Lehman Brothers: ibali lempumelelo kunye nokuwa kwebhanki edumile

Kwimbali yaseMelika, kukho ubunzima bezimali kunye nokuphazamiseka kweenkampani ezinkulu zezemali eziye zathonya uqoqosho lwaleli lizwe. - банка, который до этого считался одним из мировых лидеров инвестиционного бизнеса и занимал в этой сфере четвёртое место в США. Enye yezona zinto zakutshanje kunye ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwazo kukuba yi -Lehman Brothers , ibhanki eyayibhekwa ngaphambili njengenye yeenkokheli zehlabathi zoshishino lotyalo-mali kwaye yahlala kwindawo yesine e-US kule ndawo. Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo malunga nembali yempumelelo yayo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ziya kuxutyushwa ngokuqhubekayo.

SeSiseko

Ngo-1844, uHenry Lehman wasuka eJamani waya eUnited States. Apha, kwidolophu encinane e-Alabama, wavula ivenkile apho athengisa khona iimveliso. Abathengi bakhe bebaninzi abathengisi bekotoni basekhaya. Izinto zazihamba kakuhle, ngoko kwangoko kusondele loo mfana oshishino wasenzela imali eyaneleyo ukuze amncede ahambe kubazalwana bakhe abancinane. Baye bamnceda kwishishini, kwaye iqela labo sele libizwa ngokuba nguLehman Brothers. Ngokuqhelekileyo kunenzuzo kubaxhasi ukuhlawula iimveliso zabo ezigqityiweyo. Ngelo xesha, ukufumana ikotoni, abazalwana baxabisa ixabiso layo, kwaye kamva bathengiswa kwixabiso lentengo, bathabatha umveliso ofanayo kabini. Ngo-1855, uHenry Lehmann wafa, emva koko inkampani yaqala ukulawula umntakwabo uEmanuel, owathi emva kweminyaka emithathu wavula isebe eNew York. Ngexesha leMfazwe yombango, i-firm iqincede ngokuthe ngqo kwilizwe lasezantsi. Emva kokugqitywa kwayo, izibophelelo zoshishino ezizinzile zabanceda abazalwana ukuba baququzelele imbambano yeebhondi zaseburhulumenteni baseAlabama.

Ukuthengisana kwempahla

Ngo-1870, i-New York Cotton Exchange yasungulwa. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwisiseko sayo kuthathwe nguLehman Brothers. Imbali yebhanki yotyalo-mali efumana inzuzo eninzi yaqala ngelo xesha. Kwimigangatho yemfuno yoshishino ngeli xesha alibandakanyi kuphela ikotoni, kodwa kunye nezinye iimveliso ezizisa inzuzo, umzekelo ioli kunye nekhofi. Iqumrhu liye lafaka imali kwii-securities zeenkampani ezazisanda kuqalisa ishishini labo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezininzi zazo zikhona kwiintsuku zethu.

Impumelelo

Ngomnyaka we-1906, inkampani iholwa nguFilipi Lehman, apho kungekho mbandela owodwa owahlelwe kwiinkampani ezinkulu, ezithengisa kwimpahla yabathengi. Unyana wakhe uRobert ngo-1925 waba ngummeli wokugqibela wenkosi kwintloko yeziko. Imfundo efunyenwe kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, kunye neendawo eziphambili ezibekwa phambili, zamnceda ukuba angasindisi kuphela uLehman Brothers kwiinkathazo ngexesha loxinzelelo, kodwa zenze enye yezona zikhulu zezemali kwilizwe. Njengasekuqaleni kwemashumi amabini ekhulwini lokugqibela ibhanki ityalwe kwimveliso yecrafti, inomathotholo, icandelo lefilimu kunye nee-intanethi zorhwebo. Ngaphantsi kobunkokheli bukaRobert Lehmann, inkampani yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu yophuhliso lwayo kwaye yaba yinto echaphazelekayo e-United States.

Iimfuneko zokubaluleka

Ngo-1969 uRobert Lehman wafa. Ukususela kulo mzuzwana, umzabalazo wamandla waphuma kwiLehman Brothers. Ngomnyaka we-1975, ibhanki yaba liziko lesine lemali lokutshala imali kwilizwe. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kweenkulungwane zamashumi amabini ekhulwini leminyaka, amaninzi ebhanki awamisa. Inyani kukuba abanako ukwenza nantoni nabadlali abachitshisayo abawandise iibhonasi zabo ngokubambisana. частью одной из своих дочерних организаций. Ngowe-1984, imeko ebhankini yayisebenzisa iMelika Express, eyenza ibhanki iLehman Brothers ibe yinxalenye yecandelo layo. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva inkampani yatshintsha umgaqo wayo kwaye yaqalisa inkqubo yokuthengisa izabelo. Ngaloo ndlela, ibhanki kwakhona yazimelela, kwaye i-capital capital yayo yanda yaba yi-bankruptcy.

Ukuhlaselwa

Ekuqaleni kuka-2007, amahlebezi aqala ukujikeleza malunga neengxaki zeziko. Abathengi bakhe baqala ukukhupha iikhontrakthi ezingaphikiswanga, ukunikela ngokukhulula inzala kwiimbopheleleko zokubolekwa kwemali kubantu bonke. Kwakuyimidlalo enobungozi kakhulu. Wayezilungele ngokupheleleyo xa i-market of mortgage yanda. свои требования. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza ukuba imeko iguqukile, abanikazi besivumelwano baqala ukuhambisa iimfuno zabo kuLehman Brothers . Ibhanki yayingenayo imali okanye iziqinisekiso zokuzalisekisa izibophelelo zayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwemiqathango yesigqibo sokuqala sonyaka ka-2008, inkampani yamemezela ilahleko zayo ezilinganiselwa kwizigidi ezi-2.8 zeedola. Ukongezelela koko, ababolekisi bafaka izicelo zembuyekezo, inani eliyi-830 yezigidigidi zeedola. Iziphakamiso zokuxazulula le meko ngokwenziwa kwelizwe azizange zithole inkxaso kurhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela, amagosa abonisa ukuba urhulumente akahlose ukuhlawula iimpazamo ezenziwa ngabaphathi abaphezulu.

NgoSeptemba 15, 2008, abaphathi bebhanki bathumela isikhalazo enkundleni ukuba bavakalise ukuba bayabhaxisa. Ixabiso lexabiso lempahla yeziko lemali e-US, eYurophu naseMpuma zathengwa nguBarlaylay kunye neNomura Holdings.