya ezizodwa, abahlanganisele ndawonye, uzifake kakuhle, ngoko ubambe ngesinye isandla, kufuneka uthathe omnye isibiyeli amashiya. Emva koko, isicelo oko kumgca ingenamthungo ke, abenze iziphelo, wenze umgudu. Ngenxa yale isibiyeli nokuqhathwa uzimisele kwaye Azigubungele kungqameko isilonda. Ukuba iwise umgama we-1 cm omnye komnye.

Susa ezityiwa, kwakunye namalungu, emva kweentsuku 7-8 of nokubekwa kwawo. Ukulungiselela le njongo umlobothi wakho, izihlangu ezizodwa amashiya. Emva kokuba elungelelaniswe kususwa isibiyeli, iintsholongwane ze zisetyenziselwe suturing amanxeba kwakhona.

Iintlobo yaseZimbabwe in cosmetology

suture izithambiso zokutyanda kwenziwe nayiphi na sutures ezikhoyo: neyesilika, zokuthunga, ngomsonto ilinen, ucingo obhityileyo, uMichel izibopho okanye horsehair. Phakathi kwazo zonke ezi zinto, kuphela suture iyachithakala, nabo bonke abanye abanawo. Le sutures batywiliselwe okanye asuswayo.

Xa ubuchule alpha kwi cosmetology babesebenzisa amalungu okuqhubekayo kunye knotty, le yokugqibela nayo lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe iintlobo: ulwandle, abafazi abaqhelekileyo okanye yotyando.

Xa uhlobo nodular, kukho inzuzo enkulu phezu eqhubekayo: kuyo ukholosile yenza kungqameko inxeba. Kodwa komphetho okuqhubekayo zifunwa kuba lisetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza nezoqoqosho njengoko izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Xa cosmetology, ezi ntlobo zingasetyenziswa:

• umatrasi;
• eqhubekayo Reverdy komphetho;
• furrier okuqhubekayo;
• umsiki (magic);
• ongama (komphetho American Halsted).

Kwezo meko, ukuba isigulane unalo ukungaqondani ngamandla ancedisana, ugqirha angasebenzisa ipleyiti okanye beentanda ipleyiti abaphambili kunye ingenamthungo izileyi, apho kunokwenzeka ukuvala iziphene ezinkulu ukholosile ubambe laphu kwindawo enye.

Kutyando plastiki njengoko ugqirha amaxesha ukusebenzisa apodaktilny umthungo. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba lisetyenziswa kwaye ibotshelelwe kuphela isixhobo okhethekileyo: umnini inaliti le, forceps, kunye Pean torsion.

Horse iinwele - oku yeyona nto ilungileyo suture. Iintlobo sutures zoqhaqho neendawo ezikhoyo cosmetology, elungileyo ukwenza ngayo. Wayedla asetyenziswe kwimisebenzi ENT, ngenxa yokuba phantse akukho sifo, non-kukucaphukisa nesikhumba zomzimba, kunye neendawo akukho alpha suppuration nezibhaxu. Horse iinwele ilastiki, ngoko ngokungafaniyo isilika, ukuba akuyi kuyinqamla kungena isikhumba.

Ukusetyenziswa sutures in wamazinyo

Oogqirha bamazinyo kwakhona sebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yaseZimbabwe ukunqanda ukopha okanye uyitywine elunxwemeni inxeba enkulu. Zonke iintlobo ezitho woogqirha bamazinyo utyando ziyafana kakhulu kwabo sele kuchaziwe, into kuphela ukuba kukho umahluko ezincinane iindidi izixhobo. Suture em- ngomlomo amaninzi kusetyenziswa:

• umnini inaliti le;
• forceps zotyando lwamehlo;
• bidentate hook amancinci;
• isikere amehlo.

Ukuba baqhube imisebenzi em- ngomlomo kunokuba nzima, kwaye umsebenzi kuphela ishishini ziya kuba nako ukwenza lo msebenzi ngendlela eyiyo, kuba kubalulekile unyango kuphela ezikumgangatho ophezulu zaseprayimari amanxeba. Iintlobo izitishi e woogqirha bamazinyo kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhetha ilungelo, kodwa inkoliso yazo zonke - nto a kwiteksti elula kuphazamiseka. Kwaye ke ezibekwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukuzinza ukuze Ugqobhoze omabini amacala inxeba kumgama esilingeneyo omnye komnye, noboya ukuba olule kangangoko kunokwenzeka, eshiya isiphelo encinane kuphela - 1-2 cm.
2. Isiphelo elide womsonto inaliti ubanjwa sesandla sasekhohlo, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba azisongele inaliti umnini ngku 2 amaxesha.
3. Ngoncedo kwesiphatho inaliti kuthimba incam elifutshane donsa yomtya - oku inxalenye yokuqala zendibano, qinisa ngenyameko, ngokucotha idibanisa kunye kungqameko isilonda.
4. Kwakhona, ephethe yomtya, kufuneka wenze ukuphululwa efanayo, skrolela nje ikhawunta-yexesha kanye.
5. Nsinya iyunithi eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo, qiniseka ukuba esweni ukufana ngengxabano vulu.
6. Shift unit enesi cut ke, Wayixakaxa ekupheleni umsonto, oko kukuthi zonke ukulungele weld.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngokuchanekileyo yaseZimbabwe evela phakathi-nxeba kwaye yaseZimbabwe musa kaninzi kakhulu ukwenzela ukuba ukuphazamisa kwegazi emzimbeni. Ukuze ukuphiliswa waqhubeka ngcembe, ingakumbi amanxeba ngenxa zokwenzakala, kuyimfuneko ukufakela iintsuku eziliqela yokukhupha amanzi phakathi ezivuzayo.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo sutures zotyando kunye neendlela okunyanzelisa beentanda yangaphakathi

