Umprosesa waseRussia. Abaprofeti baseRashiya

Abaphuhlisi baseRussia Federation baqala ukudala zabo iiproprocessors zabo, ezithathwa njengolukhuphiswano olunxamnye nemveliso yezinto ezihamba phambili zehlabathi. Kukho sele iisampula ze-serial, ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwemveliso, kunye nophuhliso olucwangcisiweyo. Ziziphi iiprosesa zaseRussia-ezikhoyo okanye ezizayo-ezifanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo?

Abaphuhlisi abakhulu beprojekthi zaseRashiya

Icandelo le-IT IT eRussia likhula ngokukhawuleza. Phakathi kwamacandelo akhe aphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe kukuphuhliswa kweeproprocessors ezijoliswe ekusebenziseni kwi-PC, kunye neeseva ezibizwa ngokuba yi-IBM-architecture. Ngoku kule marike ilawulwa yimpawu ezimbini zehlabathi - i-Intel ne-AMD. Kukho ambalwa kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kwehlabathi kukhuphiswano. Kodwa ezi zinokucetyiswa ngabayingcali baseRussia.

Phakathi kwama microcircuti athembisayo evela kwiRashiya yeRussia, enokuba ngabaqhubi be-Intel kunye ne-AMD, iprojekthi ye-Baikal ithathwa njengolu hlobo. Kucingelwa ukuba le chip izakufakwa kwiikhomputha eziyalelwe ngu-arhente karhulumente. Umthengisi omncinci kakhulu owaziwayo, owenza umsebenzi kunye nokulungiselela ukuveliswa kwemida ye-chip, i-MCTST nkampani. Uvelisa ii-chips phantsi kohlobo lwe-Elbrus kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa.

Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi iinkcukacha ezibonakalayo ngokuthembisa nokusebenza kwiprosesa eyenziwe ngesiRashiya.

Inkqubo yexesha elizayo: iBaikal

NgoJuni 2014, iindaba zaseRashiya zajikeleza iindaba: uMphathiswa wezoShishino kunye noRhwebo wenza umyalelo wokuphuhliswa kwe-microprocessors, ezaza kufakwa emva koko kwii-PC ezizithengelwe iimfuno zelizwe. Sithetha malunga ne-chips phantsi kwegama "Baikal". Ziziphi iimbali eziphawulekayo eziphawulekayo kule chip? Ikhampani yeBaikal Electronics yaqala ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yeprogram yeBaikal. Le projekthi ixhaswa yi-T-Nano Centre, eyadalwa yi-T-Platform Corporation, ngokuthatha inxaxheba kaRunnano. Kumsebenzi kwiprosesa, i-United Instrument Making Corporation nayo ibandakanyeka. Kuyaziwa ukuba ezo nkampani njengeDepo Computers, Aquarius, kunye neKraftway zinokuthatha inxaxheba kule projekthi.

Kucingelwa ukuba iprojector "iBaikal" iya kudalwa ngeenguqu ezininzi. Iyokuqala iya kuba, ngokweminye iminatha, i-8-core chips ye-Baikal M, kunye ne-M / S yama-PC kunye namaseva. Ziza kuveliswa ngesiseko se-teknoloji ye-nm 28, kunye ne-cortex A57 cores, esebenza kumgaqo-64-bit. Ukusebenza kweprojekthi yeBaikal kuya kuba malunga ne-2 GHz. Kulindelwe ukuba ii-chips ziya kuhambelana ne-Linux OS. Emva koko, ii-16-core chips nazo ziya kwenziwa. Ziza kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-nm 16. Kukho ulwazi ukuba umprosesa waseRussia "Baikal" phakathi kwamaqela okuqala uya kukhutshwa yi-TSMC inkampani yaseTaiwan.

Uphawu lwe-Elbrus: iinjongo eziphambili

Omnye uphawu lwe-microprocessor, owaziwayo eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe, ngu-Elbrus. Ii-Chips phantsi kwesi sibonakaliso sele zikhutshwe kwiindidi ezininzi. Kukho umproseshi oyintloko-"Elbrus". Kukho ii-chips ezine-4 okanye i-8 cores.

