Israel: uhlobo karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yolawulo

Phakathi ilizwe nyaka 14/05/1948 wangena amaSirayeli. Ifom karhulumente apha - republic yasepalamente. Eli lizwe ecalanye, Isisombululo UN esekelwe ngoNovemba 1947, xa kususwe kwigunya yaseBritani phezu ePalestina, ogama intsimi yahlulwa yaba ngamazwe amabini azimeleyo - mnye Arab kunye enye yamaYuda.

polity

Sirayeli, ukuba uhlobo karhulumente apho isakhiwo karhulumente ukuba udidi owodwa, yahlulwe kwizithili yolawulo ezintandathu. inkqubo amandla yahlukile. Ukususela ngo-1996, eli lizwe ukhetheke ehlabathini, apho umongameli inyulwa epalamente, kwaye inkulumbuso inyulelwa edume, ngqo ngabemi ngokwabo.

Apha ulawulo kwezopolitiko lwentando yesininzi. I-siseko ungayenzi ukudlala indima yokuba isenzo ngokusemthethweni kwaye akukho amandla aphambili ngokusemthethweni. Endaweni yoko ezinye ebizwa ngokuba yi-Law esiSiseko. I Knesset, phezu amazwe urhulumente Mongameli, uqoqosho, elikomkhulu eYerusalem, umkhosi, ngomhla kokhetho kwinkqubo yezomthetho - ukususela 1955, anesithoba yezi zenzo asemthethweni eyamkelwa ngomhla 1988 th Knesset (ekuthiwa-ipalamente). Sirayeli, uhlobo oluthile karhulumente izahlule onke amazwe aziwa, ilawula imithetho ezisithoba.

imithetho

Imithetho Basic Ngokungafaniyo siseko ukuba phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko ayikwazi kurhoxiswa, izilungiso imimiselo, nkqu ezinzima kakhulu. Njengenxalenye yale mithetho ngu amanqaku ebizwa "ezinqatyisiweyo 'apho unako ukwenza utshintsho, kodwa kwakunzima ukuyenza. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Sirayeli, uhlobo zikarhulumente kufuna imvume nje kuphela, kodwa uninzi ngokupheleleyo seevoti zamalungu Knesset, echitha iinkqubo elide kunye olunzima okuvota. Ngoko ke kanye, xa kukho umbuzo malunga ukhetho lwepalamente kwelinye icala, eli cebo umlinganiselo.

Kangangethuba elide imithetho akaqhotyoshelwanga kuchuma mna, kodwa ngowe-1992 ezintsha ezimbini aye athathwa. Lo Mthetho Basic on inkululeko imisebenzi kunye nesidima sobuntu. I igqityiwe yokuqala elide kunye nenguqulelo lokugqibela yakhululwa kuphela ngo-1994, ngoku ke enqatyisiweyo ngokupheleleyo. Kule minyaka ilishumi yokugqibela athathwe kunye neminye imithetho, kodwa zange kube yiyona nto, nangona kwikhontenti na kubo ekunokuthiwa. Ifom urhulumente kaSirayeli kuya lwentando ngakumbi.

Izizathu ukungabikho-siseko

Kweli lizwe kukho imiba emibini kumbono iifom karhulumente, ngenxa yokuba amaqela zange ayeke inkcaso kwaye akanako nangayiphi na indlela nesiphumo ezimbini Outlook ezahlukileyo zifana. Kukho sisetyenziswe ingqiqo kurhulumente wehlabathi, leyo wakhuthaza ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko, lo gama iqela zabo - theocrats -otritsayut kufuneka enye iseti ngaphandle iTorah imithetho. Indima unqulo yondele, ngoko ke imilo webhodi kwaSirayeli wahlukile kakhulu kwamanye amazwe.

IPalamente - Knesset - yinto enetsheyimba kwaye inamalungu ikhulu elinamanci mabini, abonyulwe iminyaka emine. Lonke igunya lowiso buzinze ezandleni zakhe. Isebenza lufane nenkqubo amelwe ngokulungeleleneyo. De kwangowe-1996, uMphathiswa iNkulumbuso enyulwe yiNdlu iqela elilawulayo, ngoko unyulo Knesset waqalisa eya kuhlanganiswa kunye unyulo ngqo senkokeli oyintloko karhulumente. Ngelo xesha linye i-iNkulumbuso wafumana ilungelo ukunyibilikisa Knesset, ukuba uyabona ukuba uninzi laMalungu abachasene kuyo. Leyo ke uhlobo karhulumente. urhulumente. USirayeli phezu umba ngaphambi ngeseleyo.

amandla

igunya lowiso ayigcini phantse nto, ukuba baye baba imithetho ivitho ayikwazi kuwiswa, abayi kucinywa nkqu yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Kwakhona Knesset unamagunya iintlobo ngeentlobo, ulawulo kunye kweliso kurhulumente kunye nezenzo zawo. Ikhona kwamanye amazwe, kodwa hayi zonke, nangona yintoni na uhlobo urhulumente.

