Portrait yobuciko Russian. Portrait kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo

Kweli nqaku sijonga umzobo zobugcisa Russian. Ixabiso olu hlobo ukuba umzobi izama ukugqithisa ngoncedo izinto benza umntu wokwenene-ubomi. Oko kukuthi, kunye nobuchule ngenxa, hi nga langutana ngokusebenzisa umfanekiso kwixesha elithile.

Ukongeza, artists bazama kukuveza kuphela nzingo, kodwa ukugqithisa imeko ngaphakathi yomntu oma.

Funda kwaye uya kufumana iziganeko kuphuhliso ngobude Russian ukusuka Ages Aphakathi ukuya mihla.

Portrait luhlobo zobuciko

Portrait kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo xa sisiva sona namhlanje, bema ngaphandle kutshanje. Kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, umbhali-mbali kwi entendelezweni French ukumkani Louis XIV, uAndré Félibien, ecetywayo ukubiza eli gama kuphela imifanekiso yabantu.

De kube lelo xesha, lo gama ichazwa yonke imifanekiso, nokuba isilwanyana, imifuno okanye iiminerali. In ngamaXesha Aphakathi ukuya izilwane isuntswana sengqondo eyahlukileyo kunokuba kunjalo ngoku. Babekwazi kunibiza, batyakatywa kwaye bagwetywe nemigangatho zomthetho.

Emva Felibenom Arthur Schopenhauer wavakalisa ingcamango yokuba izilwanyana ekhethekileyo iimpawu generic, abanalo yoluntu. Kwakhona namhlanje, eni musa ukufumana i icon, ngenxa yokuba zibhalelwe yokuqala.

Ngoko ke, lo mfanekiso kwimizobo kunye noncwadi Kwabonakala kwakudala, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo phantsi kwakhe aqonde nayiphi "umsebenzi omhle."

Uphuhliso olu hlobo lubotshelelwe izinto ezimbini - ukuphucula ukubhala ubuchule (composition, anatomy, njalo njalo), kunye notshintsho kwimbono endaweni umntu ehlabathini. Nokugqama omkhulu portraits iwela kweyeshumi elinesibhozo, xa Western Yurophu yayisonganyelwa nezimvo sobuntu Ukuzaliseka efanelekileyo ngokobuqu.

ixesha lokuqala

Self-portraits kwi vutshila Russian wazalwa kuphela kumda kweyama elinesixhenxe elinesibhozo. Phambi kwakukho imifanekiso kwisimbo kumaxesha, apho ayaphela ngamnye kwisiqalo.

Isiseko kwexesha yokuqala yobugcisa up icon Russian. imveliso likhona ukuya kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe.

Kodwa utshintsho yaqala kwixesha emva Kievan Rus. Ukuze baye basinda iqela ukufana eni usapho Svyatoslav, neentombi Yaroslava Mudrogo. Kukho kwakhona imizekelo emininzi zemizobo nabanye ngamnye, umz, Jaroslav Vsyevolodovitch netempile esandleni. Ngoko ke, ngenxa umnikelo umsebenzi wokwakha.

Imizamo yokuqala ukuya kude kulo oonobumba eziphefumlelweyo neecawa ngayo umzobo wempangelo kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo. Siza kubona umfanekiso wakhe kwezinye iincwadi. Loo move kwenziwa kuphela ngenxa kaHameha Izahluko yecawa, nabanegunya nolwetyiso prescript ookumkani, iinkosana, kunye nabantu kwi icon.

Parsuna

Xa ukupeyinta ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe siyaqhubeka ukuphucula. Siyabona ukuba lo mfanekiso eRashiya wetu kokuba iimpawu ezininzi ngamnye. Kukho ezifana uhlobo njenge "parsuna". Oku zonakaliswa igama elithi "umntu".

Le misebenzi zadalwa emacwecweni nokuba tempera, oko kukuthi, njengokwenziwa kwe icon, libonisa yobomi imifanekiso yabantu. I enjalo ukupeyinta omdala parsuna uMikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shumsky.

Noko ke, kuba wadalwa umfanekiso lengcwaba "isiphuku". Kodwa ke umfanekiso inkulu kwakhe kwabhalwa "avuswe ', waphila kwihlabathi elingcono, ngoko iimpawu zayo ezahlukileyo ubuso eziphefumlelweyo kwi icon.

Ngokuthe ngcembe kukho ukunxaxha iimfundiso zecawa, Siboleke iteknoloji evela eYurophu. Ngoko ke, ukusuka kummandla we-Commonwealth efika "Mfanekiso Sarmatian 'umfanekiso yohlobo iindwalutho.