Kukho ulwazi olusondeleyo kwiPC olusekelwe kule projekthi luza kufakwa kwiimarike. Okwangoku, ngokusekelwe kwii-chips ze-Elbrus, imizekelo esebenzayo yeekhomputha zezinto ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa zenziwe - iiptops, i-monoblocks, idesktops, iiseva. Abathengi abaphambili bamaPC, apho umprosesa waseRussia, ophuhliswe yi-MTSTS nkampani, uya kufakelwa, kulindeleke ukuba abe ziimpawu zokhuselo. Kukho nethemba lokufunwa kwamashishini amakhulu. I-Elbrus chips inokusebenza phantsi kwe-OS eyintloko ye-IBM-iikhompyutheni zobugcisa - Windows, Linux.

Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi malunga nendlela abaqhubi be-Elbrus abadalwa ngayo.

Elbrus projekthi: iimbali

Ikhompyutheni yokuqala, apho imbali yoluphawu iqalisa khona, yenziwa ngabaosayensi beSoviet kuma-70s. Yaba yinkomfa ye-computer "Elbrus-1". Kwakusekelwe kwii-chips ze-TTL kwaye ziqulethe iiprogram ezili-10 kwisakhiwo salo kunye nesakhono esiphezulu se-megaflops ezili-15. Kwinqanaba elithile, kwakungumatshini oyingqayizivele: ngokukodwa, kuphunyezwe umgaqo wokuphunyezwa okufanayo. Ngokweminye ingcaciso, kwihlabathi leekhompyutheni ezinjalo kwakusakhula ngoko. Ixabiso le-RAM kwi-Elbrus-1 yayingama-64 MB - ngaphezulu kunexabiso.

Ikhompyutha ekhethekileyo yeSoviet yaqala ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yayo yokusebenza kunye neelwimi ezihlukeneyo. Ngowe-1985, kwabonakala u-Elbrus-2, okwakungumzekelo ophuculweyo womshini wokuqala. Yayifake isiseko sezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kwi-chips ye-ESL. Ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwabaproseshi bekhomputha yecomputer kwaba ngaphezu kwe-125 megaflops. Ukwakhiwa kwekhompyutheni kuphunyezwe umgaqo-modular. I-Elbrus-2 eyinkimbinkimbi ibonakaliswe yinqanaba eliphezulu lezantya kunye nokuzinza kokusebenza. Kuyaziwa ukuba yayisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zempi. Iphelele, imboni yaseSoviet ivelise i-30 Elbrus-2 complexes.

Ngowe-1990, ikhompyutha yomboniso "Elbrus-3" yenziwe. Kodwa ngelo xesha, ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima zezopolitiko kweli lizwe, inkxaso yeprojekthi yapheliswa. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1992, kwakhiwa i-Moscow Center ye-SPARC Technologies LLP, eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-MCTST. Inkampani yaqala ukuvelisa iinkqubo zoshishino, ezazisusela kwi-technology ebizwa ngokuba yi-SPARC, eyakhiwe yi-Sun Microsystems.

Isisombululo esisekelwe kwi-SPARC

Ukusebenza ngezisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-SPARC, inkampani ye-MCST yavelisa yayo imveliso ngendlela ye-microprocessor. Kwiinguqulelo zangaphambili, ubugcisa balo bwaziwa ngokuba yi-E2k. Imodeli yokuqala yeprojector esekelwe kuyo, ebizwa nge-R150, yakhululwa ngo-2001. Inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe ithathwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-teknoloji ye-350 nm. Umprosesa waseRussia wasebenza ngamaxesha angama-150 MHz kunye nokusebenza malunga ne-150 megaflops.

