Kalmyks: inkolo, izithethe kunye nembali abantu

Hayi ngokufuthi eYurophu, kukho abantu abathetha ulwimi Mongolian. Kwaye phantse bonke abahlala kwiRiphabliki Kalmykia. beza abantu Bibles ilizwe ngokuthi emathafeni Polovtsian. Emva kokufika kwazo ngenkulungwane ye-17, le ndawo yabizwa ngokuba Bibles emathafeni. Namhlanje, yiyo Republic of Kalmykia. Le maphu ibonisa indawo yayo ngqo.

indaba

abantu okungaqhelekanga - Kalmyks. Imbali yabantu imiliselwe ngaphambili. Kuthathela Asia. Kalmyks - bendawo zezizwe West Mongolian ebizwa Oirats. Nabo ke, bangena omkhulu Mongol uBukhosi owadalwa Genghis Khan. Wakwazi yokuhlanganisa phantse bonke abantu abahlala ngelo xesha kummandla Central Asia.

Oirats inkxaso Genghis Khan e yokoyisa kwakhe eRashiya, neCaucasus, China, i-Asia and Korea. Ngelo xesha, yaye zadalwa liqela iiyunithi zomkhosi, apho wadlula imisebenzi ilifa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi iiyunithi ziye iintlanga ukuba ezisekhoyo. Namhlanje, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babe ukubaluleka ezinjalo, msinyane nje enxulumene kakhulu ukudliwa. Umzekelo, kukho iqela Torgouts. Ngoko wabiza abantu agade khans Mongol. Iqela hosheutov yayiba abo babekhonza phezu phambi bengamabutho ngamabutho, Derbets - yi-Calvary Army.

UMbuso Mongol omkhulu. iimbandezelo lwasemakhaya eqhelekileyo apha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baye kwakhokelela uphuphu yayo. khans Oirat wenqaba ukulalela Mongol umlawuli omkhulu.

Iziseko unqulo Kalmyks

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-17 le Kalmyks waqhelisela nemimoya. Kodwa bevangeli esebenzayo evela Tibet ebangele ukuba uninzi Kalmyks bamkele ubuBhuda. Kodwa zange kunceda ukugcina ingqibelelo yabantu Mongolian. Zembujiswano kunye izimpi yaqhubeka. Kunjalo, kubuBhuda, Lamaism ngokubanzi laqhenqetha kakhulu kumhlaba weRiphablikhi mihla Kalmykia.

Bibles Khanate waba yingxenye Russia de 1771. Kumanqanaba yalo yokuqala, abalawuli Russian abangazange baqhoboshele ebaluleke ngokukodwa isixhobo lwangaphakathi. Religion Kalmyks waba inkululeko yokuzikhethela, yaye urhulumente akuyiphazamisi ngokwesithethe sabo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, abalawuli Russia waqala ukuthatha amanyathelo kunye nokukhuthaza abo bambambayo Orthodox. Kalmyks abanikwe isiko yobhaptizo, bavunyelwa ukuba baye kweminye imizi nemizana Russia.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 urhulumente Russian anda uphazamiseko kubomi lwangaphakathi Bibles Khanate ngokuthe ngokunciphisa amalungelo Kalmyks, yaye ngo-1771 lwapheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha linye i-Russian litsha, urhulumente wolawulo Kalmyks lwenzelwa. Izithethe kunye namalungelo abantu Bibles bagcinwa ngokupheleleyo. Xa iphondo Astrakhan wadalwa i Bibles Affairs uhambo, nto leyo ochaphazelekayo kunye nokulawula ulus. Kamva, ngowe-1847, ziyahlelwa abantu Bibles kwakuxhomekeke Ministry of Property State.

Kalmyks. unqulo

urhulumente Russian wazama ukuba noxinzelelo abantu Bibles kwizinto wokuguqula ukuba ubuKristu. Phambi kokuba revolution phakathi Kalmyks wahlala amalungelo abefundisi dha leyo babekwa 1640. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye elukholweni Orthodox sele beqalisile kulungiswe Kalmyks. Unqulo ekuqaleni ekusasazeni ngokukhawuleza emva kokuvulwa sobufundisi Astrakhan, Kalmykia ukususela ngokobume yaba yinxalenye Astrakhan eso sithili. Ngoko ke urhulumente Russian lithathe amanyathelo ukuseka ebufundisini, akanandaba Kalmyks amaKristu. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19 intshukumo wevangeli ifikelele apogee yayo. Xa zabefundisi waqala ukufundisa ulwimi Bibles. Ngowe-1871 kwaqalisa ubukho balo IKomiti Missionary Orthodox, nelisebenza isikolo yaququzelelwa waza wavula indawo abaza kuphila Kalmyks. Unqulo kakhulu zatshintsha bayahlelwa abantu Bibles. Abantu bafumane imfundo ephucukileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isikolo kuba isikolo enkulu wevangeli, esiqeqesha ootitshala kunye nabashumayeli ezazifanele ukuba bapase ulwazi lokomoya zokuhlala Bibles.

