Nqwelo yeposi: inkcazelo. Ukuthuthwa mail. Russian Post - processing kunye nokuziswa iposi

abantu lesiphumo ibalulekileyo yokuphalaza, uhlanganise onke amazwe kunye nabantu - Mail. Aba bathunywa wamnikela imiyalezo ebalulekileyo ngemihla koFaro. Ukususela ngoko, iindlela zonikezelo imbalelwano ziye ngokuqhubekayo ngcono. Ukuthumela Mail ezimotweni iileta neepasile okunene ukususela ekuqaleni zolwakhiwo imizila kaloliwe yokuqala.

ulwazi zembali

imiyalezo Thumela izithunywa ngehashe kwenziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Kwinkulungwane XV kunye popularization of umthamo imbalelwano yeposi linyuke kakhulu, as a result kukho le nqwelo yokuqala yeposi. Kwinkulungwane kamva, i iinqwelo elebhu kunye sleds zatshintshwa anezinto-zobugcisa abaqeqeshi endlwini exhotyiswe absorbers ukothuka, izibane kunye nezinye iimpawu inkqubela zobugcisa.

Ixesha kwiwotshi yamanani ezikufutshane kule nqwelo zeposi "esiporweni" - moya yamahashe isebenza onezi. Baqala ke ukuba kusetyenziswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX yaye aqhelekileyo kakhulu, ingakumbi i-UK kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Ukusuka ihashe ezikucaphukisa ibambelele

Ngowe-1825, injineli IsiNgesi kunye Umsunguli Dzhordzh Stefenson wakha kaloliwe lokuqala zovavanyo phakathi kwiidolophu Darlington kunye Stockton-on-Tees kuyo bendihamba "buyo umphunga" loyilo yakhe. A umzila kaloliwe yesibini phakathi Manchester kunye Liverpool wabeka ukusebenza ngo-1830. Le line waqala ukubaleka kaloliwe ukuthutha imoto umkhweli kunye nempahla apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bahambise imiyalezo.

I-British waqonda ukuba le indlela yothutho kuya kunceda ukukhawulezisa kokunikezelwa iposi. Ekuqaleni, neenqwelwana zeposi zazifakwa yinkundla ekhethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, le kulayishwa inkqubo / ukothula efunekayo elininzi ixesha. 06.01.1838, emgceni London-umXhosa wawagxotha imoto yokuqala zanikezelwa mail. Ukusukela ngoSeptemba kulo nyaka, iileta neepasile baqalisa ukuyisombulula le ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuba nokwehlisa ixesha phakathi kokuthumela umyalezo kunye irisithi yayo.

ulwazi jikelele

Njengoko ukuba izithuthi kaloliwe kuphela ixhomekeke kancinci kwi obukhoyo imozulu, akakhawulezi ngokwaneleyo kwaye ithobela kucwangciso engqongqo, yena ngcembe waba indlela ephambili yonikezelo lomyalezo. Emva kokuba imoto mail eNgilani waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi oluphambili:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• EFransi (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

umbuso Russian

1837 waba unyaka wokuzalwa lothutho ngololiwe zikawonke eRashiya. On 27-sekhilomitha omde "St Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" zikaloliwe bendihamba lwabasenzi abandisiweyo ukuthwala abakhweli 300. Ngenxa amava yaseBritani, isebe yeposi liye anesivumelwano Tsarskoselskaya w / d imbalelwano zokuhamba. Zahlulo ezithwala nempahla emotweni, iipasile kunye neeleta kusiwa ngekhuriya.

Le zip eyenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo Railways nqwelo yokuqala ukuba avunyelwe ukuya ukuphatha imbalelwano, waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1861. Ngaphambi koko, iindlela kwezidingo "UMgalili": ezizukileyo of babenikela amabhali kunye ezimbalwa iimoto abakhweli iguqulwe, neenqwelwana ezithutha amaqonga kwempahla, zeposi, njl

Ngowe-1869 oko kwasekwa idilesi yolawulo zokuthutha kaloliwe. Ngeli xesha, imiyalezo kunye neepasile ethuthwa 35 w / imigca d, kuquka amazwe. Ekupheleni kuka-1903 eRashiya owawusebenza phantse 600 ezimotweni yeposi.

USSR

Ilizwe iSoviet olukhawulezisiweyo ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa imizila yoololiwe. Kwakukho iinjini-ngesantya esiphezulu isizukulwana esitsha: idizili kunye zamalahle zombane. Xa imigca emithathu pochtampy prizheleznodorozhnye ezinkulu ziye zasekwa. nqwelo yeposi waba isiseko, isithuthi inokuthenjwa lokuhanjiswa iileta.

Ukususela ngowe-1962 baqala ukubaleka oololiwe post-imithwalo, kuquka ukuya ku 12 e-mail, yaye ukuya ku-8 iimoto nempahla. Nayiphi na nokwakhiwa inxalenye kube lula undock uze uqhoboshele kwezinye nokwakheka. Kamva, ukuba bakwaloliwe eli lizwe bafudukela 23 yezi oololiwe kunye nenani iinqwelo yeposi wayesondela units 900. Yembalelwano ukuba ziphathwe ekuhambeni phindo, waba isitampu ezikhethekileyo - "PV".

Russia

In xxi ngenkulungwane sisasetyenziswayo wenziwe unikezelo "Mail Russia" imbalelwano ngololiwe. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo awazange lehla kakhulu. Ukuba kunyaka ophelileyo eSoviet Union wenza 1319 iinqwelo zeposi ngamacandelo-2007 ngo-1079 wahlala phakathi. Namhlanje, kukho ngokuphindwe kabini ngaphantsi.

