Lo mzi-mveliso yokuqala amandla enyukliya ehlabathini

Kumnandi njalo ukuba into kuqala. Kwaye ilizwe lethu, ngoxa inxalenye waseUSSR, waba ngowokuqala kwimisebenzi emininzi. Umzekelo okuphawuleka ukwakhiwa izityalo zamandla enyukliya. Kucacile ukuba abaninzi inxaxheba kuyilo yayo kunye nolwakhiwo. Sekunjalo, isityalo amandla enyukliya yokuqala ihlabathi ibekwe kwintsimi, leyo ngoku eRashiya.

Imvelaphi isahlakalo lwezityalo zamandla enyukliya

Baqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla atom ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi. Ngaphambi kwakhiwa amandla enyukliya yokuqala yehlabathi, abaninzi babengaqinisekanga ukuba amandla enyukliya ingabhekiswa kwikhondo ngoxolo.

ibhombu yeathom zadalwa. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba amava abuhlungu lokusetyenziswa kwayo eJapan. Emva koko kwisiza lwaqhutywa uvavanyo lwe ezabo atom, wadalwa zizazinzulu yiSoviet.

Emva kwexesha elithile eSoviet Union baqalisa ukuvelisa imveliso neplutoniyam reactor. Zonke nemiqathango yokufumana ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu uranium zizityebi.

Yaba ngeli xesha, ekwindla ka-1949, i ingxoxo esebenzayo ngendlela yokuququzelela inkampani apho amandla enyukliya isetyenziselwa ukwenza umbane kunye nobushushu.

uphuhliso ithiyori kunye nokudalwa le projekthi neTumim Laboratory "B". Ngelo xesha ekhokelwa di Blokhintsev. Academic Council phantsi kobunkokheli IV Kurchatov ocetywayo reactor zenyukliya, leyo ukusebenza uranium zizityebi. Njengoko kusetyenziswa retarder beryllium. Ukupholisa lwaqhutywa ukusetyenziswa helium. Thina ezicinga ezinye iindlela zamandla. Umzekelo, usebenzisa i neutron ukuzila kunye neziphakathi. Kwakhona unako ezinye iindlela okupholisa.

Entlakohlaza 1950 wakhupha ummiselo neBhunga laBaphathiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba oko kuyimfuneko ukwakha reactor ezintathu iyahlolwa:

• lokuqala - uranium-mifanekiso kunye amanzi okupholisa;
• yesibini - helium-mifanekiso, apho kwakufuneka usebenzise lungapholi gas;
• sesithathu - uranium-beryllium njenge gas kupholile.

Ukudalwa kweprojekthi yobugcisa inikwe okuseleyo kulo nyaka. Ukusebenzisa ezi zamandla ezintathu ngamandla isityalo yokuqala senyukliya ihlabathi ngeenxa 5,000 kW.

Phi kwaye ababezele zadalwa?

Kakade ke, ukuze ukwakha ezi zakhiwo, kwafuneka ukuba isigqibo kwindawo. Ngoko ke, isityalo amandla enyukliya yokuqala ehlabathini Wakha kwisixeko Obninsk.

imisebenzi Ukwakhiwa anikelwa Research Institute "Khimmash". Ngelo xesha ekhokelwa uN Dollezhal. Xa imfundo yena ekhemesti-nomakhi, nto leyo kude physics nuclear. Kodwa ulwazi lwakhe kwaba luncedo ngexesha izibonelelo zokwakha.

imizamo Joint yaye kamva umsebenzi ijoyine amanye amaziko eziliqela, sakhiwa amandla enyukliya yokuqala yehlabathi. UMdali yena yedwa. Kukho ezininzi, ngenxa yokuba iphulo elikhulu-obungaka awunako ukudala yedwa. Kodwa umphuhlisi eziphambili ekuthiwa Kurchatov, nomakhi - Dollezhal.

Inkqubela yokwakha kunye noqeqesho ukuqala-up

Okunxuseneyo ngendlela ukuyila yehlabathi yokuqala Nuclear Power Plant nqwelo zaphuhliswa elebhu. Bona baba AMAGQABAZA ▸ izityalo amandla, ezithi kamva ezisetyenziswa ngwenya zenyukliya.

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-50, unyaka waqalisa umsebenzi wokulungiselela. Yayiqhubeka unyaka omnye. Isiphumo wonke umsebenzi yajika izityalo kakhulu yokuqala amandla enyukliya ehlabathini. uyilo kokuqala waphants ingatshintshanga.

uhlengahlengiso ezinjalo zenziwa:

• uranium-beryllium reactor yayisakhiwa ilothe-bismuth njengesipholisi;
• Helium-mifanekiso reactor indawo ngamanzi xinzelelo, nto leyo yenza isiseko zonke izityalo amandla enyukliya emva yaye sisetyenziswe kwi icebreakers ngwenya.

NgoJuni 1951, bekukho isigqibo malunga yokwakha njani izityalo elilingwayo. Ngelo efanayo ixesha neyuranium-mifanekiso reactor zonke eziyimfuneko izixhobo kwakufu-. Kwaye ngoJulayi, kwaye kwaqalisa ukwakhiwa izityalo amandla enyukliya amanzi-lupholile.

