Ismail Gasprinskii kwimbali eCrimea

Ismail Gasprinskii, ubomi zomsebenzi ngumzekelo abaninzi - utitshala obalaseleyo iCrimea, umbhali, umpapashi kunye nani yoluntu. Kweli phepha, esilishumayelayo ibhayografi omfutshane umntu odumileyo. Siya kunixelela ukuba malunga nendima edlalwa Ismail Gasprinskii kwimbali eCrimea.

Origin, ebuntwaneni

Ismail wazalwa ngoMatshi 1851. Esi siganeko senzeke kwi Avdzhikoy kwilali ekufuphi Bakhchisaray. Uyise Lieutenant igama Mustafa. imfundo Primary Ismail Gasprinskii efika ekhaya, emva koko wayefunda (kwizikolo Muslim) ilali yesikolo-mektebe. Emva koko, waphumelela Simferopol yokuzilolonga waye wabhalisa ngoko Voronezh yeCadet Corps.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1864 ukuya 1867, Ismail Bey Gasprinskii wayefunda le Moscow sikolo. Act kwiziko ophambili enjalo akwazi kuba nguyise wakhe kwinkonzo karhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, Mustafa Gasprinskii kokwabo sodidi lwe iCrimea Murza, ngubani kulinganiswa ngelixa yezikhulu Russian.

nabo ezibalulekileyo, ekumisweni ideology

Ismail eMoscow baba ngabahlobo kunye nonyana Mihaila Katkova, umhleli we "eMoscow News" kunye Slavophile odumileyo. ixesha elithile Gasprinskii wayephila intsapho yakhe. Noko ke, kungekudala wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe. Ismail waqala ukufundisa Bakhchisarai (in Zincirli Madrasa) ngo-1867. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, waya eParis, apho waya izifundo e Sorbonne kwaye wasebenza ngumguquleli kwaye unobhala of Ingabe Turgenev, umbhali odumileyo Russian.

Emva koko Gasprinskii malunga nonyaka wahlala Istanbul. Ukusuka apho wabhala mbalelwano eya kumaphephandaba Russian. Phesheya, Ismail wathabatha iingcamango nolwazi, ezithi ke ngoko ngentetho evakalayo ngokuyilayo. Baye acacisa ibe ideology iphila, ekugqibeleni ijikwe ibe wenguquko obalaseleyo Gasprinsky.

ofisi

Ukubuyela eCrimea Ismail ngenxa ixesha waba ngumfundisi. Noko ke, ngoFebruwari 1879, waba usodolophu wesixeko Bakhchisarai. Kule sikhundla Gasprinskii wahlala de kube ngoMatshi 1884

Gasprinsky ukubonisa imibono yakhe

Ngowe-1881, Ismail wabhala isincoko osihloko sithi "Russian Islam. Thoughts, amanqaku kunye kugcinwa a Muslim." Lo msebenzi sele uhlobo Umbhalo ophezulu wokuqonda, hayi kuphela Gasprinsky. Kweli phepha, umbhali unikwa ebizwa ngokuba "imibuzo abaqalekisiweyo 'yobomi. Loluphi uhlobo ulwalamano kufuneka ibe phakathi Russian ne Tatar? Yintoni ekufuneka ibe amaSilamsi Russian (AmaTatar) ngokunxulumene Russian? Yeyani ofuna abasemagunyeni Russian ngokunxulumene AmaTatar, kwaye nokuba uzinikele? Yonke le mibuzo umdla Gasprinsky.

Ismail kabuhlungu uphawula ukunqongophala-nkqubo ecacileyo ukuba kwakuya wakhuthaza ukusasazeka ingcamango mpucuko Russian nxamnye Muslims. Gasprinskii ubhala ukuba iye yazisa iziqhamo ezininzi bakrakra Russian amaSilamsi, yaye jikelele lizwe. Amanqaku Umbhali ukuba Russian Islam angacingi, akayiqondi iimfuno karhulumente Russian. Yena akayi ukuqonda izimvo zakhe, iminqweno, bengazi uvuyo lwakhe nesingqala. Ngaphezu koko, ukungabikho ulwazi lolwimi Russian buyikhusela Muslim Russian iincwadi Russian neengcinga, kwakunye nenkcubeko jikelele. Gasprinskii uphawula ukuba zibandakanyeke neenkolelo kunye ingcamango endala ukuba siyahlukana lonke uluntu. Unobangela izifo ezininzi, ngokoko Ismail, nguye yokusilela, umgaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo onzulu inorodcheskogo kunye nabantu heterodox.

