Le ukulwa kwemikrozo yeemoto ehlabathini: i Way olusebenzayo

Siphila kwixesha ezidolophini olugqugqisileyo, apho imizi ikhula, kunye nabantu babo zanda suku ngalunye. Ngelo xesha ukwandisa inani lezithuthi ezitratweni isixeko: iimoto, iilori, iibhasi kunye tram. Kodwa ke amaxesha amaninzi kakhulu kwiindlela ezidolophini angenzelwanga loo ezinjalo kwemali zothutho enamandla. Njengoko deal isixeko nale ngxaki kunye nendlela ekulweni kwemikrozo yeemoto?

jam Traffic - ntoni na?

I (okanye ingxinano yezithuthi) ityhubhu sezothutho imele nokwanda kakhulu lezithuthi kwicandelo kwindlela ethile. Xa oku abasebenzisi ndlela lihamba ngeqondo olucothayo kakhulu, okanye ihamba kwaphela.

Yintoni umdla kukuba, nangokungqinelana nemigaqo ekhoyo lizwe yezithuthi lethu, asinawo ingqiqo ka "ukuxinana" okanye "isivalo" endle zomthetho. Ngqo, i hooter ekuthethwa ngayo kumhlathi omnye kuphela nguMgaqo - 13.2. Noko ke, ngo-2006 yenziwa Russian Federation ukwazisa uphawu lwendlela entsha abaqhubi (okwexeshana) isilumkiso malunga kwemikrozo yeemoto emendweni.

Le ukulwa kwemikrozo yeemoto ehlabathini - ngomnye umceli-mngeni zasezidolophini jikelele. Eneneni, ubukho kwemikrozo yeemoto njalo ke isixeko embi kusebenziso, ngokufuthi Unga bungabi ubomi obuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo ezidolophini. Ngapha koko, ukuba ucinge esixekweni ephilayo elikhulu, imigca zawo zonxibelelwano kunye zendlela kuthelekiswa imithambo yomzimba womntu. Ngoko ke, lo masipala zemizi enkulu ehlabathini ahlawule ingqalelo enkulu kule ngxaki, ngokuqulunqa iindlela ezintsha ukujongana kwemikrozo yeemoto.

Ukuxinana - a bit yembali

Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa ingxaki ingxinano indlela wabonakala ixesha elide kakhulu kudala. Cork senzeka imizi ngenkulungwane XVII, yaye yaba umqeqeshi-ngesiciko! Yaba ngeli xesha ezitalatweni kukho abaqeqeshi ezininzi ngaye kwizitrato ezincinane bekunzima ukuphatha.

Iliza lesibini ingxinano yezithuthi kwizixeko ezikhulu iwela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, xa kwakukho izinto zokuhamba karhulumente, njengoko tram. Kangangexesha elithile, siye sakwazi ukusombulula ingxaki kwemikrozo yeemoto kwi imi--20-30 ngokunxulumene nolwakhiwo kweenkqubo metro kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini ingxaki kwakhona iyazibonakalisa waziva kumzabalazo namhlanje kunye kwemikrozo yeemoto ehlabathini luhlala umsebenzi ongxamisekileyo.

Le kwemikrozo yeemoto inkulu kwimbali

Imbali lirekhode imizekelo emininzi kwemikrozo yeemoto wesixeko esikhulu. Sikunika ezintathu edume kakhulu kuzo:

1. New York, 1969. ubude Tube-70 (!) leekhilomitha. Isizathu: ngumthendeleko etyeni elikhulu kweso sixeko.
2. Chicago, 2011. Kwakukho yokuwa ngokwenene kwinkqubo yezothutho sixeko, kwemikrozo yeemoto kwaqhubeka iiyure ukuya ku-12. Isizathu: Blizzard.
3. São Paulo, 2013. Lena kuseyinto jam zendlela zibalaseleyo kwimbali, ifike ubude yeekhilomitha 309!

Isizathu - into abantu

Izizathu oku ngokwenene into eninzi. Noko ke, isizathu enkulu jam kwezithuthi kucingelwa ukuba into zabantu. Endleleni, ukuba kunokwenzeka rhoqo ukuhlangabezana zobuntu indlela "ndikhe!". Ngenxa yoko - kukho imeko kaxakeka kwindlela ephithizelayo, ukuxinana kunye amakhulu abaqhubi kunye mood ibhuqiwe. sengqondo engaphucukanga kunye unserious ngokubhekiselele kwizithuthi kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu. ukhokho kwakhona kuyilwa, yaye ngenxa yokuwa imoto engalindelekanga endleleni. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba nabani na, naphi na.

Kodwa yenzeka kwaye ukuze ngumash yenziwe kwi iflethi, indlela ebanzi, kungekho sizathu. Ukuba iimeko ezinjalo umdla kakhulu ngakumbi, ingakumbi ngenxa abacwangcisi ezidolophini, abaphandi, kunye ekulweni kwemikrozo yeemoto kule meko kuba nokuba nzima ngakumbi.

Izinto ezibangela ingxinano yezithuthi

wabo kunokuba njengenjongo luluvo, ngokusisigxina okanye isimo. Kwaye ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ekulweni kwemikrozo yeemoto - loo nto kangako asukuzana ngokwethu ukuxinana, abaninzi umzabalazo kunye noonobangela bazo. Ngoko ke, lo mbuzo ifuna ukuba uviwo ngokucokisekileyo.