USirayeli wenza konke okusemandleni ukuba imithetho ayikwazanga siphumelele. Knesset ivuma mali, kweliso yonke imisebenzi karhulumente kunye ngoncedo isekela isicelo kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa, eliphethwe kunye nophando yepalamente. I Knesset unelungelo andulule urhulumente, ukuba ubonisa nengqiniseko.

Parliament and Government

Uhlobo urhulumente kaSirayeli iye abolekwe imodeli yaseBritani, apho inyathelo yowiso uthwala ikakhulu urhulumente. Wonke umthetho esityatyathwe sisininzi zamasekela abakhoyo (ngasendleleni, ngokupheleleyo naliphi na inani sele kwenza ikhoram).

Ezi nketho imithetho ukwenza utshintsho kwinkqubo yonyulo okanye zijongene kwemiThetho Basic. Kwezi meko ufuna uninzi ngokupheleleyo, a ngokuhambelana ethile nomthetho.

umongameli

Intloko karhulumente eyonyulwe Knesset iminyaka emihlanu. Le umongameli, imeko leyo imisela umthetho basic, eyapapashwa ngo-1964. ngaphezulu kwamaxesha amabini alandelelanayo uMongameli akanalo ilungelo lokuba ukusebenza. Noko ke, - umntu phantse ngegama, wenza imisebenzi Imikhosi kunye ubunzima yezopolitiko kweli lizwe angenako.

amagunya kaMongameli zenziwa iingcebiso aBaphathiswa of State: Ngokutyobela zonke iintlobo izivumelwano esele uwamkele Knesset, kwakunye nemithetho musa zinxulumene igunya lakhe.

Nantsi uhlobo lorhulumente, amaSirayeli, nangona kunjalo, uthathwa ukuba ibe republic kaMongameli. Kwamanye amazwe, abongameli banelungelo azo, umongameli Israeli - hayi. Yena angaqesha abameli bozakuzo kwaye ufumane inkcazelo yakhe, kodwa elawulayo ayinawo ilifa.

Prime Minister

Kodwa lo mntu nguye intloko karhulumente, yaye anyulwe ngqo ngabemi xa bebonke. Abaviwa ezisebenzayo kwi amaqela omnye okanye ngaphezulu, okuye izihlalo hayi ngaphantsi kwe ezilishumi Knesset, okanye ukuqokelela iisiginitsha amawaka mahlanu.

Umviwa ukuba inkulumbuso ngeke ibe ngaphantsi kweminyaka engama-amathathu, yaye kufuneka akhokele uluhlu iqela le. Ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini njengoko inkulumbuso, akukho namnye unako ukubamba. Intloko karhulumente okunene iyalela kunye nomgaqo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya karhulumente, Noko ke, zonke izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kufuneka kuqala avume Knesset.

ukungamthembi

Leyo ke yindlela urhulumente kaSirayeli ngalo mzuzu. Ngemvume Knesset, iNkulumbuso ababeza kuwamisela okanye asuse urhulumente. Noko ke, urhulumente unoxanduva ukuya epalamente. Ukuba ukungamthembi ziya kwenziwa ngokwaneleyo kuzo zonke iivoti amathandathu ananye ngaphezu zesininzi ukuba isenzo eso ingqalelo svershonnym.

Emva koko lokhetho kwakhona - kwaye Knesset kunye iNkulumbuso. Knesset ukuba lixele ivoti kungekho sinokungafihlisi kuyo iNkulumbuso, kufuneka ukudayala uninzi asibhozo-nye kwivoti, ukuba bathabath 'ukuba, umzekelo, lo mthetho yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko, ngokuqhelekileyo uninzi esepalamente nevoti amathandathu ananye. Koko nje baphinde bonyulwa Prime Minister.

inkqubo yezomthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho kuxutywe kweli lizwe, kuba kukho iimpawu kunye yelizwekazi (Roman-German) kunye Anglo-Saxon umthetho. Ukongeza, kukho kwakhona alichatshazelwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ezimbini yomthetho zonqulo - Muslim kunye yamaYuda, lisetyenziswa ngaphakathi amahlelo nga ukuba abuyisele uSirayeli. Ifom karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yolawulo kuxhomekeke ibali lokusekwa karhulumente.

De-1918, le mimandla babephuma eTurkey, apho kukho khona ekuqaleni kwasekwa yi ilungelo Ottoman. Iziseko yalo mthetho, nto leyo idala ePalestina, kakhulu, zenziwe imithombo imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ilungelo lobunini zithiwe thaca kwi-Code wenza "Mecelle" - umthetho Islamic (school Hanafi). Intsapho umtshato kunye nelifa baphathwa umthetho uncodified yamaSilamsi, yaye indawo zorhwebo ilawulwa imithetho, ukutsalwa baseTurkey isiFrentshi imithombo.

