Le nkqubo ye-London Ngokufihlakeleyo: imbali kunye nesimo sangoku

Scheme London ngaphantsi ibandakanya izikhululo-270, imigca-11, ubude lilonke leyo ilingana ayi 402. Yonke imihla, olu hlobo izithuthi esisetyenziswa abahlali ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezithathu kunye neendwendwe kwesihloko yaseBritani. Logo London ngaphantsi yenye abalinganiswa abaphambili inkcubeko ethandwayo ehlabathini lonke ziveliswa kwaye wathengisa izinto iimpahla kunye izincedisi kunye logo inkampani nesigqibo seengcinga engaphantsi.

Imbali yokudalwa kunye nobume bangoku

ngosuku zokuqala sikaloliwe eLondon wawa ngoJanuwari 10, 1863. Umgca wokuqala u "reyluey Metropolitan" Yayibopha isikhululo ezimbini ezinkulu sikaloliwe. Ngowe-1890, oololiwe London Ngokufihlakeleyo uqala kuqala ukusebenza kagesi. De 1933, ukwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso imigca ezinikwe ziinkampani zabucala. Ukudalwa yeSebe yaBakhweli lezoThutho uye wahlanganisa ibe inkqubo bengatshatanga.

Ngexesha Second World War nto iye yaba yinto yokusabela buyafuneka komhlaba ukusuka iziqhushumbisi yabemi esinoxolo mzi. November 18, 1987 abemi London yakhunjulwa ukuqhambuka ngesiquphe lomlilo. Ngaloo mini, izakhi kwabulawa abantu mathathu. NgoJulayi 2005, izitishi ezininzi ziye zaba Ithagethi abagrogrisi. Ngenxa yoko, owaba- ezine eququzelelweyo koololiwe abathathu wababulala abantu 56 kunye ekuhlaseleni ezine ukuzibulala.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inkqubo ye-London phantsi komhlaba kwindawo yesine phakathi mde ehlabathini, emva Seoul, eBeijing kunye Shanghai. Abahlali kwengqukuva wabiza olu hlobo zothutho Tube (Engl. "Imibhobho") ngenxa imilo imigudu.

Imigca kunye station London Ngokufihlakeleyo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ikomkhulu ngokufihlakeleyo British iqulathe imigca 11, ezine ezo nzulu, enye - enzonzobila. Cinga ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo:

• "District" (zibonakaliswe kulo mzobo ngombala oluhlaza kwaye iqulathe izitishi 60);
• "Met" (isikhululo emfusa 34);
• "Circumferential" (etyheli, izitishi-36);
• "North" (omnyama, izitishi 50);
• "Waterloo & City" (umbala oluhlaza, isikhululo 2);
• "Central" (ebomvu, izitishi 49);
• "Beykerloo" (Brown, izitishi 25);
• "Piccadilly" (blue emnyama, izitishi 53);
• "Victoria" (blue, izitishi 16);
• "Usuku" (isilivere, izitishi 27);
• "Hammersmith & City" (Pink, izitishi 29).

Ngo-2007, umgca Mpuma ivaliwe ngenxa ngokutsha. kwiminyaka emine emva umqala, yaba yinxalenye zothutho ephakamileyo. Scheme London zaphantsi nayo iqulethe iinxalenye ezifana "London Overground" yaye "Docklands Ukukhanya Railway".

anika umdla

• Indlela inde i uhambo ngqo ukusuka kwisikhululo "West Raislip" kwi "Epping" - 54.9 km kwaye sihlala iyure nemizuzu engama-28.
• Ngomhla kummandla "yiStratford" yeyona ezizihambelayo lifutshane (meters-4), kwaye elide owned station "Angel" (iimitha 60).
• Isikhululo zinzulu kakhulu ubizwa ngokuba "Hampstead", kuxhomekeke kubunzulu yeemitha 59 ukusuka kwinqanaba ezitratweni.
• Ubuncinane i ubunzulu (5.2 meters) ibekwe station "Redbridge".
• "Waterloo" isikhululo ephithizela le London komhlaba. Kulo nyaka, umkhweli traffic nantsi 82 ezigidi zabantu.
• "District" umgca sine nani likhulu lezikhululo (60), kwaye incinane - "Waterloo & City" (2).

design

Ekuqaleni scheme London Ngokufihlakeleyo lahlanganisa imephu umzi, njengoko ukwanda kwale hlobo zothutho, nzima imbono olubonakalayo abakhweli. Kamva, ngo-1933 ngu Garri bek wayila ncwadana ulwazi, ongenise umgca kwisiqalo udandalaziso, kunokuba eendawo, yaye wonke umntu okhethwe umbala.

ifonti abangaqhelekanga unique, ebhalwe ilizwi komhlaba kwisiqalo blue, kwadalwa Edward Johnston ngo-1916. Logo ne umbhalo ngasentla kwiminyaka yokuqala ubukho yayo baziwa amagama afana "ekujoliswe 'yaye' iliso yenkomo". It is a isangqa ebomvu, nto leyo udlula embindini ngombala oluhlaza. UMyili lo mqondiso akwaziwa. Emva kokuba zonke iindlela zothutho phantsi kolawulo sezoThutho London, waqala emalifakwe kwisikhululo seeteksi, ibhasi, esiporweni, DLR kunye nabanye lo imifanekiso.

zokuhamba Namhlanje kwi London komhlaba, unako ngokulula uthelekise nale ngokuya Museum of Modern Art. ngoku isithuba Advertising ezele kwez imibongo nobugcisa imizobo, ngaloo ndlela ukudala imo yovuyo phakathi abakhweli. Oku abatyeleli kwakhona obungathethekiyo bonwabile kunye neendwendwe kuwo umzi, nangona ukuba ixabiso le yokukhwela omdala, kuxhomekeke ukucandwa avareji ngeekhilogram-3. amatikiti zabantwana iindleko isiqingatha ixabiso.