Eshwankathela izimvo eziqulathwe sincoko wakhe, Gasprinskii uthi ukuba kukuhlangana Russian amaSilamsi kunye norhulumente Russian kuthintela ngokungazi, okutsho nokungathembani. Yintoni isisombululo bacebise ngumbhali kule meko? Gasprinskii ukholelwa ukuba ekuhambeni madrassas Muslim kufuneka baqalise ukufundisa Sciences nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo Tatar. Ngenxa yoku-bume Muslim enokwendela ulwazi ngaphandle nobungozi kurhulumente. Oku, ukuphakamisa umgangatho ngokwasengqondweni abefundisi kunye namalungu abakumgangatho ophakathi. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba silahle ezininzi ubandlululo. Enye umlinganiselo ecetywayo Gasprinsky, - ukudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo ukwenzela ukupapashwa imveliso eprintiweyo ngolwimi Tatar.

Jadidism

Ismail, njengoko elizinikele, kwi kufayo wendawo yangasemva mazithumele nokudalwa yoluntu ehlaziyiweyo kwabantu abathi Islam. uguquko Jadid iba impendulo ngempumelelo kwimibuzo ezimkhathazayo utitshala. Kuyinto ngenxa Ismail bebaninzi abantu amaSilamsi abahlala eRashiya.

Jadidism ecetywayo inkqubo yotshintsho ephathelele kwimfundo. iindawo eziphambili ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

• ukuguqula imfundo amaSilamsi, ukuzisa ngokuhambelana kwinqanaba European;
• ukuyilwa enobunye ukuze zonke izizwe ulwimi lohlanga zoncwadi;
• ekudaleni uluntu umphakathi kunye yoluntu;
• ukwandisa ukubandakanyeka kwabantu, ukutshintsha yendawo abafazi Muslim;
• ukomeleza ubudlelwane ezikhoyo phakathi kwezizwe zamaTurkic-Muslim abahlala eRashiya.

Newspaper "Terdzhiman"

Gasprinskii elandela imigaqo amanene, obhengezwe kubo saqala imisebenzi yemfundo esebenzayo. Umzekelo, ngo-Aprili 1883, waqala apapasha kwi Bakhchisarai iphephandaba ebizwa ngokuba "Terdzhiman" ( "Translator"). Iminyaka emininzi, liye laba kuphela indlela eRashiya kwiphephandaba Turkish. In "Terdzhimane" eshicilelweyo ingcaciso emalunga nemiba embi kakhulu. wafika iphephandaba ngaphandle njengoko iCrimea Tatar kunye iilwimi Russian.

Ekuqaleni, lo papasho a ngeveki, kodwa kamva kwaphuma nakathathu ngeveki, kunye yonke imihla. "Terdzhiman" yathatha de ekufeni kwakhe Gasprinsky, bafika ngo-1914, kwakunye eminye iminyaka 4 emva koko. Kule minyaka, umhleli iphephandaba unyana wakhe Refat.

Amanye amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini, leyo ashicilelwe Gasprinskii

Kwelinye iphephandaba, nayo Ismail Gasprinskii - ngeveki "Millet" ( "nation '). Kwakhona kwakhululwa kwimagazini yabafazi, "Alemi nisvan" ( "Women LikaThixo"). Shefika Gasprinsky, intombi kaIshmayeli yakhe, yaba umhleli eli phephancwadi. Kodwa loo nto zonke iimpapasho ezisekelwe Gasprinsky. Wamkhulula kwimagazini yabantwana kulwimi iCrimea "subyan Alemi" ( "Abantwana LikaThixo"). Kwakhona Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba incwadi ahlekisayo ebizwa ngokuba "Ha-ha-ha!", Nguwuphi yasekwa Ismail Gasprinskii. engobomi bakhe ethi, njengokuba ubona, ephawulwe kukhululwe inani iimagazini namaphephandaba.