Ukongeza, zabazobi impangele bavela eNtshona Yurophu, ukuqeqesha iimvumi. Wadalwa "titulyarniki" (iincwadi ezizodwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba eni engumzekelo abalawuli yaseYurophu).

era Petrine

Eneneni i "Mfanekiso" kwimizobo Russian ibonakala kuphela ebudeni bolawulo uPetros Omkhulu. Eli xesha yaba kukutshintsha kubomi kweli lizwe. Ubugcisa ibonisa isimo iindlela ezintsha.

Xa portraits kukho umthamo kunye nobunzulu, amagcisa ukubazi elizayo. ukuqonda Uzalwa umdlalo yokukhanya nasethunzini, baqale ukuhlola imibala kwi ngelaphu. Kwakhona, kukho umsantsa lokugqibela ecaweni nobugcisa yehlabathi.

Ngoku womzobo wahlulwe kwemali ezintathu - archaizing, Rossika nesikolo yesizwe.

Eyokuqala sizalwa kwi inguqu ukusuka 'parsuna' ukuba ngoM ukupeyinta. Elesibini limelwe imisebenzi artists amazwe eRashiya. isikolo Domestic okufanayo kuboniswe imisebenzi Nikitin, Antropov, Vishnjakova Matveeva kunye Argunova.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba amagcisa Russian kwelo xesha, kuqala kakuhle, ngoko ukuthetha "babanjwa phezulu" eYurophu. Kodwa iminyaka embalwa kukho imisebenzi ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, zokubona. Oko iyaqala ukuphuhliswa kwamaziko asekuhlaleni zobugcisa-class ehlabathini.

Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII

Ngokuthe ngcembe ukuma kwimizobo Russian iba impahla kwezakhi phakathi yoluntu. De phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo ibonisa abantu langutana kuphela, kufutshane intsapho yasebukhosini, kodwa ngoku akukho eni kuphela wabanumzana kunye abaqeshisi, kodwa nabalimi nkqu ezimbalwa. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, kwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa izimvo zemfundo eluntwini.

Xa amahlanu kunye gqira yenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ithowuni okhethekileyo owamiselwa eni ye uKumkanikazi Elizabeth. Iintsapho ezininzi nengqondo wathuma Imizobo ngokwabo, efana le patheni.

Kwakhona abaphandi ebalulekileyo ukubona indlela ngokuzimeleyo abaculi. Bavakalisa umbono yabo imibala kunye neempawu sizalwa a ezimbejembeje, xa kuthelekiswa nabadlali yaseYurophu owayesebenza indlela yokuhlobisa.

Imisebenzi abaculi Russian nokuphuphuma nje kunye nemifanekiso emihle, ubuso, zizele ebomini, ebesengumfana oyingqombo, lady kamnandi-Interface.

Classicism Silver Age

Ngokuthe ngcembe ebona ukutshintsha lobuhlobo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, kunzima ukwahlula phakathi West yaseYurophu kunye portrait Russian. Uhlobo kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo weza kwibakala lehlabathi. Kuphela ngoku kukho iintlobo eziqaqambileyo nohlaza yobuciko.

Ingaba ekudibaneni yokuhlobisa ukuya neoclassicism kunye predromantike. Imbonakalo amanqaku theka kunye nokukhanya. Eyona iphambili kweli xesha historicism. Oko kukuthi, ithowuni olwalubekwe eni ngokusesikweni asebukhosini.

Eli xesha kuboniswa imisebenzi Shchukin, Rokotoff, kunye Borovikovsky Levitsky.

Okulandelayo kuvela ithuba Romanticism. Apha, artists ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Bryullov Varnek, Tropinin kunye Kiprensky.

Kamva kufika ngokoqobo ukuba ikhona kwi imizobo ka Repin, Surikov kunye Serov.

Age Silver yokudweba Russian yayisenza magcisa zehlabathi ezifana Malevich, Vrubel, Malyutin, Somov, Konchalovsky kunye nabanye.

abonakale Soviet

Portrait yobuciko owayephila ayixhomekekanga ideology, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngamaxesha Soviet, kunye nomba zemali.

Ke phakathi imizobo ka Malevich kunye nexesha lethu kukho elithile yonke eSoviet Union.

Apha baphuhlisa iliza yokuqala avant-garde iingcamango, isikolo eMoscow naseLeningrad, "Abakhi Bratsk". Yaba inkalo esisiseko ngokoqobo yobusoshiyali.

Ngoko ke, thina ngoku wayeqhelene imbali lo mfanekiso zobuciko Russian.