Lomhleli Bazhenov: izibakala umdla. EMoscow izakhiwo Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18

kuba ibali malunga sesakhiwo isixeko eMoscow akayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuchaza igama wezakhiwo abadumileyo Russian njengoko Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov.

Intekenteke Gothic - oku indlela inkoliso yemisebenzi Abasindileyo Bazhenov. Ngale ndlela, isakhiwo yakhiwa Tsaritsyno. Uninzi izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo achaphazelekayo kakhulu ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha, kodwa umsebenzi wokulungisa kuqhutywa ngethuba eSoviet nasemva Soviet amaxesha, wanceda ukubuyisela uninzi lwabo.

Esakhula

Le ndawo ngqo kunye nomhla wokuzalwa awaziwa Vasily Bazhenov. Wazalwa Matshi 1, 1737, okanye 1738, wafa ngoAgasti 2, 1799. lomhleli Russian wayevela kwintsapho igosa ibandla elincinane. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo kokuba azalelwe eMoscow, kwelinye - e Maloyaroslavets, yaye wafudukela eMoscow ebudaleni-nyanga ezintathu. Ngowe-1753 Vasily wangena abafundi nguDmitry Uhtomtsevu. Ukusuka kwakhe wafumana izifundo zakhe yokuqala bokwakha kunye nolwakhiwo. Zalisa nezoqeqesho zexa elizayo umyili Bazhenov ayikhange ezipaswe ukusukela ngo imeko enzima yemali usapho wamnyamezela ukuba izifundo zakhe ndiye emsebenzini. Ngo-1755 waqalisa ukufunda e Moscow State University. umbhali yokuqala Bazhenov ngayo, i-Metropolitan of Kiev Eugene Bolkhovitinov, wabhala ukuba Basil naye wayefunda lenqaba-Greek-Latin Academy. Abaphandi elandelayo, le nto kwathiwa, wawancamisa ekuhleni. Mhlawumbi, ngale ndlela umntu ngokomoya ezama ukuphakamisa iwonga le amaziko subordinated kuyo.

kubonisa italente

Ngowe-1758 Vasily Bazhenov phakathi kwabafundi top 16 ngesindululo Ivan Shuvalov koko wathunyelwa St. Petersburg kwi Academy elisandula kusekwa of Arts Fine. Iimviwo zokuqala umfundi onesiphiwo Vasily Bazhenov wegqitha yakhiwe kwaye iphumelele indawo yokuqala simo yokusebenza. Umakhi oyintloko Russian Admiralty Chevakinsky waba ngosikhaphela lobuqu ethembisa kakhulu, okwaziyo kakhulu kwaye umfana ezikrelekrele.

Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva Vasily Bazhenov kunye Anton Losenko waba abafundi yokuqala Academy of Arts, ibhaso-mali yokufunda.

ukuqeqeshelwa koko kwenzeka Paris ku studio ka Charles de Wailly. Kamva, umakhi Bazhenov waye ekukhuthazeni iphambili neoclassicism French eRashiya kunye nezimvo ka De Wailly ukuzicwangcisa zobugcisa Canon of neoclassical eMoscow.

Wabuyela eRashiya ngoMeyi 1765 kunye testimonial oqaqambileyo ngokuphathelele iimpawu zakhe umisela umzekelo eyiyo yokuziphatha. Noko ke, ulawulo olutsha yale Akhademi phantsi ukuba uviwo olungqongqo yomsebenzi efunekayo nokubonelela entsha ithisisi yeprojekthi umsebenzi. Umakhi young Russian sibonwe uCatherine II kunye nonyana wakhe uPawulos. Indlalifa etroneni, wayalela uyilo Bazhenov kunye nokwakhiwa nandawo kwi Stone Island, kwaye ngo-1766 UGrigory Orlov wamyalela ukuba ekwakhiweni Arsenal. Kulo msebenzi Vasily Ivanovich eSt Petersburg yaphela. Lomhleli Bazhenov wafudukela eMoscow, wahlala ke apho waza wasebenza de ukufa kwakhe.

