IsiRashiya Veche: yintoni na kwaye ichaza njani le nto?

Nabani oye wafunda inkambo yomlando wesikolo uyazi umxholo othi "veche". Yintoni le nto, ukuchaza ngokulula. Le yindlela yokudala yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, le fom yobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu ibangel 'umdla ukuba kulungile ukuthetha ngayo ngokubanzi inkcukacha.

Inkcazo

Igama elithi "veche" livela kumagama angama-single-root as "ukwazi" (oko kukuthi, "ukwazi") kunye ne "vedas" (oko kukuthi, "iingcebiso"). Ibhunga leBantu liyilo lombutho wabantu kwimimandla yesizwe, egcinwe kwiRashiya yakudala kunye neyaseYurophu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo uhlobo olunjalo lwentlanganiso lubizwa ngokuba yintando yesininzi eSlavonic, xa amadoda ebiza isikwere kwisikwere kwaye agqitywe ngokuvota ngokuvakalayo nangokuvulekileyo apho isikhulu okanye sivame ukubeka phezu kwesixeko sabo, nokuba silwe neentshaba okanye senze uxolo nabo, sihlawule umvuzo okanye Okunye.

Iimbali-mlando zanamhlanje zihlola uhlobo lwe "veche", ukuba loo mqoqo wabantu abahloniphekileyo ngokwenene babonisa ukulawulwa koluntu lwabo ngokulinganayo.

Imisebenzi ebhekane ne-congress yabantu

Imibhalo yokuqala yaseRashiya isele ikhankanye ukuba le nkulu okanye inkulu yanyulwa ukuba ilawulwe ngoncedo lwe-veche, ukuba ukulawula okunjalo kwesi sikhulu kukhethwe nguThixo (uThixo kunye nabantu abakwiRashiya bahlale beboshwe ngokubambisana). Ingxelo-mlando I.Ya. UFroyanov ukholelwa ukuba le fomu karhulumente yayikho kwilizwe lonke laseRashiya, kwaye kungekhona kuphela kwiNovgorod nasePkovkov.

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba izithethe ze-veche zomelele kangangokuba ngeli xesha lejoka laseTatar-Mongol kwakukho amandla athile asemibini, ngakwesinye icala, iinkosana zanyula iHorld Horde Khan, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhuselo zanyulwa kwizithuba ezithile. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakuyomsebenzi wesikhulu ukuqokelela umvuzo ku-khan, kwaye kwakuyimisebenzi yabanyulwe yi-veche ukulawula abantu. Kancinci, iinkosana zathatha inxalenye yamandla "aseVeechnics" (amiselwe abantu baseVeche), ahlala nabo, okwabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu basezidolophini kunye nezidlova ezidumile.

Ngubani ongene kwi-veche? Izithethe

Ngokwesiko, ephuma kwinkqubo yesizwe, abasebenzi baquka iintloko zeentsapho ezinkulu, kunye neentloko zeentsapho. Kancinci, nangona kunjalo, "ezinkulu" kunye "neentsapho ezincinci" zaqala ukubonakala kwi-voyce. Emva koko, uluvo lwe "genjana encinci" luye lwayeka ukuqwalaselwa.

Ukongezelela, izithethe zentengiso zazisetyenziswanga nje kwibhunga elikhulu leedolophu, kodwa nakwizitalato ezincinci, apho imibuzo engxamisekileyo yayibhekiswe kubemi bezitalato okanye izindlu ezininzi.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumanisa ukufana phakathi kwe-Old Russian veche kunye neendibano ezifanayo zabadala abahloniphekileyo eYurophu. Ngokomzekelo, iintlanganiso ezinjalo zaziqhutyelwa e-Medieval England (zibiza ngokuthi "i-vitenagemot"), eScandinavia ("Into"), ePrussia (intlanganiso yabadala) njalo njalo.

Old Russian veche. Yiyiphi "intando yeninzi yaseRussia"?

Abanye ababhali beembali-mlando bakholelwa ukuba le ngcamango ayithethi nje ingqungquthela efanelekileyo yommi wabemi abatsaliswe yisandi sensimbi, kodwa kunye neendibano ezivukelayo zabantu abaphendulela ukuphonswa kweenkosana kunye neenkwenkwezi, ngandlela-thile azivumelani nabemi abaqhelekileyo belizwe.

Ukusuka oku kuyacaca ukuba iRussia Veche iphumelele ngokuphumelelayo nemisebenzi yayo ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwe- feudal kwaye yaqala ukuphazamisa ukuphuhliswa koburhulumente kwixesha eliphambili. Ngenxa yoko ukungathandeki kwezikhulu zaseRussia ezinkulu ngale ndlela yokudibanisa kunye nokubekwa ukuvinjelwa kwabo (kwimbali, iimeko ezibuhlungu zedolophu ezimbini zaseRussia, i-Novgorod ne-Pskov, apho izithethe zakwa-veche zomelele ngakumbi, zaye zavelelwa zihambo zohlwayo ngu-Ivan III kunye Umzukulu ka-Ivan oThusayo).

Kutheni i-Old Rashiya neMinyaka Ephakathi yayeka ukuba khona?

Bonke ababhali-mlando bayavuma ukuba ibhunga labantu layeka ukuhlala e-Medieval Russia ngenxa yokuba ayikwazanga ukumelana nokuncintisana namandla enkosana. Uhlobo olunjalo loorhulumente aluzange luzuze iinkosana, ezazifuna ilizwe eliphantsi , liphantsi kwamandla abo. Ngenxa yoko, umzabalazo onobukrakra kunye neendibano ezinjalo zaqhutywa ngamaRoma aseRussia, ukususela ngekhulu le-15.

Ngexesha elifanayo i-veche encinci, ehlanganisene njengemihlangano yoluntu yasemaphandleni, yaqhubeka ikhona kwilizwe lethu de kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwendlela yendabuko yemveli ezi fom ziye zaba yinto edlulileyo, kodwa kwinqanaba lokubambisana ziye zatshintshwa iindibano zama-communist, njl.

Kule nqanaba elikhoyo lokuba khona kwe-Russia, i-demokrasi yedemokhrasi eguquguqukayo kakhulu iyaqhubeka isetyenziselwa kurhulumente welizwe: kukho inkqubo ekhethiweyo yokumisela amabhunga karhulumente aphakathi, i-State Duma isebenza, iinqumrhu ezikhethiweyo zorhulumente wengingqi, ngoko kuya kuthiwa "i-veche enkulu" ayizange iphele ngokupheleleyo, izithethe zayo zihlala Ukuqaphela abantu baseRussia, ngokukhawuleza baxhamle neengcinga zobulungisa nenyaniso.