Ngo-2004, kwavela intsimbi enamandla kakhulu-i-R500. Ixesha lalo lixesha liyi-500 MHz. Yayikhiqizwa kwimida yemigangatho yetheknoloji ephezulu - 130 nm. Ngo-2007, inkampani ye-MCTS ikhiphe i-proxy-core proxy R500S, equka ukuphuhliswa kwintsimi ye-teknoloji ye-SPARC. Ukusebenza kwayo kwakuyi-1 gigaflops.

Kanye kunye nokuphuhliswa kwee-microcircuits ngokusekelwe kwi-SPARC, inkampani ye-MCTS yayibandakanyeke ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokusekela ngokuzenzekelayo kwiinjineli zayo. Ngoko, ngowama-2007 umprosesa waseRussia u-Elbrus wadalwa waza wadlulisa iimvavanyo zelizwe. Yenziwe ngokuhambelana nomgangatho we-130 nm kwaye uqhutywe kwixesha le-300 MHz. Inkqubo yenkqubo yaxhotyiswa enye yintloko kwaye isebenza ngesivinini se-4.8 gigaflops. I-chip enikeziwe, kunye nexesha lokusebenza kuyo, libeke isiqalo kuyo yonke intsapho ye-microcircuits ezikhulile kwizigqibo zobuchwepheshe, eziphezulu. Cinga ngabo.

Elbrus-S

I-chip yokuqala ye-serial esuka kwi-MTSTS yi-processor ye-Elbrus-S, eyavela ngo-2010. Yaveliswa ngokuhambelana nomgangatho we 90mm. Le chip ingasebenza ngexesha le-500 MHz kwaye inika ukusebenza malunga ne-8 gigaflops.

Kunokuqaphela ukuba ukusebenza okufanayo kungaboniswa yi-AMD Athlon 64 chip, isebenza kwi-2.2 GHz.

Elbrus-2S +

Ngo-2011, ulungiso olulandelayo lwenkqubo luvele: i-Elbrus-2C + chip. Kwakhiwe kwakhona ngokuhambelana nokuzwakhiwa kwe-90 nm, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kwakuphezulu kakhulu - i-gigaflops ezingama-28. Kunokuqaphela ukuba ii-chips ezifanayo zinokufikelela kwiipipi ezifana ne-Intel Core 2 Duo, kunye ne-Intel Core i3. Kukho ulwazi abaphuhlisi abakwaziyo ukufezekisa inkqubela phambili efanayo ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yeprogram 4 ye-chip eyongezelelweyo iyahanjiswa. Eli qela lenza ukusetyenziswa kwamagqirha yedijithali. Nangona kunjalo, iprojekti eyakhelwe yoluhlobo olulinganayo, njengoko lubalwa yiinjineli ze-MCST, ibonakaliswe ngongqongqo ophezulu kwiinkqubo zokukhululwa. Ngoko ke, kule mizekelo elandelayo i-Elbrus yatshintshwa ezinye izisombululo.

Elbrus-4S

Ngo-2014, ukuveliswa kwe-serial ye-microprocessor yomsebenzi olandelayo, u-Elbrus-4S, waqala. Le chip isakhiwe usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-nm 65. Ingundoqo yayo (kukho 4 kubo, ngokulandelanayo) isebenza kwi-800 MHz. Ngamnye wabo uxhotyiswe nge-2 MB cache. Oku kwavunyelwene ukuphumeza ukusebenza kweprojekthi ye-50 gigaflops. Oku kuya kufana noko, umzekelo, i-Intel Core i7-975 chip ine-53 gigaflops. Ngelo xesha, amandla aseRashiya angama-45W. Kulo mbandela, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kwiprosesor ye-Elbrus-4S, ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba, zinoqoqosho ngaphezu kophuhliso lwaseMelika.

I-chip kunye ne-4 cores evela kwi-MTSTS yenye yezona zizonke. Iintlobo zeekhompyuter apho le projekthi ingafakwa khona - ii-PC, ii-laptops, ii-server, i-monoblocks. Enyanisweni, kumgca weekhomputha zeekhompyutheni, ezivelisa inkampani ye-MCTS, kukho uomatshini kuwo onke amalungiselelo aqingqiweyo.

