Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod): imbali, inkcazelo, idilesi, iiyure lokuvula

Enye ezikhumbuzo zindala wawalwela izakhiwo Russian - oku Novgorod yesicelo, okanye njengoko kuthiwa, Detinets. Isibonelelo kuquka izakhiwo ngamaxesha ixesha ezahlukeneyo kunye zaphawula, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo eynza entsonkothileyo elikhethekileyo nanto, lubonakala iqondo elikhulu weRiphablikhi Novgorod phambi kokuba lonke igunya eMoscow.

Novgorod yesicelo

Ndingento wamandulo izakhiwo inqaba of Great Novgorod. Isakhiwo grand phezu kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo Volkhov. Noko ke, xa usenza isigqibo ukutyelela Novgorod yesicelo, kungcono ukuba wazi ukuba idilesi yegosa: Velikiy Novgorod maziyo. Incwadi yesicelo, 11. Isakhiwo i lesikhumbuzo ebalulekileyo zokwakha, yaye kwinqanaba federal, ikhuselwe ngurhulumente, ukongeza, kwiMyuziyam-reserve zifakiwe kwi-UNESCO World List Heritage njengenxalenye isixeko esinembali. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ebhaliweyo yesicelo abala kunyaka 1044. Kakade ke, yena, njengabo bonke abanye, ngokuxhomekeka ukwaluphala, ayilwamkeli ixesha ilize ngaye, yaye ezinye nobutyobo ezilahlekileyo.

Detinets, Veliky Novgorod: kutheni ibizwa kangaka?

Ngokuqinisekileyo bonke ongazange weva gama, ngaba kwezinye ukudideka, ngenxa yokuba ilizwi "yesicelo" Ngaphezu eqhelekileyo, kuxhaphakile phakathi kwabantu. Ngelo xesha detintsem eRussia sathiwa ngaphandle ngaphakathi izixeko inqaba ezibe ngexesha eqhekekileyo Kuyaziwa. Yemihla yamandulo igama lokuqala uqala ukuba kwenzeka 1097, yaye kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-14 kwafakwa elithi "yesicelo". Kamva, lisaqhubeka ikhona kuphela imithombo ezibhaliweyo kunye Novgorod-Pskov imvelaphi, ngoko ke inxenye ukuchazwa dialecticism.

Iinguqulelo ngemvelaphi intetho

Uninzi izazinzulu, iingcali zeelwimi imvelaphi elithi "Detinets" (Velikiy Novgorod, Kiev kunye nezinye iidolophu ezinkulu engenazakhiwo efanayo) ezinxulumene ne ingcambu efanayo "abantwana". Ngoko ke, ubhishophu zeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, Metropolitan Eugene ngo-1808 wacebisa ukuba bonke abantwana ngexesha ukuhlaselwa lutshaba lukhuselwe apho ke kuloo nqaba, kutheni ke kwafika igama. mbali eSoviet kunye zakudala abathe basetyenziswa Ukumba i Novgorod yesicelo, wayekholelwa ukuba igama wamkela ngenxa yamadoda umthetheli, ababephila apho. Zibizwa abantwana okanye umntwana. Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni iinkosana e Detinets wayengekho - bahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane.

Ngokutsho Academician Yanin VL Novgorod yesicelo, njengaye wonke umntu, got igama layo ngenxa yokuba, mhlawumbi, kwakukho kumabhunga abadala.

Enye inguqulelo efanayo wavakalisa injineli Russian emkhosini. Kuyinto elula neqondakalayo. Igama elithi "Detinets" livela "ukwenza 'isenzi. Oku kuchazwe yi kukuba ngamaxesha ingozi kwi inqaba kwakukho abafazi nabantwana, iitempile zonqulo kunye nempahla. Le nguqulo ukusa kumkhamo othile esilala kunye kuqala.