Noko ke, umntu akakwazi ukuthetha malunga ukwehla yeposi kaloliwe. Kwiindawo ezininzi, w / izithuthi d - i inokuthenjwa (rhoqo kuphela) indlela yonxibelelwano. Ngo-2005, isityalo St. Petersburg "Vagonmash" akha iposi entsha 61-531 ukulungisa imoto. Kuyo inikeza imeko-bume obutofotofo kubasebenzi, TV, microwave, umoya, ngomnxeba. inkqubo ingcinezelo umlilo olusebenzayo uya kuwusindisa impahla exabisekileyo.

Modern automated system lokhetho ingaphatha ukuhamba bonke abasebenzi ababini, kunokuba ezintandathu. Ngenxa yokubeka banda, kulayishwa amandla imoto landile ukuya kwiitoni 22. Indlela ephambili yokuthutha iya kuba ezingarisay, zithwele ezityeni.

Ukususela ngo-2009, ukuziswa "Mail Russia" lwenziwe, kubandakanywa iimoto ezintsha Torzhok isityalo. Model 61-906 yenzelwe wophathelo lweposi kwiziphathi. Ukucacisa:

• Isantya Avumele: 160 km / h.
• Isikhundla: angu-22.
• Inani labasebenzi: 4.
• Inani iminyango kulayishwa 4.

Imoto kufakwa air conditioning, ukufudumeza, umoya.

kwemvelo

Neendlela zokuqala labaqeqeshi imeyile babengafezekanga. Elifutshane emxinwa, ukuba unikwa isithuba kancinane abasebenzi kunye nembalelwano. Ngokuthe ngcembe ngcono design. ENgilani, wasungula isixhobo ekuvumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza, kubhabho ukulayisha iingxowa iipasile kunye neeleta. Ekuhambeni kwexesha abantu baxhotyiswe ndawo, apho abasebenzi ezinokuzisebenza nokuhlela imiyalezo, ngemva kuba ukuphumla kunye nokutya. Ezinye iimodeli baba igumbi ekhululekile ngobunkokheli phezulu.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kukho uphuhliso iimoto mail US kanobom kwi "Wild West." Ngenxa ekuhlaseleni abaphangi, ukuba kancane kancane, de yajika yaba enqabeni enamavili. Okuhamba loo nqwelo imeyile leyo abasebenzi axhobileyo wenziwe. Igobhogobho ke vehicles, ibekwe kwi kujikelezo eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo ze zokudubula kwi izibane wemagniziyam evulekileyo namageduka ngobuciko indawo iikhilomitha eziliqela.

imoto imeyile Modern - izakhiwo, nto leyo ithathwa kunye ukuhamba naluphi na uhlobo. Oku kwenza i ukwamkelwa, ukugcinwa, ukuhlela kunye zothutho ngololiwe izikhongozelo neebhegi beepasile, iileta, iipasela, iileta nezinye iintlobo zemiyalezo.

iintlobo ezimotweni

Uyilo ezahlukeneyo ezimotweni mail zazenzelwe isiqingatha eminyaka:

• neposi;
• yeposi kunye kubekwa;
• yokuhlela yeposi;
• iimoto ulawulo mobile;
• uluntu;
• magorha.

amathuba

Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, kuye kwasasazwa zeposi yi w / d yokuthuthwa lifinyele. Isantya ikhapitali ngenqwelomoya ukuhamba - izithuthi ezindleleni. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa nomthamo umthwalo omkhulu kunye nokukwazi ukumelana ukuhamba on the go, olu hlobo lonikezelo isekhona ngoku.

Lelinye lamazwe zokuqala apho iinqwelo zeposi kungekho elide, baba eUnited States. Ide 40 iziporo kuthuthwa malunga 300 okulahlwayo iipasela, iileta, iipasile. Kwakukho iindlela ngaphezu kwama 9,000. Ngaphambili, oko ukuthutha imbalelwano bazisa w / e engundoqo kwingeniso yenkampani azigubungela ilahleko evela ukuthutha abantu. Ngo-1950, ngenxa yotshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo manani US Postal Service ngayo imigca lancitshiswa ku 794-x. Kwaye ngo-1962, 262 kuphela wahlala ephakathi imizi emikhulu.

Ngowe-1967, i-Service yeposi iye yarhoxiswa ukuthuthwa consignments ngololiwe. Ukuchitha kwezivumelwano kakuhle kukhokelele kwiingxaki zemali iinkampani w / d zavalwa, iindlela ezininzi umkhweli. ixesha lokugqibela uloliwe imeyile eUnited States evela eNew York - Washington 30.06.1977 ngonyaka.

Kwi-UK, uninzi yeposi theka ngololiwe. Kwi-90 kwakukho Royal Mail uthengiso iinkampani zikarhulumente, iipateni zendlela zitshintshile. Ngo-2003, inkampani yagqiba ukuba ikwazi ukuxhoma unikezelo koololiwe mail, kodwa inxalenye kamva yendlela ibuyiselwe. Kwakhona, kukho iinkampani zabucala ezilawula zemalike.

Kwi koololiwe enkulu imeyile isithuba Asia yindlela ethandwayo ukusa iposi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2016 kwindlela Beijing - Moscow ukongeza impahla imoto kweendlela ngokukhawuleza umkhweli ngamazwe usungule uloliwe rhoqo, eliquka kuphela ezimotweni yeposi. China iceba ukwandisa ukuthuthwa iileta neepasile ezivela "New Silk Road" kunye ukwandiswa kweendlela ukuya kwizixeko ezinkulu eYurophu.