Elbrus-8S

Inkqubo entsha kwi-MTSTS - eneentsimbi ezingu-8 "Elbrus-8S". I-Chip isebenza ngesiseko somgangatho we-28 nm, owenza ngokusondeleyo kwiisampula ezikhokelayo ze-microprocessors. Imemori yekhowudi yesibini kwinqanaba le-microcircuit "Elbrus-8S" - 4 MB, wesithathu - 16 MB. Umprojekti unokusebenza nomgangatho oqhelekileyo we-RAM uhlobo lwe-DDR3 1600. Ukusebenza kwe-chip, kulinganiswa ngokubala okuchanekileyo, yi-250 gigaflops. Iprojector ine-4 memory controllers. Isalathisi segama lomda womzila wezonxibelelwano ze-interprocesor yi-16 GB / s. Ukusebenza okuphawulwe kwe-chip yi-250 gigaflops. Uhambelana njani nokusebenza kweempawu zehlabathi zomprosesa waseRashiya? Kunokuqaphela ukuba i- Intel Core i7 4930K ivelisa malunga ne-130-140 iigigaflops. Ngokukodwa kwi-processors entsha ye-Elbrus, ii-boardboards ezintsha zenziwa, kunye neenguqu ezihlukeneyo ze-OS. Kwakhona, mhlawumbi, iikhomputha zee-multiprocessor ezisekelwe kwi-chip ziya kuphuhliswa.

Kukho ulwazi lokuba ngo-2018 inkampani ye-MCTS iya kukhupha iprogram ye-Elbrus-16C. Uyilo lwabo lwakhiwo 1 teraflops. Kwakhona kulindeleke ukuba inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe ye- chips iza kusekelwe kumgangatho ongaphantsi kwe-28 nm.

Iinjongo zeepips

Iingcali zivavanya njani abaprosesa baseRashiya? Iimpendulo zeengcali ezininzi ze-IT, unokuthi, zithandeka.

Kukho izizathu ezininzi zezi. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abaphuhlisi baziqhenyayo ukuba iprojector yenziwa ngokusemthethweni eRussia, kwaye kwiimeko apho ixesha elide imeko yezoqoqosho engenzi negalelo ekuphuhliseni okusebenzayo kwinkampani ye-IT kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe kunye nezesayensi. Ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwabaprojekthi, uqikelelo luvakala ngokubanzi.

Kukho iimbono ezivela kwiingcali ezixhalabele amathuba okuthengisa. Ukuze senze inzuzo, sidinga iimarike ezinkulu, ezihlala zikhokeli zehlabathi. Ukhuphiswano kunye nabo, iingcali zikholelwa, aziyi kuba lula.

Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokwezinye i-analysts, i-processors ye-Elbrus ingaba yindlela efanelekileyo yokufumana izisombululo ezivela kwi-Intel ne-AMD ngaphakathi kwiRussia Federation, ngokukodwa kwintsimi yempahla yempi, apho abaphuhlisi baxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezingqongqo ngokubhekiselele kwizinto zecomputer kunye nokukhuselwa kokusetyenziswa kwazo. Inkampani ye-MCTST, iingcali zikholelwa, zikwazi ngokupheleleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwabaprofeti zivelisa kule mfuno.

OS "uElbrus"

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inkqubo ehlukile yokusebenza yenziwe ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zekhompyutheni ezivela kwi-MTCT esebenzayo kwi-processor ye-Elbrus. Kwakusekelwe kwi-kernel ye Linux kwi-version 2.6.33, nangona kunjalo, yayisetyenziswa ngokusisiseko. Ngenxa yoko, i-Elbrus OS yabonakala, ibonakaliswe yinqanaba eliphezulu lekhuseleko kunye nokuzinza ukusebenza. Ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokusebenza yaseRashiya , ukuthatha inxaxheba kwenzalo yenziwe ngabayingcali be-INEUM. IS Brook.