Novgorod yesicelo: A History Brief

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba inxalenye esemntla kummandla apho yesicelo ngoku, ibikade ogudle umlambo Volkhov yaye yahlulwa kwiindawo ezimbini. Wavele, i Detinets kakhulu yokuqala usesikhundleni eliphakathi kwaye ibekwe kwi siqithi wasentla. Ku yakhiwa ngomthi, waza wabeka unyana wakhe Yaroslava Mudrogo - Prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich. Kananjalo uqalise ukwakhiwa indlu ephambili mzi 1045 - Nozipho Cathedral, eyathatha iminyaka esixhenxe. Ubungcwele kwenzeka ngo-1052, kunye nenyanga kamva, uVladimir kuphumla kooyise, waza wangcwatyelwa ibandla elitsha.

Novgorod yesicelo-Detinets (Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast) kutshiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1097 kwi-sasekhohlo yakhe encinane, kunye esitsha kwakhiwa kuphela 1116, kwaye ngexesha wafikelela ubukhulu langoku. Ngeli xesha, inxalenye onomtsalane mmandla yadla Vladycha eyadini - yokuhlala zikabhishophu. Yaba nguye owathi ngo-1333 baqalisa ukwakha inqaba ilitye, esoyika uhlaselo kungekuphela nje balwa kunye mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kodwa Prince Ivan Kalita. Zalisa replacement emthini phezu kolwalwa kwenzeka kuphela 30 kwinkulungwane ye-15. Okunye zokwakha irobust ezongeziweyo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokuthe zitshatyalaliswe wambuyisela. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa amaJamani ayekade Novgorod, Detinets (incwadi) yayisetyenziswa njengendawo lokuqondisa amajoni.

Emva intshabalalo okukhulu lwenzeka kwi-imi- 90 yenkulungwane yokugqibela, xa udonga ngokungaphelelanga liwa, kufutshane Spassky Tower (20 imitha lokuphumla). Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, ucingo wabuyiselwa. Ngoku ke yesicelo unalo ubume Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.

Izimilo yezakhiwo engundoqo

Kangangeenkulungwane, le nqaba kunye iinqaba omi phezu kwentaba, ikakhulu ngenxa imbono engcono nzima utshaba, kwakunye kufutshane nemilambo. Detinets (Veliky Novgorod) nayo yonke le migaqo. Imela phezu kwentaba elincinane - kwiimitha ezili-10 ngaphezu kwenqanaba Volkhov. Kunye kujikelezo iindonga ingaphandle kunye ubude 1487 m kunye kummandla engaphakathi intsimi - 12.1 hectares.

udonga encomekayo ezenziwe ngezitena eyenziwe ngekalika udaka, namatye (wophawu kunye lekalika). Zenza kunye ukuphakama inqaba yahluka 3,6-6,5 m ne 8-15 m, ngokulandelelana. Uphawu lisahlulayo ulwakhiwo yesango inqaba etempileni, oko kukuthi, iicawe, ibekwe ngaphezu emasangweni. Kuba isici uphawu ibandla, ingakumbi nakubugcisa emishini eRashiya. Ukubaluleka eceleni walala phantsi kwemeko yokuba isakhiwo onjalo kuthwalelwa phandle ukukhusela ezulwini umzi. Isibakala sokuba Novgorod yesicelo uye eziliqela kubo, echaza indima ekhokelayo ekwakhiweni ngoobhishophu. Phantse zonke iindonga babuyiselwa kwi-imi- 50-60 ka khulu lokugqibela leminyaka kwaye ukuhlangabezana imbonakalo yangaphandle nenqaba kwinkulungwane ye-15.

Towers Novgorod yesicelo

Esazi ubukho ezinde elinambini kummandla kwinqaba iShushan. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, asithoba kuphela basinda:

• Spassky (eliboniswe ngasentla) - na into emilise uxande evuthelweyo ukuba yahlulwe amanqanaba amathandathu, udonga ukuphakama ubukhulu - 19 m 2 ngokulandelelanayo. Oku wakha phezu kwentente we-15 kunye Umlindi nenqaba leyo kuyehla ngokungqinelana iinkcazelo kwenkulungwane ye-17. sicatshulwa enhle kuvalwe imivalo, evela entla ukuya phambi Tower ibandla egungxulweyo osecaleni kumila kumbi. Yaba yena lowo wamnika igama lakhe. Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod) baya kwazi ngqo Spassky Tower, nto leyo nayo kanye eboniswe hlobo engange-5.
• Palace - inqaba blank ngaphandle imiyalelo, quadrangular, ezimele eyona square 11,2h10,2 m, udonga ubude - 20 m, kwaye ububanzi nwebu yesibini ukuya kwinqanaba - 2 m ngentla - intente. Kwabanye ezinde ibonisa asinamathinzi slim.
• Knjazhaja - Kubonakala ngathi kowangaphambili, naye inqaba osisithulu 18.5 m ukuphakama.
• Kokui (Kalancha) - blank square inqaba ngaphandle sicatshulwa, leyo kunye ukuphakama nkundla yi 38.5 m, ububanzi beendonga kuyafana lowo wangaphambili. Ngoku kukho kumgangatho kujongwa kunye iimbono olubonakala incwadi yesicelo.
• Pokrovskaya - Isakhiwo enkulu kubude-18 m kunye Ebubanzini bodonga-3 m kumzantsi-ntshona inqaba. Imela ngaphaya 9 m, kunye neendonga elangena amakroba 55.
• Zlatoust - inqaba blank square kwakubalulekile ezine, ogama kwamenza emi kufuphi etempileni ngenkulungwane ye-14.
• Vladimir - ngawo wangena Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod) i uhambo, buxande, ukuphakama -. 17.8 m Kukho-imitha ezilishumi intente ngaphezulu. A isici esasenza - izinto eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo kunye phezulu enhle, sifunda iifestile.
• Fedorov - ithawa kwemilo zezindlu ibhaxa enhle
• I-Metropolitan - yinto oqingqiweyo lwezakhiwo wamajoni omzimba, kwakunye ezinde emibini edlulileyo. Ukwakhiwa shape zezindlu, iimfama, Ebubanzini bodonga - kancinane kwama-3 m, ukuphakama - 16.3 m.

Azi ukutshatyalaliswa kunye wokwakha iinqaba ezintathu: Boris kunye Gleb, uvuko, Prechistenskaya.

Sophia Cathedral

ibandla White ilitye yeyona indala kummandla Russia mihla abo bakha abantu baseMpumalanga. Elimiswe kwiminyaka 1045-1050, kuba iinkulungwane eziliqela yimela iziko yokomoya yonke Novgorod Republic.

Le Cathedral-aselwandle ezintlanu cross-eyakhiwe. izakhiwo Ezo uphawu sokuyilwa ngenkulungwane ye-11. Noko ke, loo nto idume kuphela Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod) - kuloo ndlu yecawa kwegama elifanayo ikhona kwi Polotsk naseKiev. Esi sakhiwo kade apse ezintathu (rounded osecaleni central pentagonal) macala onke lingqongwe yi neegalari ezinemigangatho emithathu-. Le ndlu yecawa izahluko ezintlanu, kwaye wesithandathu ebekwa kwintshona lwenqaba ikheshi. Bona lubonakala ngokuba ethile ifomu Makovytsya - ngokohlobo ntloko zamaqhawe amandulo. ukuphakama obukhulu Nozipho Cathedral - 38 m, udonga ubukhulu - 1.2 m, yasetyenziselwa lekalika lwabo lokwakha. Temple senziwe ngendlela yesintu Byzantine.

iindawo ezingcwele zisoloko zigqunywe amavo. Ngenxa yoko ke, uThixo amajukujuku engundoqo, emnqamlezweni, oyintsobi yalowo ihobe, engumqondiso uMoya oyiNgcwele. Ivan Grozny ngo-1570 uqhubene ngokuqatha Novgorod. Ngokutsho legend, ihobe, ndichopha kwezisaleleyo Cross, wabona nokubulawa bamagazi namava imvakalelo eyoyikekayo bhuxe. Emva koko, omnye neemonki Lady Lwethu watyhila ukuba le ntaka wathunyelwa kwisixeko nje intuthuzelo kunye iyona. Novgorod ziya kugcinwa de negobo uya ukubhabha uhle emnqamlezweni.