Okokuqala ukuqala ukunika zokuhlala umbane

Qala ukulayisha ongundoqo reactor yabanjwa ngoMeyi 1954. Oko kukuthi 9 zekhadi. Le ngokuhlwa, ukusabela chain yaqala ngaye. Ngokucandeka of uranium kwenzeka ukuze igcinwa ngokuzimeleyo. Oku ekuthiwa-physical isikhululo start-up.

Emva kwenyanga kunye nesiqingatha amandla enyukliya ukuqala oko kwenziwa ngoJuni 1954. Yaba into yokuba kwakukho isibini zonikezelo kweinjini generator. isityalo samandla enyukliya lokuqala kwihlabathi kwamenza-26 Juni ngecala emva kwentsimbi yesihlanu ngokuhlwa. It esebenza iminyaka 48. indima yalo ukunika amandla okuqhubela phambili ukuvela kwezityalo mandla ehlabathini lonke.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, umsinga wombane yanikwa umzi mveliso wenyukliya yokuqala ehlabathini (1954) - Obninsk kufuphi Moscow.

Yokukhawulezisa ukuvela kwezinye izityalo zamandla enyukliya ehlabathini jikelele

Waye unamandla kangako, kuphela 5 MW. Enye reactor imali ngokwaneleyo ukuze isebenze amandla ngokupheleleyo kwi nokuqhubeka iinyanga ezi-3.

Kwaye nangona oku, amandla Obninsk umdla ingqalelo abantu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kwisixeko kwamagunya yokuqala eziliqela batyelela izityalo amandla enyukliya ehlabathini. injongo yabo yayikukuba ukubona wazibonela ngokwakhe ummangaliso wadala ngabantu yiSoviet. Ukuze ufumane umbane, akukho mfuneko yokusebenzisa imithombo yendalo. Ngaphandle amalahle, i-oyile okanye igesi injini wenkunkuma kwi intshukumo actuator. Kwesityalo amandla inyukliya ibonelela umbane isixeko elinabemi abantu ezimalunga nama-40 amawaka. Ngelo xesha uya kukutshisa kuphela amafutha enyukliya. Isixa-mali esilingana tonnes-2 ngonyaka ngamnye.

Le yaba negalelo ekwakhiweni kwezikhululo loo phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi. igunya lazo kakhulu. Ukanti ekuqaleni wayelapha - in a Obninsk encinane, apho atom yaba plodder, ohlisa iiyunifomu.

Xa NPP egqibile?

Isityalo amandla enyukliya yokuqala eRashiya yemiswa 2002 ngomhla wama-29 Apreli. Ukuze oku imvelaphi kwezoqoqosho. umthamo wayo wawungekho enkulu ngokwaneleyo.

Ngexesha data wayo umsebenzi, eyaqinisekisa zonke izibalo theoretical component zifunyenwe. Siye wazalisekisa zonke izisombululo yobugcisa kunye zobunjineli.

Oku kwenza kube lula kwiminyaka-10 (1964) ukuqala Beloyarsk NPP. Ngaphezu koko, saphindwa 50 obungaphezu Obninsk umthamo wayo.

Apho enye kusetyenziswa zamandla zenyukliya?

Ngaxeshanye kunye nokusekwa kwe yenyukliya iqela lwamandla elikhokelwa Kurchatov iyile reactor yenyukliya kufakwa kwi icebreaker. Lo msebenzi ibaluleke kubonelelo lombane, ngaphandle usebenzisa igesi kunye namalahle.

USSR, njengokuba, eneneni, naseRashiya, kwakubalulekile ukuba wenze nkulu i nexesha enkulu ukwandisa ukuqhutywa elwandle, wona amanga ngasemntla. icebreakers Nuclear lingakunika unyaka-ngeenxa zonke yokukhangela kwezi nkalo.

ntuthuko ziye zasungulwa kunyaka 53-th, iminyaka emithandathu kamva uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ithunyelwe icebreaker zenyukliya-enikwe "uLenin". Yena rhoqo bakhonza kwi Arctic iminyaka engama-30.

Akukho shu yaba ukusekwa inkwili yenyukliya. Yaye sele zifakiwe kunyaka 57th. Ngelo xesha, le inkwili iye yenziwa iphulo phantsi sikumkhenkce North Pole ukubuyela kwisiseko. Igama le inkwili yaba "Leninsky Komsomol".

Ifuthe samandla enyukliya kokusingqongileyo

Lo mbuzo abantu abanomdla nokuba ke, xa isityalo yokuqala amandla enyukliya ehlabathini yakhiwa ngo Obninsk. Ngoku kwakusazeka ukuba ifuthe kokusingqongileyo yenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu:

- ezikhutshwayo thermal;

- igesi ukuba nayo radioactive;

- engamanzi inkunkuma eqhumayo ehlabathini isityalo.

Kunye nokukhululwa radiation kwenzeka naxa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo zamandla. Ezo inani rhoqo kwezinto radioactive kokusingqongileyo alawulwa ngabasebenzi izityalo. Emva koko alaqhenqetha emoyeni kunye emhlabeni, zingangeni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye nabantu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho mveliso amandla enyukliya kuphela ngumthombo inkunkuma radiation. Medicine, inzululwazi, kushishino kunye nezolimo kukwayinxalenye isabelo sawo ekumeni ngokubanzi. Yonke inkunkuma lixhomekeke ngendlela ekhethekileyo izixhobo. Kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka itshatyalaliswe.