yesicelo Palace

UCatherine wacebisa ingcamango nokuhlaziywa kumabhotwe ezidilikileyo le Moscow yesicelo. Bazhenov ngenkuthalo kulindeleke ukuba basebenze. Sele 1767 Wayisondeza kokuba kuqukunjelwe eliphezulu kuyilo kwamnandi of the Big yesicelo Palace. Orlov Wababuza ke ukwenzeka solwakhiwo elikhulu enjalo, kodwa lokwakha embonweni yakhe yokuhlala komlawuli nkolelo yaye kuphela ihlobo 1768 bagqiba indalo le projekthi. Ngokwezigqibo necebo lakhe oko ukuba eYurophu inkulu sesigodlo, ziqhutywa ngendlela neoclassical. Wayemelwe ukuba indawo yesicelo endala ngokupheleleyo. I ayitshintshanga izicwangciso ukugcina kuphela amabandla, eyaba azibonakali koMlambo, ngenxa elizayo zayisithelisa kweendonga komkhulu. Phantsi sicwangciso, zonke ezantsi nayo, okt shestisotmetrovuyu nodonga Konstantinovskaya inyango empuma kuye entshona kunye Borovitskaya ngakumbi owayame eludongeni elisentshona Arsenal ukuya emantla, kwafuneka ukuba athathe ibhotwe enemigangatho emine ezintsha. Bazhenov wakhe ubakhanyisele ukubeka ngqo kwi eweni phakathi lehewu kunye nodonga yesicelo, leyo kuthiwa ukuthwala. Umakhi enikiweyo ingqokelela ilitye enezixhaso ukuthintela ngokokushiyana ngesakhiwo emlanjeni. Izicwangciso ukuqinisa elunxwemeni eweni kunye logs itha.

Ngokutsho projekthi kwindawo yecawa zembali igcinwe, kwaye kwimpuma ye yesicelo waphula ezintsha. Uye wawuqalayo izitrato ebabusisakha entsha, behamba ukusuka embindini ukuya emantla, kumntla-ntshona nomntla-mpuma. Ibhotwe eyayicwangciselwe phezu Tverskaya Street. Le projekthi wayefanele ukuba ibe ekuqaleni yotshintsho lonke eMoscow. Ngowe-1775, le iinzame ezibambeneyo phantsi kobunkokheli Peter kunye nesicwangciso UNikolai Kozhin Legrand kwavunywa ngokusesikweni.

Tsaritsyno

Ngehlobo lowe-1775 Bazhenov liphuhlise idrafti yokuqala Tsaritsyno, ukuba umhla iye yagcinwa. Buildings Bazhenova baba iseti engqinelanayo kwezakhiwo-free emi neo-classical uhlobo Russian. Emva kokugqitywa kunye nokuvunywa uKumkanikazi yesicwangciso savunywa. Isifundo ephezulu wayeza kuba ibhotwe, eliquka izakhiwo ezimbini, ehlanganisa somculo. Elinye iphiko ibiya Catherine, kwaye yesibini - unyana wakhe kunye yindlalifa uPawulos. Njengoko uyilo izicwangciso iithayile emveli Russian bebala izivatho. Catherine benqaba zanyanzelisa uguqulelo obulula - kudonga lwezitena ezibomvu kunye izivatho ezimhlophe kunye iithayile ezityheli ezimenyezelayo phezu kwendlu.

Bazhenov waqala ukwakhiwa lunzima kumqolo phambi kwezakhiwo ezincinane, namasango kunye iibhulorho, ezihonjiswe ekugqibeleni ebukekayo entle oluye ukususela ilahlekile. Ngowe-1776, oko ekugqibeleni kugqitywa ibhulorho zokuhombisa elingumfanekiso phezu ebisenyobeni. Imisebenzi zazinzima ngenxa yokunqongophala iingcibi abanezakhono kunye nokuphazamisa mali.

