Phi kwaye nini yasungulwa kwazo?

Nakule yonke yoluntu kwakukho izinto ezininzi, wajika ngokupheleleyo indlela yembali ngamaxesha athile. Kodwa bambalwa kubo ixabiso ngomlinganiselo-langa. Ukuveliswa wompu kongoma leswaku a ukufunyanwa enjalo ezinqabileyo, esalinikwayo negalelo elikhulu ukuvela nophuhliso bamasebe ezintsha zesayensi kunye noshishino. Ngoko ke, wonke umntu ofundileyo kufuneka wazi apho kwemoto wompu, ilizwe apho kuyo sasetyenziswa kuqala iinjongo zomkhosi.

Imvelaphi ukubonakala kwazo

ixesha elide aziphelanga ingxoxo malunga xa yasungulwa kwazo. Abanye bathi le iresiphi enokutsha eziphathekayo Chinese, abanye bazixelela ukuba yaqanjwa baseYurophu kwaye kuphela ukusuka apho waya Asia. Kunzima ukuya kutsho kunyaka omnye athi xa kwemoto wompu, kodwa kufuneka ozakuthathwa yokuzalwa China ngokucacileyo.

abahambi Rare, ivaleleke China kumaXesha Aphakathi, ziphawulwe bomthonyama bayakuthanda iziyunguma, ekhatshwa udubulo engaqhelekanga kunye elikhulu kunene. Chinese koku senzo yinto emnandi, kodwa baseYurophu waphefumlela kunkwantya. Enyanisweni oku umgubo, kodwa bamboo nje amahlumelo, uphoswe emlilweni. Emva ngokushushubeza eziqwini iintsuba kunye isandi olwahluke, nto leyo efana kakhulu yona indudumo yemisebenzi ezulwini.

Ifuthe amahlumelo kwakusitsho wabanika emhlabeni ngokucabanga lendela Chinese, waqala ukuhlola kwi ekudalweni kwezo zingangeni izithako zemvelo.

Imbali kwamamdla

Kunzima ukutsho oko nyaka Chinese kwemoto wompu, kodwa kukho ingcaciso kwinkulungwane yesithandathu, amaTshayina babeyazi ngomxube iincindi eziliqela, elivutha anjengedangatye eliqaqambileyo.

Wesundu kokusungulwa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo bobabo lendela ezindlwini Taoist. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezininzi abenzi bamachiza abasoloko bazama ukwenza i lichiza ukungafi. Bahlanganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo etyhutyha ezahlukeneyo, enethemba ngenye imini ukufumana intlanganisela ekunene. Abanye abalawuli Chinese ukuxhomekeka enzima la machiza, waphupha ukuze babe nobomi obungunaphakade, yaye aluthathi akuphephe ukusetyenziswa umxube oyingozi. Xa phakathi kwenkulungwane yesithoba, indela wabhala ama echaza phantse zonke elixirs ezaziwayo kunye neendlela ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Kodwa ayonto ibalulekileyo - imigca embalwa ama ekhankanywe lichiza eziyingozi ezibanjiswe umlilo ezandleni kweyezazi, ebangela ubuhlungu engakholelekiyo. Ukucima umlilo akuphumelelanga, waqhumisela yonke indlu imizuzu embalwa. Kuyinto ezi data Unokuyifaka indawo amafutha imbambano njengoko noko nyaka nalapho kwazo yasungulwa.

Nangona phezulu ukuya wompu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye e China ayenziwanga ziveliswa ezininzi. Encotsheni kwinkulungwane yeshumi kwakukho azibhala eziliqela Chinese ezineenkcukacha inkcazelo ibe luthuthu ukufumaneka ezifunekayo kumacandelo komlilo. Kufuneka sicacise ukuba xa wompu kwemoto, ukuba ezinokutsha kwaye ayikwazanga zisenokuqhushumba.

Ukubunjwa powder

Emva kokuba kwasungulwa iimonki kokwenziwa wachitha iminyaka emininzi kwi kwenkcazo umlinganiselo ifanelekileyo amacandelo. Emva kwetyala kunye imposiso enkulu wabonakala umxube ebizwa ngokuba "umxube umlilo 'nezenziwe carbon, isalfure nitrate. Oku icandelo lokugqibela liye laba sisiqinisekiso ekusekweni kwilizwe kokusungulwa kwazo. Isibakala sokuba nitrate ukufumana kwindalo kunzima, kodwa China na ngaphezu enkulu emhlabeni. Kukho iimeko xa kubonakala phezu komhlaba ezimhlophe ukutyabeka Ebubanzini ngeesentimitha ezintathu. Ezinye Chinese bapheke kongezwa nitrate kukutya ukuphucula Ubumandi endaweni yetyuwa. Baye njalo waphawula ukuba nitrate nghena umlilo yabangela flash eliqaqambileyo kwaye luyayiphucula komlilo.