Hayi ixakeke kakhulu wathabatha ezintsha ezinjalo revolution Kalmyks. Buddha wahlala ukuba isininzi Bibles zabantu uThixo omkhulu. UbuKristu Wayemelwe ikakhulu evela eRashiya. namasiko alo nzulu musa ufuna ukutshintsha Kalmyks. Inkolo njengokuba kwaba nzima ukutshintsha. Yintoni inkolo Kalmyks? Lo mbuzo Akukho mpendulo ilula. Apho phakathi Kalmyks kunye Orthodox, kwaye amaBhuda, kwaye nkqu abathandazi.

Iingxaki zabantu, Bibles

AmaKomanisi amandla nempembelelo entle imbali kummandla Bibles. Yaba abo wambuyisela umanyano sokumiswa Kalmyks wabuya. 1926 kwaphawula ekuqaleni Bibles Ukuzilawula Oblast, apho kamva waziwa ngokuba Bibles ASSR. Kodwa ke ubomi yonqulo Kalmyks ngexesha bahlupheka kakhulu. Nawuphi na umsebenzi unqulo isebenza ngokungqongqo roughshod. Ngokomoya ubunzima nanto abanamava Kalmyks. Unqulo phakathi kwe 30 iye yaphela. Ngowe-1943, abantu Bibles wagxothelwa kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo eRashiya. Yaye ummandla wabo waba Russian. Yaye kwiminyaka eli-10 kuphela emva Kalmyks kwakhona bakwazi ukubuyela kwilizwe labo. Bibles ASSR wabuyela ebomini. Kodwa inkolo esemthethweni kummandla zokuhlala kwaye akuzange kube 80s. ingcinezelo ngokomoya isekhona Kalmyks. inkolo amaKristu aqala ukuvuselela kuphela ngo-1984. Ukuqala oku kokufunyanwa i kumarhamente Orthodox kwidolophana Priyutnoe. Oku kwaphawula utshintsho lwe Kalmykia kwi aseStavropol eso sithili. Phakathi labantu Bibles yaqala ukuvela uluntu ezintsha, ezifana namaBhaptizi yaye bakwaMoya. E Kalmykia, kukho kwakhona uluntu dha, leyo wasekwa ngo-1988.

Iimpawu amasiko Kalmyks

Ngaphandle kobunzima obuninzi kunye nendlela yokuphila ubomi, hayi okomzuzwana ukulibala izithethe zabo Kalmyks. Inkolo kunye nenkcubeko yabantu basoloko enxulumene ngomsonto ezingabonakaliyo. Kalmyks kwakunzima ukuguqula ukholo lwamaKristu. namasiko eminyaka ubudala bazenzela ngayo. Emva kweminyaka emininzi kulo mhlaba kwenziwa nemimoya. Akwenzeki ukuba kuzinyothula intliziyo Kalmyks. Le peculiarity inkcubeko yalo labemi kunye namhlanje kuboniswa kule bakuyo Mongolian. Bibles uluntu lwale mihla kancane ubuni balo zemveli, kodwa kukho amasiko aye alondolozwa kwaze namhlanje.

features yesintu

Kalmyks Fire ingqalelo into engcwele. Malunga naye kanye abakhankanywe imisebenzi isiko abantu Bibles. namasiko anzulu, amasiko kunye nenkcubeko Kalmyks ukuvumela ukuba sithethe kuzo njengoko kwiqela elizimeleyo uhlanga.

Umlilo abantu Bibles kwakujongwa njengeyona isimntwiso lwe Sun uThixo. Ngoko ke, apha kukho ezinye izithintelo, umzekelo, ukuba bawele emlilweni, okanye musa andikhathali ngaye kugqalwa isenzo yesono. Akuvunyelwe ukucima umlilo ngamanzi. Kufuneka ukuba ulinde ide nanko ephuma. Ukuvunyelwa ukuba ugcwalise umlilo ngesanti okanye umhlaba.

Unqulo womlilo ingqalelo izithethe okhethekileyo. Kalmyks baze bagcine amasiko athile ukuba Ukuhlawulela umlilo. Yaba uhlobo umbingelelo. Ihlelo lomlilo - olu phawu kuzwelonke Kalmyks. Sasichaza ukuba kwimisebenzi ezininzi zembali. Ngaphandle umbingelelo umlilo ungakwazi ukwenza nayiphi womtshato okanye umngcwabo. Kwaye namhlanje singabona nangokwamasiko apho unika umbingeleli isilwanyana umlilo kwaye ufunde umthandazo. Ngenxa yoko, ucela iintsikelelo koothixo ukuze isipho ulonwabo ebomini usapho intombi yakhe.