Ngowe-1777 Bazhenov yadiliza indlu endala oqingqiweyo ka abanini babesakuba welifa waza waqalisa ukwakhiwa kwibhotwe engundoqo. Yayakhiwe kwiminyaka esibhozo. Izidumbu ezimbini engundoqo kongezwa enye ngaphezulu - ngundoqo abantwana nguPawulos. Governor James Bruce, abo batyelela Tsarina ngo-1784, uzama kukungabikho umthetheli, isakhiwo esemthethweni. Kodwa sekunjalo wathumela ingxelo okunomdla uCatherine.

Kumiwe umsebenzi iprojekthi Tsaritsyn

NgoJuni 1785 Catherine ngokungalindelekanga watyelela Tsaritsyno wahlala abanganelisekanga ngonyawo lonwabu umsebenzi. UKumkanikazi Palace yahlolwa ukua ubomi: a ngamagumbi amnyama kakhulu, iisilingi ephantsi, kuyiwa elimxinwa. Kulo nyaka, ulwalamano phakathi Catherine noPawulos lisenza yonakale. UKumkanikazi wayenza izinto ngokulandelelana. Kwaye ke Palace of isenzeko amawele baba ayilunganga kwezopolitiko. UCatherine wayalela ukuba adilize isakhiwo kunye nokwakha ibhotwe entsha engundoqo. Bazhenov and Kazakov wayalelwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi ezintsha. Lomhleli Bazhenov thaca msebenzi wakhe ukuya ekupheleni kuka 1785, kodwa akayizuzanga, kunye nguVasili ivaliwe. N Kazakova okhethiweyo projekthi. ibhotwe Bazhenov kaThixo sachithwa ngehlobo lowe-1786. Kukholelwa ukuba uCatherine akazange athathe iprojekthi Bazhenov ngenxa nemifuziselo Masonic kunye nesimbo zwe. Akangekhe yinyaniso, njengoko Cossacks iiprojekthi zabo igcinwe ize iphindwe iisimboli Gothic kunye Masonic.

ekhishini Building

In Tsaritsyno wahlala nesakhiwo esinye ngaphezulu Bazhenova - isakhiwo ekhitshini, okanye iNdlu Bread. It is a isakhiwo isikwere kunye ajikelezayo sayilwa ngokweqobelo ngenxa ekhitshini, izitora, oovimba kunye nezindlu ukuze abasebenzi. Amagalelo zenziwa kuyo ngaphakathi - kuqoqosho ezahlukeneyo kunye umkhonzi azihambi ukunqumla iliso iindwendwe kunye neenginginya Manor. Kumgangatho osezantsi amatye ofulelwe zomkhenkce ezimhlophe bazizikhulu ukugcina iqondo lobushushu. Olungaphambili uwonke ezihonjiswe kunye neesimboli ezahlukeneyo :. izonka kunye castors, iiglasi nezidanga, Masonic umgca, njl Sithethanje, iNdlu isonka isetyenziswa iikonsathi kunye neminye imicimbi yenkcubeko. Ngamanye amaxesha, kukho umgidi.

medium Palace

Opera House, okanye kuMbindi Dvorets Ekateriny, kunye iinkozi kabini-headed kwi uthango olungaphambili ekuqaleni ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa namatheko ezincinane zaseburhulumenteni, kwakunye iikonsathi midlalo ehlotyeni. Kangangethuba elide ibhotwe ayizange isetyenziswe ngayo nangayiphi na indlela. Ukusuka kwakhe kwakukho kuphela iindonga. Ngo-1988 waqalisa unyaka esibhozo umsebenzi wokulungisa. umsindo Zintle wesakhiwo ivumela ukuba eekonsathi. Kukho kwakhona zinginginya eyokubonisa imisebenzi yobugcisa.