Ngomhla iimpawu sulphur Taoists wayesazi ukuba ixesha elide, nto idla kusetyenziswa ingqalelo, apho iimonki babizwa "umlingo." Into yokugqibela ngumgubo - amalahle belusoloko isetyenziswe ukuvelisa ubushushu yi komlilo. Ngoko ke, akumangalisi ukuba ezi izinto ezintathu isiseko kwazo.

Ukusetyenziswa esiluxolo kwazo e China

Ngelo xesha xa wompu kwemoto, amaTshayina abayazi indlela wenza into eyaba nkulu. iipropati umlingo "umxube lomlilo", bagqiba ekubeni basebenzise imingcelele ezimibalabala. Kokwenziwa baba crackers element esisiseko kunye ngeekhrikethi. Ngenxa intlanganisela eyiyo izithako kulo mxube emoyeni Yaphaphazela yeza amawaka ezibane zitshintshele umngcelele street ibe yinto ekhethekileyo.

Kodwa musa ukucinga ukuba nokubane loo fyabo, amaTshayina musa ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kwimicimbi yasemkhosini. Nangona isibakala sokuba China kumaXesha Aphakathi belingelilo umhlaseli, waba imo yokhuselo rhoqo emideni yawo. wambi izizwe ezikufuphi ephila ayihlasela umda kwiphondo yaseTshayina, yaye wayila of wompu ukuba luncedo kakhulu. Ngoncedo amaTshayina ixesha elide ukubethelela indawo yayo kummandla Asia.

Wompu: ukusetyenziswa yokuqala iinjongo Chinese zomkhosi

BaseYurophu baye kudala babekholelwa ukuba Chinese akukho zisetyenziswa kwazo ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi. Kodwa enyanisweni ezi idatha eziphosakeleyo. Kukho ubungqina ebhaliweyo ukuba kwinkulungwane yesithathu, omnye iinjengele odumileyo Chinese akwazi soyisa izizwe amadlelo kunye kwazo. Yena esibenza utshaba ibe gorge emxinwa, apho-izityholo pre walala. Aba iimbiza ngodongwe tight ezaliswe kwazo kunye nentsimbi. Ezi ngoqalo buzane ngeentambo ezingwevu. Xa ngomlilo Chinese kubo, A Sound of beNdudumo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuboniswe iindonga olulodwa. Ukusuka phantsi ezinyaweni abasemathanga waphoswa amagada amatye kunye ngentsimbi emhlabeni,. Ingozi eyoyikekayo imnyanzele bahlaseli ukuba ushiye umda elide amaphondo of China.

Ukususela elinanye kwinkulungwane weshumi Chinese kwaphucuka amandla ayo zomkhosi encediswa kwazo. Bona ceba izixhobo ezitsha. Iintshaba ayinakubamba nge fireballs, imijukujelwa Sanduluka ngoqalo nemipu, Sanduluka isilinge. Ngenxa "umxube lomlilo" yayo Chinese wavela noloyiso phantse kuzo zonke iimfazwe, kwaye ubuqaqawuli izinto engaqhelekanga saa kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Wompu ishiya China: Arabhu kwaye Mongols kuqalisa ukuvelisa kwazo

Ehlabathini eleshumi wompu ngenkulungwane iresiphi yawa ezandleni-Arabhu, yaye Mongols. Kwilivo omnye Arab yabiwa imbali apho amalahle kuye inkcazelo eneenkcukacha olinganise sulphur kunye nitrate, kuyimfuneko ukuba umxube ogqibeleleyo. Ukuze ufumane lo mthombo Inkcazelo, i-Arabhu wabatshabalalisa eMonastri intaba.

Akwaziwa nokuba oku, kodwa ngenkulungwane enye Arabhu akha nompu yokuqala kunye amaqokobhe of kwazo. Wayeneminyaka kakhulu wayengafezekanga yaye ngokufuthi usisiqhwala, namajoni ngokwawo, kodwa ke isiphumo kwezixhobo ngokucacileyo nesigqubuthelo ilahleko yabantu.

"Umlilo Greek": olungumgubo baseByzantium

Ngokutsho iincwadi zembali, i-Arabhu wompu iresiphi weza Byzantium. bamachiza bit Local abasebenze ukwakheka baza baqalisa ukusebenzisa umxube enokutsha, ebizwa ngokuba 'umlilo Greek ". Kungqineke ngempumelelo ngokwayo ukuziphendulela mzi, xa umlilo esuka kwimibhobho phantse yonke fleet yotshaba.