Kwakhona emngcwabeni uya yi ngaphandle umbingelelo umlilo. Ngomhla wesixhenxe kwaye anethoba amane emva nokungcwatywa izihlobo oswelekileyo kufuneka izimvu umlilo, ukondla isihlobo ke ongasekhoyo. Kalmyks ngenyameko bakholelwa ukuba umlilo luhlobo conduit phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nemiba noxhamla ubuncwane.

unqulo umlilo

Kalmyks ngokuqinileyo bakholelwa ukuba umlilo unamandla kaThixo. Kungenxa yoko le nto namnye kwisiko ukuhlanza ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ngumlilo. Ubhala ezo zichazwe nokuba imisebenzi yamandulo. Umzekelo, kumsebenzi A. Amur-Sanan ochazwe rite umlilo ngokukhuselwa abahambi endleleni. Umlilo lusuke wawagalela phezu ziinkampani yetyuwa. Wadlula phakathi imililo zaba mbini iinkomo, yaye kubo akukho endleleni buyo. Namhlanje, umlilo Kalmyks kwaye uhlambe amakhaya abo, obnosya ngeenxa endlwini ukusuka empuma kuye entshona. Emva komngcwabo, kufuneka kwakhona enze umlilo yokuhlanjululwa isiko ngokubamba izandla zakho phezu kwayo.

Yobuhedeni, obuBhuda nenkcubeko Kalmyks ngokuqinileyo munye. Zobuhedeni uthe komlilo, njengoko mmeli Sun uThixo, hayi kanye mandithi, yobuhedeni lo ngokwako Sun uThixo. Ngoko ke, ukuba abingelele zonke iimveliso ukuba uhlobo efudumeleyo. Kusenokuba ioli, igrisi, ulwelo esinxilisayo. isithethe dha imele umlilo njengophawu ubulumko. Kukholelwa ukuba inokusetyenziswa ukutshisa nayiphi ukungazi.

Indlela emi ngayo abantu Bibles

Kalmyks, kwakunye nezinye etnonarodnosti kuba ubhalo engaqhelekanga. Okokuqala, ukuba vula kunene. Abantu abanjalo kuthiwa extroverts. Okwesibini, ezenziwayo kunye enengqondo. Kalmyks abanye maximalism azalwa. Calmac ihlala isebenzela ukuba izenzo ezikhulu. Akayi ukuchitha ixesha lakho ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo ngokuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi ezincinane. Ngokuthe gabalala, ziqhele nesikali - konke oku kubonakala intliziyo Kalmyks.

Kalmyks - abantu ngendlela yokuqala. Nanini na kunokwenzeka, azama ukubonisa entsha exabisekileyo zabo ukutsala umdla kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngelo xesha, abantu Bibles ngentlonelo gqitha ukuzithemba abanye.

Kalmyks bakhuthele, eNamandla bezobugcisa. Oku kugwetywa nje kuphela iintshukumo zabo nemidaniso wesizwe, kodwa ngenxa iintetho zabo. Kalmyks bathetha eliphilileyo, bhetyebhetye, olukwazi ncam ukusebenzisa ngokufutshane. Eminye imithombo Bibles kufanekiswa isingqisho umatshini-umpu.

Phantse wonke Kalmyks - lokuhle. Basoloko ingqalelo kwizinto ezintle ebomini, nawuphi na umntu yakuthobela ukuba uqaphele iimpawu kuphela ezintle. Yonke imisebenzi epics intsomi yamandulo ibe nesiphelo esihle kakhulu.

abantu amadlelo bebesoloko zafuna indumiso. Umnqweno ukuba iinkokheli naliphi na ishishini semvelo kunye Kalmyks. Oku abantu abanekratshi kakhulu, kodwa hayi nabanekratshi. Buddhism eziliqela lihlanjululwe bengasenasazela Kalmyks njengoko ingangamsha dha - sisono ofayo.

Ekubeni obuBhuda Kalmykia yenye iintshukumo zonqulo ezinkulu kweli lizwe wakha ezininzi dha iitempile.

Temple of Ukoyisa Omkhulu (Kalmykia). incazelo

Kwisithili Oktyabrsky of Kalmykia (ilali kakhulu Tsaryn) likhaya elinye uluntu zinkulu amaBhuda. Nantsi ke kunayo itempile dha kwi Kalmykia - endlwini Ukoyisa Great. izakhiwo zenkolo dha ebizwa khurul. Le khurul elimiswe ngo-2002. kwiminyaka nje 2 abakhi bakwazi ukuqaphela iprojekthi Sangadzhieva Yu, ekuthiwa womzobi ilungileyo Kalmykia. October 11, 2002 iingcango Great Victory Temple kuvulwa ngokusesikweni. yayakhelwe Khurul ngenxa iminikelo evela kubahlali dha ngokwayo, abahlali kwisithili Oktyabrsky kunye nabaxhasi. UMongameli Kalmykia, Ilyumzhinov KN nayo imali yabo zokwakha.