indlu Pashkov

Vasily Bazhenov - womzobi owadala enye iisimboli kwihlabathi-adumileyo eMoscow. Yakhiwa kwiminyaka 1785-1786 Pashkov House. isakhiwo liyabonakala zingaqondwa zifumaneka imizobo, imikrolo, postcards, izitampu zokuposa, iibhokisi yeelekese, njl Emva kokuba ukususwa lo msebenzi "Tsaritsyno" Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov waqala ukuthatha iikhomishini zabucala evela Muscovites atyebileyo. Ngoko ke, phezu kwentaba Vagankovsky yakha Ibhotwe ilitye elimhlophe ukuba umthetheli-sombutho bake butho kunye nomfazi wakhe. isakhiwo sangaphandle ukhangela ukuya Starovagankovsky ngendledlana, kwaye yesicelo wajika ecaleni layo umva. Kucingelwa ukuba le ndlela womzobi wabonisa ingqumbo yakhe uKumkanikazi Tsaritsyno.

Emva kokufa yabanini engenabantwana Pashkov House ilifa nesalamane esikude, owathi, ngovuyo ukutshata nomntu heiress, intombi ka-Gold Mining wakwazi liqulathe ilungelo isakhiwo. Kamva, iNdlu Pashkov wathengisa zobuncwane.

Russian Ukuvuselelwa style izakhiwo

kunyango Russian lesikolo neoclassical lwezakhiwo, igcisa graphic, theoretician izakhiwo kunye utitshala Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov kunye noogxa bakhe kunye nabafundi Matvey Kazakov kunye Ivan Starov ukudala ulwimi yokuyilwa Russian wesizwe waphazanyiswa Peter I. Ngelo xesha, uphuhliso Russian lwedolophu zimisele umoya omawulawule of labazobi amazwe - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, uCameron kunye nabanye.

Isiphelo ebuhlungu ngokomakhi abanetalente

Ebonakalisa ngayo italente womzobi Bazhenov ekuqaleni kungeniswa kwesazinge zizityebi tycoons igunya nabezopolitiko, ngamagosa. Nalwazi commerce kunye bokuphathisana ibangele iintlekele kwiinkalo kunye nobungcali ubomi Vasily Ivanovich. Ababini iiprojekthi yayo ephambili yokwakha zayekwa ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko okanye zemali. Yena ayikwazanga ukwenza msebenzi wakhe ukuba ukuvuselelwa Grand yesicelo Palace. The Imperial Ibhotwe e Tsaritsyno, apho wayeza kuba ingundoqo bonke isakhiwo Tsaritsyno yatshatyalaliswa uCatherine II. Enye iprojekthi, isakhiwo eMoscow State University, yabangela iingxabano elibukhali injinga yangaphambili, ngokomakhi, Prokofiev Demidov, kwaye kwakhokelela ungonakala epheleleyo Bazhenov. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Vasily kakhulu ndikhathazeke bayahlelwa oonyana babo, kuba esoyika hleze bazifumanisa inxaxheba kwishishini lokwakha, leyo ke wakunonelela njengento embi kunye enenkohliso.

Lona Bazhenova

Bazhenova lemveli usekho ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Kukho ngabaza malunga zabhalwa kubalelwa kuye ezinye izinto. Ngokukodwa, ukuba ngaba isakhiwo Bazhenov lomhleli Pashkov House? Kukholelwa ukuba lo umsebenzi abafundi bakhe, awammisayo ukuba abeyilungisele iminyaka emininzi yokufundisa Academy of Arts. Emva kokufa uCatherine noPawulos ndamiselwa Vasily Ivanovich uSekela-Mongameli we-Academy. Study yelifa lakhe abaphandi abaninzi, ingakumbi, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovskiy DO Enkosi kubo lukhulu, kodwa yonke into ngokucacileyo. In "Amanqaku phezu lwalunjani eMoscow" ufanisa Karamzin iiprojekthi Bazhenova kunye kaPlato Republic kunye Thomas More kaThixo Utopia. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ke ayikhange ilandelwe.