Ukudala ulwimi lohlanga

Ismail wayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu zamaTurkic abahlala eRashiya, ukuba simanyene ngokusekelwe ekudalweni zolwimi olufanayo eTurkey. Ulwimi Gasprinskii ingqalelo kujongwa ubukho solidarity eTurkey. Ismail wayezama okokuqala zonke ukuphumeza kubuyiselo iilwimi. Wayekholelwa ukuba "umanyano kulwimi" ayisebenzi ngokwawo, ngokungathi lonke uluntu lolwimi kunye ukufana typological kweelwimi bezizwe zamaTurkic kwatshintsha kakhulu. Inyathelo elibalulekileyo eze ezi ntlanga zonke baqala ukuphuhlisa uhlobo Turkish Esperanto. Oku wadalwa ulwimi esekelwe iCrimea Tatar (uguqulelo yayo ziphuculwe).

Reform Education

Inkqubo yezemfundo ithathwa Gasprinskii, kananjalo yaba indawo ebalulekileyo efuna nohlaziyo ngokukhawuleza. Ismail uvelise indlela ekhethekileyo esikolweni. Kuye kuvavanywa yokuqala esikolweni Bakhchsarai ngo 1884. iadvanteji iphambili yale ndlela isifundo luncedo yezifundo endaweni yokufunda ngokubethelela izimvo iitekisi abangenagama. Ukongeza, kwinkqubo yokufunda basebenzise ngenkuthalo ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe, kodwa oku akukhethi ukufundisisa Russian, Arabic kunye neelwimi zaseYurophu.

Ngenxa izikolo ukuba basebenzise iindlela Gasprinsky, kule minyaka yokuqala 15 kwinkulungwane yama-20, isizukulwana esitsha izilumko iCrimea Tatar. Baye kwasekwa njengoko baseYurophu, kodwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ungubani yamaSilamsi.

Recognition, neenkongolo amaSilamsi Russian

Ngowe-1903, iminyaka engama-20 iphephandaba "Terdzhiman" iye yaba uhlobo kwiforam kazwelonke. It Gasprinskii yathatyathwa "nguyise wohlanga Russian Muslims." I-Muslim Congress lokuqala lwaqhutywa yi ukuphunyezwa izimvo zabo ndawonye zamaTurkic-Islamic.

Ismail Gasprinskii ngo-1905 yaba sihlalo lokuQala Congress of the Muslim Russia. Le nkongolo kwaphawula ukuqala yokumanya bonke Russian nangezinto. Le nkongolo yesibini yaqhutywa ngoJanuwari 1906 eSt Petersburg. Ismail Gasprinskii wayengusihlalo phezu kwaso. Kwesi siganeko, kwagqitywa ukwenza i-Union of Muslim Russia. Ngo August, 1906 kufuphi Nizhny Novgorod wadibana Congress yesiThathu. Kwagqitywa yokuguqula obumiselweyo Union of Muslims (Ittifaq al-Muslimin) ngendlela ethile iqela lezopolitiko. inkqubo kwayo ngokusekelwe ngcinga Pan-Turkism.

Ismail Gasprinskii: isihobe kunye iprozi

I.Gasprinskiy wayengaziwa kuphela inani yoluntu, kodwa njengoko ngumbhali abanetalente. Wabhala Mininzi imisebenzi emihle ya vutshila. amabali Gasprinsky kunye neenoveli ( "Arslan kyz", "Molla Abbas", "Iminyaka Elikhulu Kamva") yashicilelwa kwiphephandaba "Terdzhiman".

Kwaye imbongi edumileyo I.Gasprinskiy. nemibongo yakhe malunga eCrimea kunye Crimeans ngoku eyaziwa abaninzi. Kodwa ilifa echaza lo mbhali lincinane. nemibongo yakhe (malunga eCrimea -. "eCrimea", njalo njalo) awaziwa kwakunye ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe oluntu kunye noncwadi.