Akwaziwa yintoni yinxalenye "umlilo Greek". iresiphi yakhe igcinwa yimfihlo ngamehlo abomvu, kodwa abaphandi bacebisa ukuba amaByzantine kusetyenziswa isalfure, neoli, nitrate, intlaka kunye namafutha.

Wompu eYurophu: ceba?

Kangangethuba elide imbonakalo ngumtyholwa of wompu eYurophu kucingwe ukuba Rodzher Bekon. Phakathi kwinkulungwane weshumi, yaba yaseYurophu yokuqala ukuchaza encwadini onke zokupheka for kwazo. Kodwa le ncwadi ifihliwe, kwaye sebenzisa oko akwenzeki. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ceba wompu eYurophu, impendulo yombuzo wakho ibali Bertolda Shvartsa.

Yena kwaba indela waza wafunda alchemy ukuze kuxhamle i-Order of Franciscans. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesine, wasebenza phezu kwinkcazelo olinganise ubuncwane carbon, isalfure saltpeter. Emva a lot of amalinge, wakwazi yaso ngesingqusho kwaye amacandelo ayimfuneko inani elaneleyo ukuba dubulo. Iliza phantse wathumela indela ekukhanyeni. Kodwa wokusungula yaba isiqalo sexesha elitsha eYurophu - ilixa kompu.

Umfuziselo yokuqala "badubula nodaka" aphuhliswe zonke Schwartz mnye, kuba leyo Wavalelwa ngenjongo kuyimfihlo. Kodwa weba monk kwaye ithuthwa ngokufihlakeleyo eJamani, apho waqhubeka imifuniselo bakhe ekuphuculeni lwemipu. Yintoni yaphela ubomi bakhe endela benelungelo, akwaziwa. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo enye, yasha phezu Umphanda kwazo, ze enye, wafa ngokukhuselekileyo ebudaleni kakhulu. Nantoni na, kodwa ke umgubo wanika baseYurophu ithuba elikhulu, leyo zange ajike ukuba basebenzise.

Nokufika kwazo eRashiya

Ngelishwa, akukho imithombo ukuba asikhanyisele kwimbali ukuvela kwazo eRashiya igcinwe. Inguqulelo kakhulu ethandwa kugqalwa eboleka kagqirha iziqhushumbisi evela amaByzantine. Ngoko ke, enoba oko enyanisweni - ayaziwa, kodwa umgubo eRashiya ngokuba "umxube", yaye waba ngumgubo-like guquki. Kuba okokuqala umpu ezazisetyenziswa ngayo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine emva kwexesha, ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni ka Moscow Khan Tokhtamysh. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umpu akazange abe namandla amakhulu yingozi. Zazisetyenziswa ukugrogrisa utshaba, namahashe, apho umsi kunye igquma walahlekelwa kuqhelaniswa space, owahlwayela ukwesaba phakathi alaba.

Ngu wompu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ndaba eqhelekileyo kakhulu, kodwa iminyaka yayo 'yegolide "ndisekhona phambili.

Iresiphi powder msi: ceba?

Isiphelo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yabalasela wayila zokuguqulwa ezintsha kwazo. Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba eminyaka, nabasunguli baye bazama ukuphucula umxube amafutha. Ngoko ke leyo ilizwe wasungula wompu ngaphandle umsi? Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba eFransi. Abaqambi lwakwazi ukufumana Vielle pyroxylin umgubo ukuba isakhiwo esiqinileyo. Ityala lakhe udale furore, iingenelo zezinto entsha nangoko kuphawulwa emkhosini. Ekuthiwa-msi kokwenziwa yaba nefuthe elikhulu, Akazange ashiye idipozithi kwaye atshiswe. In Russia yanyuselwa kweminyaka emithathu kamva kunokuba eFransi. Ngaphezu koko, nabasunguli baye basebenza ngokuzimeleyo.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva , Alfred Nobel owoyiswayo zisetyenziswe ekwenziweni powder amaqokobhe nitroglycerin kunye neempawu ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. Kamva kwembali kokwenziwa waba ezininzi zokuguqulwa nophuculo, kodwa elowo kubo kujongwe ukuba ukubangela ukufa phezu imigama emide.

Kude kube namhlanje, emkhosini, nabasunguli basebenza nzima ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo of kwazo. Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi, ngoncedo lwakhe kwixesha elizayo, ukuba kakhulu ukutshintsha imbali yoluntu ngaphezu kanye.