England

Ngowe-1922, i-UK unawo umyalelo we-uManyano Lwezizwe apho wawubaleka de 1947 ePalestina. Ngelo xesha ke wakhupha umyalelo njengako apho zonke iinkundla mmandla baqhubeka ukusebenzisa imithetho ngurhulumente Ottoman-mthetho ngokuphelela kwayo - nabo babehleli ukusebenza phambi ngoFebruwari 1914, kunye nemithetho wegqitha kamva, yaye izinto ngokomthetho, wathabatha amandla ePalestina.

It ayesebenza ngokwesiqhelo yobukoloniyali - iinkundla ziye kugunyaziswe kungekho mthetho ukwenza imilinganiselo olufunekayo omalususele iinkolelo womthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nokulingana. Ngoko ke , umthetho IsiNgesi ngcembe yayithabathel Franco-Ottoman. Lomhlambi.

Israyeli imithetho

Xa Palestine waphuphuma amawakawaka amaYuda, umthetho zonqulo zamaYuda wayezama ukugcina okuseleyo, kuba umthetho lowo ugciniwe imithetho ekhoyo, ongaphikisaniyo isibhengezo ukuzimela kunye nemithetho ukuba kamva kwamkelwa Knesset. Le nkqubo nangoku ukusebenza, ukususela kwemithetho Ottoman kunye nexesha nemithetho emininzi igunya kodwa ayikho.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, kwakheka kwi isiseko izigqibo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo iseti elikhethekileyo amalungelo oluntu - i-case-mthetho: inkululeko yonxulumano, yokuthetha, inkolo, lokulingana phambi komthetho. Ezi Amaxabiso anokuba baziqhenya zakwaSirayeli. Ifom karhulumente kunye nolwakhiwo lizwe kwakhokelela ukuba imithetho, nakuba lufuna zabo.

Controller State

Kukho enye indawo, ezivunywe ngo-1949, ukunika amagunya karhulumente noxanduva eluntwini. Le Controller State - Supreme Audit Iziko, nto leyo eye luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente. Israel Comptroller State Ucela ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni, ukusebenza, ukusebenza, nkqu kwicala ethical yezenzo ulawulo onke amagosa.

Ukususela ngo-1971, Comptroller State zazabelwe imisebenzi ye-Ombudsman, okt uMkomishinala zePalamente, ejongisisa izikhalazo abemi '. Onjalo umntu enyulelwe iminyaka emihlanu ngendlela yamaphepha okuvota ayimfihlo onke amalungu Knesset kwaye bathembeke kuye. Comptroller State angahlola naziphi na ii-akhawunti, iirekhodi kunye neerekhodi zabasebenzi naziphi na izibonelelo, ufikelelo mda kuyo. Iqwalasela imisebenzi, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, izibonelelo zokhuselo, naziphi izidumbu oomasipala kunye karhulumente, iinkampani zikarhulumente, amashishini karhulumente, xa ilizwi - yonke into, kuquka amaqela ezopolitiko kunye naziphi na iingxelo zabo zemali.

inkolo

Ukususela inkolo umbuso abazahluli, yiyo lonto kuzo zonke iingingqi kufuneka amabhunga zonqulo ezizodwa yabhalwa kuphela abantu ngabefundisi, leyo lokugqibela abaqeshwe yi-mandla zengingqi, i-Rabbinate eliyiNtloko kunye neSebe leMicimbi Religious. Imisebenzi engundoqo amabhunga ezinjalo, njengoko ndifundisayo ezindaweni zonke, ulawulo iinkonzo zonqulo, kodwa apha, ukongeza, ezifana ePoland, ibhunga yonqulo unelungelo ukunika iinkonzo ezinxulumene izenzo imeko yoluntu. Oko kukuthi, esi sibini musa ukuya kunobhala kunye etempileni apho kwaye ufumane isiqinisekiso somtshato.

Ngelo xesha, uSirayeli zorhulumente wentando yesininzi, kwaye ngoko ke amalungelo asemthethweni belingana namaYuda inamaqela amaninzi yobuzwe neyenkolo. Oku Muslims Arab kunye namaKristu Arab, Armenia, kumaBedou, Druze, amaSamariya kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngokusemthethweni, akukho inkolo karhulumente sikhona, kunjalo, yaye unqulo umbuso ngokwahlukana. umthetho wamaJuda kwaSirayeli asinikezwanga kuba kukho ukungavumelani ekuhlaleni ngolwalamano unqulo ukuya karhulumente indima yalo kurhulumente. Oku kuchazwe ngasentla. Akukho nasinye ngeenkolo ezikhoyo kweli lizwe akanayo isimo ekhethekileyo. Oku njengelifa inkqubo yomthetho yesiko yaseBritani.