Le belfry of St. Sophia Cathedral

Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokwahlukileyo ukusuka kwisakhiwo esikhulu. Zvonnitsa i kuluhlu kweminyaka isakhiwo 15-18, eyinkampani Novgorod yesicelo. Veliky Novgorod (photo nembono ephangaleleyo, jonga ngentla.) - kwidolophu endala entle ezinika ezininzi zenkcubeko nezembali. Abaliqela kubo zenkolo. Ezi ndawo ziquka, njengoko sele kakuhle, yaye Saint Sophia Cathedral, yaye kunye nayo kunye belfry. imithombo kubhalwa kuqala ndinikhumbula ngo 1437, xa wathi ngomkhukula. Ngokukodwa, ithi ukuba ukuzisa phantsi kwenqaba abakufutshane. Okwangoku bellfry ibekwe kunye eludongeni lwangaphakathi yesicelo empumalanga, ubude bayo ngu-22.5 m, yaye ububanzi - 3.4 yeemitha.

Ngexesha Second World War ukuba zonakala kanobom. Akuba efumene inkcazelo ukuba imikhosi yaseJamani asendleleni eya esixekweni, kwagqitywa ukuba kuphunywe intsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha iziqhushumbisi kwenzeka hit ilungelo ngqo kwi barge kunye ezintathu iisampulu inkulu, yaye zarhaxwa emlanjeni Volkhov. Ku ngokuyinxenye yatshatyalaliswa zokudubula kunye nesakhiwo ngokwaso.

Intsimbi inqaba ebuyiselweyo St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod) ezifunyenwe ngo-1948. Ngoku isetyenziselwa injongo eyenzelwe, inxalenye yayo ephezulu ine emngangathweni lokuqaphela kunye umboniso isigxina lunikezelwa kwisixeko samandulo neentsimbi.

I-Church of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Ubume isango mhlawumbi omnye kuphela elolu hlobo ukuba iye yagcinwa emantla-ntshona ilizwe ukuze namhlanje. Kuye kwakhiwa phantsi ukusekelwa kummandla Archbishop UYona Vladychny kwintendelezo kwi incwadi ngo-1463. Eli xesha lubonakala ngokuba umbono lo ukuwa Novgorod Republic phantsi koxinzelelo eMoscow ukulawula yayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo angathabatheki ngokuthe ngcembe wadamba, kunye nabantu wabeka up nengcamango yokuba lonke karhulumente. Church - luphawu yoxolo, ukuhlangabezana ngokomoya nokumanywa kunye eMoscow, kuba yayakhiwe imbeko ngoko phantse ayaziwa eRashiya, waqubuda ikakhulu kwi Moscow - Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Church of St. Stratelates

Novgorod yesicelo (umzobo Umfanekiso) emzantsi-mpuma yinxalenye nsimu ibandla elincinane kodwa emangalisayo. Yakhiwa kwiinkulungwane 15-17. It has a imilo yoxande eflethini isicwangciso, single-kweminwe belfry kunye cupola elincinane Uyabahombisa itempile. Ekuqaleni le ndawo ibekwe Boris kunye Gleb Cathedral, nto leyo 1682 wawa yaye kamva zidilizwe ukuze iziseko zayo. Kushunyayelwe wahlala indlwana kuphela Saint Russian ekungxoleni-ngegorha Andreya Stratilata. Wakhuliswa kwaye uguqulwe kwicawa encinane ozimeleyo.