Cinga ezingunobangela zisisiseko kwaye ezixhaphakileyo:

• nezitenxo kwezi isakhiwo endleleni;
• phambi akulawulwa of iintlangano ezinzima;
• akukho iipokotho e zokumisa izithuthi zikawonke;
• ukuphazamiseka iirobhothi;
• ukufumaneka yokupaka, ukuba exhobele eli candelo endleleni.

It ngezizathu rhoqo ingxinano. Ngu yezizathu lwemeko (okanye random) ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• uvimba intshukumo ukuhambisa tuples;
• ukulungisa umsebenzi phezu kweendlela;
• iimeko zemozulu (nesiphango, ikhephu, imvula, njalo njalo);
• gross iphula imithetho yendlela ngamalungu ngamanye intshukumo;
• iingozi endleleni.

Iziphumo eziphambili ingxinano yezithuthi

Imiphumo ingxinano yezithuthi ingaba mibi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, nto;

• Ukucutheka umthamo we izithuthi;
• nefuthe loqoqosho ukuze wonke umzi;
• ukulahleka amalungu ixesha esixabisekileyo intshukumo;
• ukwanda komoya eziyingozi kummandla wedolophu;
• ukwanda amafutha;
• ingxolo yokusingqongileyo wedolophu;
• uxinzelelo eyongezelelweyo abaqhubi kunye nabahlali.

Ukuxinana and Science

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba ukulwa ingxinano yezithuthi bakhathazekile kuphela abasemagunyeni, kodwa izazinzulu, ingakumbi zezibalo. Basebenzisa indlela umzekelo izibalo ukuphendula le mibuzo: "? Baphi kwemikrozo" yaye "indlela ukujongana nazo?".

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba kwingxinano kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwesizathu nokucingela. Ngoko ke, bagqiba ukuba isivalo amaninzi kwenzeka ezitratweni ngenxa ukuziphatha ngxwaba kwezinye nxaxheba kwi intshukumo.

Lokuqala Umzekelo ngembali isicombululo kule ngxaki kuthathwa njengento isibheno kwi-ofisi i-Paris usodolophu ngayo nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo uBlaise UPascal kwasekuqaleni 1654. Uthe ke abaqeqeshi ukuze nokwandisa inkqubo yokuhamba kwemali eyinkunzi French. isifundo ngokucokisekileyo kubungakanani bezithuthi sele ehamba iminyaka elikhulu.

Ukulwa ingxinano yezithuthi: iindlela zakudala

Ukusombulula le ngxaki ukucofa besonwaya iintloko zabo ezilikhulu iingqondo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Izifundo ezinkulu esebenzayo yeengcingane uluntu iye yakwazi ukuphuhlisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo yokulwa ukuxinana:

• ukuphuculwa iziphambuka ndlela, kwakunye nokwakhiwa ezintsha;
• ukusekwa zothutho loluntu (apho imizekelo zicacileyo ehlabathini - isixeko saseBrazil Curitiba);
• iziqwengana isicelo alternating ulwalathiso sesicelo;
• utshintsho elichanekileyo iirobhothi;
• ukwandiswa endleleni;
• ukuqaliswa sentlawulo lokungena (ingxaki) iindawo ezithile komzi;
• ukukhuthazwa ukuziphatha ubengo, endleleni;
• ukuphuhliswa komhlaba, ngokunjalo ikonwabise;
• ukusetyenziswa kakhulu iindlela computer kunye technologies.

Le ukulwa kwemikrozo yeemoto ehlabathini: imizekelo ebangel 'umdla

Ukusuka ukuxinana behlupheka kakhulu ezinkulu iindawo ombaxa: New York, Singapore, Sao Paulo, eChicago, eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko.

Kunika umdla ukuzama ukusombulula ingxaki ingxinano eAthens. Kukho a evekini ukuba amanani nkqu kwisitrato kuvunyelwa kuphela ukuba aphume iimoto, ogama amanani ohlala inani. On imihla oyinqaba zekhalenda - nje eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, umatshini ngamnye uye kuloo mzi ngosuku. Ukuba isaziso ngamapolisa imoto uwaphule imithetho, ngoko umnini wayo kuya kufuneka uhlawule isohlwayo sama euro 72. kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifanayo, kwaye São Paulo.

Kodwa e Singapore, kunye kwemikrozo yeemoto ezisokolayo quota. Njengoko sisazi, lo mzi kakhulu iphathwa indawo intsilelo. Ngoko ke, e Singapore umqhubi kufuneka nje athenge imoto, kodwa yokuthenga ulahlulo ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Quotas kuthengiswa kwifandesi, kunye neendleko avareji malunga $ 8,000.

Kodwa yintoni asukuzana kwemikrozo yeemoto eMoscow? Okwangoku, umzabalazo iyonke kuyehla ikakhulu kulwakhiwo neendlela ezintsha kunye nezikhululo metro. Iprojekthi luncedo kakhulu ukulwa ingxinano ibeyinto resource Internet "Yandex-okuthintela", nto leyo eye ulwazi nokusebenza traffic aqukuqela kweso sixeko.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuxinana - esi isiphumo engaphephekiyo kwabantu ezidolophini. Le ukulwa kwemikrozo yeemoto ehlabathini yenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, yaye izazinzulu ukusebenza kule ngxaki, nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha ngakumbi nangakumbi mpi.