Itempile isakhiwo weemitha ezili-18. Inxalenye engundoqo eyayikuyo iholo umthandazo, apho sibekwe khona isibingelelo. Xa phambi iimonki live khurul. Kwakhona kukho igumbi yokwamkela iindwendwe Lama. Buddha umfanekiso wabonakala ngenxa kwiinzame eqingqiweyo Vaskina Korobeynikova B. kunye C. I-central Igalelo wheel Iimfundiso ehonjisiweyo amanani kunye amaxhama wenza Galushkinym Nikolaem.

Kwakhona khurul ke umfanekiso oqingqiweyo Buddha of Medicine kunye nengqokelela enkulu izibhalo kunye tanok.

In Kalmykia ezininzi dha iitempile, umdla kubakhenkethi.

Elista - iziko lenkcubeko dha

Elista likomkhulu weRiphabliki Kalmykia. Le maphu ibonisa indawo yayo.

Kuyinto kwidolophu engaqhelekanga, alifani isininzi izixeko Russian. It is Zazihonjiswe iitempile zamaBhuda nezakhiwo bala nakubugcisa Mpuma. Abantu abahlala Elista, umbono ngasempumalanga. abathandi inkcubeko Eastern ahambele Elista. Nantsi i Buddha tempile ngobukhulu, malivakale Europe. Kukho kwakhona eMonastri dha, indawo ayithandayo kweyeDalai Lama ngexesha lotyelelo lwakhe Kalmykia. E Elista, kukho enye Umtsalane emangalisayo - Golden Gate, leyo ezalisekisa yonke iminqweno. Elista - idolophu kakhulu nentle. Kalmyks - Abantu eziqaqambileyo. Apha ungakwazi obungqingqwa ngokupheleleyo. Beautiful izinxibo, ukudanisa - konke oku eyahlula Kalmyks kwezinye izizwe Asia kunye Mongolian. Elista odumileyo kuphela izakhiwo zamaBhuda. Kukho kwakhona iindawo ezinika enikelwe wechess.

Isibakala sokuba wechess for Kalmyks zithathwa into oyithandayo enkulu. Apha ziyabanjwa i-World Itshesi Championship rhoqo.

Temple of the "Golden ikhaya Buddha"

Lo khurul ingqalelo enye kunayo nje kuphela kwiRiphabliki Kalmykia, kodwa eYurophu. Temple liyazingca lwendawo kumbindi Elista (Yuriya Klykova Street).

Khurul ukuphakama kuyimitha 56. Ngaphakathi kuyo kukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo enkulu Buddha (iimitha ezili-12).

Itempile ithathwa ukuba main Elista. Oku kuphela isakhiwo entle nobungangamsha. Le ndawo ukwenza amasiko kunye nonqulo lo ungu. Itempile singqongwe kocingo fanekisela ecaleni kwebala stupas 108 ibekwe. Faka itempile, ungenza ngesango lasezantsi. Kukho ezintathu. enye nganye kwindawo ethile yehlabathi. Le sesakhiwo kwetempile ufana Mandala enkulu. Ekusondeleni isakhiwo, uyakwazi ukubona pagodas elinesixhenxe, leyo kuvuka imifanekiso ye lendela ezinkulu zamaBhuda kunye nootitshala.

Khurul kumazinga 7. Kwinqanaba lokuqala kukho imyuziyam, iholo yenkomfa kwaye kwithala leencwadi. Kwinqanaba lesibini kukho oqingqiweyo Buddha Shakyamuni kunye iholo umthandazo. Lo mfanekiso ngokwayo isebenza njenge egcina izacholo, izinongo, umhlaba, izityalo, kunye nengca. Zonke ezi AmaBhuda ingqalelo izinto ezingcwele. Ethetha ukuba lo mfanekiso yi igolide yaba zizixwexwe ezicekethekileyo kunye nedayimani. Inqanaba lesithathu kuba yokwamkela ngamnye iindwendwe. Nazi emagumbini neemonki, oogqirha amayeza Tibetan, abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nolawulo itempile. Inqanaba lwesine igumbi yenkomfa elincinane. Apha uyakwazi ukufumana intloko AmaBhuda Telo Rinpoche Tuluk. Inqanaba yesihlanu yokuhlala kuthatha Tenzin Gyatso (ubungcwele bakhe UDalai Lama XIV). Inqanaba lesithandathu lokusebenzisa indawo ukulungiselela iinjongo zorhwebo. Kwinqanaba yesixhenxe nga kuphela kuvuka abefundisi ukuba ukuxakeka ukucamngca.