ukuwo Episcopal

Kulapha ukuba kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuqalisa ibali malunga Novgorod yesicelo, ekubeni ndawo zindala incwadi yesicelo, leyo, ngokutsho Gordienko EA kunye Yanina V. L., yena uvela. kwintendelezo Episcopal ise emantla-ntshona yinxalenye inqaba. Ukuba uyakholwa na amabali, um-Priste J. Korsunianin, ogama lakhe kubangelwa ukusekwa sobuKristu Novgorod, kwinkundla yakhe ahlala kwisiqithi esincinane. imida yayo ichazwe ngu iingalo ezimbini Volkhov. Le lungakhuseleki yenza ngokuvumelana nazo zonke iimfuno, ukongeza, abemi (ayisoloko mood HIV) zeendonga ngasemdeni wayo. Emva kokufa ubhishophu ibandla zakudala nguJoachim kunye Anna wachithwa kunye kufutshane eSt Sophia Cathedral waqala ukuyakha.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane Episcopal kwintendelezo nenqaba apho ke kuloo nqaba, nayo yonke imikhosi akuchasa amandla njengenkosana - ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngqo. Ngaphezu koko, Bishop ngamnye omtsha waziva enyanzelekile ukuba akhe into yabo. Ngaloo ndlela, iminyaka emininzi enye zokwakha idilizwe kwaye zakhiwa abanye, ngulomntu ukhokhelayo, ibuyiselwe, engqongwe izakhiwo ezongezelelweyo.

Utshintsho kakhulu ezinkulu ngabo umlawuli Euphimia II (1429-1458). Umdlali welinye iqela kweloo nokudliwa Novgorod eMoscow udale isakhiwo ekhethekileyo eRashiya yaye ngoku oqingqiweyo lwezakhiwo, isakhiwo kuphela indlela Gothic - amaninzi seSigqeba. Kwaye ukuba uyayijonga ngokufanelekileyo nemadlana (ingasentla), nakubugcisa lwangaphakathi nje langa kunye unique ngokupheleleyo.

Ulwazi iindwendwe

Iza kuba luncedo ukufumana bonke abo izicwangciso uhambo ukuya kwesinye sezixeko ezininzi ezintle bamandulo Russia yaye unqwenela ukutyelela Novgorod yesicelo (Veliky Novgorod), evula iiyure yenjongosenzi enkcubeko kunye neendleko lamatikiti. Okokuqala, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuba ulawulo reserve iye yanika imihla xa tyelelo ngayo ngokuphelele free:

• Wonk 'ubani akakafiki kwiminyaka 18 - zonke ngoLwesithathu ngolokuqala enyangeni leyo, 1 Septemba, 1 Juni,
• Iintsapho ezinkulu - ngoLwesithathu wokuqala enyangeni.
• Abafundi Nakhimov and Suvorov Military School - ngeveki ngeMivulo.
• Abadla umhlala-phantsi - 1 Oktobha.
• Ngokuqinisekileyo bonke abemi - NgoMeyi 18, kwi- uSuku of Museums, kwakunye ngoJulayi nango-Agasti yonke ngoLwesihlanu.

Njengokuba ixabiso itikiti, kuhle ukucacisa ulwazi kwi-ofisi ibhokisi lwembali-reserve. Kwi nommandla wayo ukwahlulwa bezinto. Ungakhetha into unomdla, hayi ukuhlawula abanye. Umzekelo, ukuhlola Sofia belfry, Iinkalo (Vladychnaya) gumbi iya kuba engange-150. Abafundi, abadala izaphulelo, abantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eli-16 kwezinye izinto angadlula simahla.

Uceba ukutyelela Detinets (Veliky Novgorod)? iiyure Ivula i sakhiwo kufuneka kucaciswe kwangethuba. Abaninzi exposure ngamaxesha athile okanye icandelo ibe emini ixesha, kwindawo ethile ukuze babesenza umsebenzi wokulungisa, yaye igalelo kweli Uqhagamshelwano luya kuvalwa. Umzekelo, Sofia belfry ziyafumaneka ukulungiselela utyelelo kwi phakathi evekini ukususela ngentsimbi yeshumi kusasa kwada yesithandathu ngokuhlwa, yaye ngoLwesihlanu kunye kokuhlala weekend sidluliselwa de 20:00. Mhlawumbi kubhukishelwa amatikiti kwangaphambili online. Yonke le mibuzo ziya kuphendula info lombutho Museum-Reserve Service.