Akukhona nje ukuba iifom zangaphandle zimele zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphakathi kwendwangu kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo. I-interutory interurrection can also be of different types and each of them is intended to stitch some parts. Makhe sijonge nganye kwiintlobo ukuqonda kangcono yonke into.

I-Aponeurosis seam

I-aponeurosis yindawo apho zikhona izicubu ezinamathenda, ezinamandla amakhulu kunye ne-elasticity. Indawo yeklasi ye-aponeurosis ngumgca ophakathi phakathi kwesisu - apho i-peritoneums efanelekileyo kunye nekhohlo. I-Tendon tisses ine-fiber structure, kungenxa yoko ukuchithwa kwazo kunye nemibhobho kwandisa ukungafani kwabo, phakathi koogqirha esi siphumo sibizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo.

Ngenxa yokuba ezi zindwangu zinamandla okunyuka, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwezicathulo zokuthunga. Eyona nto inokuthenjwa yinto yokuqhubela phambili, eyenziwa ngoncedo lwezingcingo zokuxuba. Ezi ziquka "i-polysorb", "i-Biosin", "iVikril." Ndiyabulela ekusebenziseni iintambo ezihlawulelwayo, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ukubunjwa kwe-fistula ligature. Kananjalo ekudalweni kweso sondlo ungasebenzisa iintambo ezingabonakaliyo- "Lavsan". Ngoncedo lwabo, unokuphepha ukubunjwa kwe-hernias.

Gxuma kwiimpawu ezinamafutha kunye ne-peritoneum

Kungekudala, ezi ntlobo zezicubu zisoloko zingcanjiswa, kuba zona ngokwabo zibonelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphulukiswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukongezelela, ukungabikho kwemigangatho ye-seams akuphazamisi ukujikeleza kwegazi kwisiza sokwakheka kwebala. Kuloo matyala, ukuba awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle komgca, ugqirha unokuyinyanzelisa, esebenzisa imicu engabonakaliyo- "Monocryl".

Ubambelela emathunjini

Ukubetha kwezitho ezingenalutho kusetyenziswa amanqaku athile:

• Omnye umgca we-serous-muscular-submucous suture wasePirogov, apho i-node ikhona kwigobolondo yangaphandle yelungu.
• Umxube weMateshuk, uphawu lwalo kukuba i-knot xa idalwe ihlala ngaphakathi kwilungu, kwi-membrane yayo.
• I-Gum suture yomqolo omnye isetyenziswe xa ugqirha usebenza kunye nomathumbu omkhulu, owubugcisa bawo obufana ne-Donatti's seam.

Izibonda zesibindi

Ngokumalunga nokokuba lo mzimba ukwanele "uphazamisekile" kwaye unxulunyaniswa kakhulu ngegazi kunye ne-bile, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza umqukumbelo phezu komhlaba, kwanobugqirha bezobugcisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimeko enjalo, ugqirha unika umgca oqhubekayo ngaphandle kokugqitywa okanye umgca we-mattress suture.

Kwi-gallbladder, i-suture yokutyunjwa kwe-U okanye i-8 ifakwe.

Ukubetha kwiinqanawa

Iindidi ze-suture zokugqirha ezisetyenziswa kwi-traumatology zizodwa. Ukuba ufuna ukuthunga iinqanawa, ke kulo mzekelo umquba oqhubekayo ngaphandle kokugqithisa, oqinisekisa ukuqiniswa okuthembekileyo, kuya kuba yinto enokwenzeka. Ukusebenzisa rhoqo kukhokelela ekwakheni "i-harmoniica", kodwa ungayiphepha le mpahla xa usebenzisa umgca wecala lomgca.

I-sutures yokupanda, iintlobo ezisetyenziswe kwi-traumatology kunye nokuhlinzwa zifana. Iintlobo zeentlobo zineentsilelo kunye neenzuzo zayo, kodwa ukuba kulungile ukuhamba kunye nokukhetha ulungelelwano oluphezulu lomgca, ngoko nayiphi na intambo iza kukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eyabelwe yona kwaye ikulungiselele isilonda okanye isilwe. Isikhathi sokususwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwimeko nganye nganye sizimisele ngokuzikhethela, kodwa ngokusisiseko zisuswe ngomhla we-8-10.