Indlela ziqhele obudlelwana. Imbono yomntu ngumntu. umbono social

Ulwazi umntu omnye komnye njalo luhambisana uvavanyo nangokweemvakalelo iqabane, ezama ukuqonda izenzo zakhe, utshintsho sezulu yakhe yokuziphatha kunye ngumzekelo ukuziphatha kwabo. Ekubeni le nkqubo ibandakanya abantu ubuncinane ezimbini ngamnye wabo nokuthatha inxaxheba ekwakheni qhinga nganye uthethathethwano kufuneka athathe ingqalelo kuphela iintshukumisa iintswelo zabanye, kodwa ukuqonda kwakhe kwizizathu kunye neemfuno iqabane. Inkqubo basuke phakathi nayo ngokuba umbono lwentlalo.

mechanism ziqhele obudlelwana - indlela apho umntu otolikayo nokuvavanya zombini. Le ndlela inokuba kakhulu okuninzi. Namhlanje siza sijonga iindlela ezisisiseko umbono nabanye abantu: ukuchonga, uvelwano, ukuzeyisa centeredness, ukutsalwa ezihlekisayo, reflection, nemvukelo kunye ukufanisa kobude.

lokuzazisa

Indlela yokuqala engundoqo imbono nabanye sesokwalatha lomntu. Ngokwembono of Social Psychology, oko kuqinisekisa ukuba eyona ndlela ilula ukuqonda iqabane azifanise kuwo.

Ngokubanzi, ukuphawulwa inani ukuzityhala:

1. Ekuzichongeleni omnye umntu, olusekelwe phezu uxhulumaniso ngokweemvakalelo.
2. Ukubethelela imilinganiselo, iindima iimpawu yokuziphatha omnye umntu.
3. Ikopi iingcamango, iimvakalelo okanye ezinye izenzo zabantu.

Ngokwenkcazelo lupheleleyo lwesazisi na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Lokuzazisa - ke ukuqonda iqabane ngokuchonga yakhe abazi okanye zingqondweni nayo, ezama va imeko yakhe, isimo sengqondo kulo ihlabathi, uzibeke ezihlangwini zakhe.

uvelane

Indlela yesibini okuqonda nabanye ngokusondeleyo ukuya kowokuqala. Uvelwano wabiza umnqweno ngokweemvakalelo ukuphendula ukuwathuthumbisa ezinye iingxaki zabantu, abe novelwano yena emanyathelweni.

Kwakhona, uvelwano itolikwa njenge:

1. Ukuqonda isimo lomnye umntu.
2. inkqubo izangoma lujoliswe ekubhaqeni izinto kwamanye amazwe.
3. Action enceda umntu ukwakha umthendeleko ngendlela ekhethekileyo.
4. Ukukwazi ukungena kungena isimo sengqondo lomnye umntu.

Ukukwazi besi- ukunyuka kwimeko buddies kufana, yaye xa yayikukufumana amava ngamnye. Uvelwano ephakamileyo, emibalabala ngakumbi loo mntu iphenjelelwa iziganeko ezifanayo kubomi babantu ezahlukeneyo, yaye kokukhona uyayazi ngokubakho iimbono ezahlukileyo ebomini.

Ngamnye, sinotyekelo uvelwano, zingafumaneka ngezizathu ezifana:

1. Nonyamezelo iimvakalelo zabanye abantu.
2. Ukukwazi ukungena ehlabathini engaphakathi interlocutor, ngaphandle kokuxela inqubo yakhe.
3. Ukuvumelana Umbono yalo ihlabathi, ukuba nembono omnye umntu ehlabathini ukuphumeza nokuqondana.

Yokufana ngovelwano ekuchongeni

Xa siyiqonda mshini ezinye ezifanayo kunye indlela yesazisi le. Kuzo zombini ezi meko kukho ubuchule bomntu ukujonga izinto ngokwembono lomnye umntu. Noko ke, uvelwano, ngokungafaniyo ekuchongweni ayenzelwanga ukuchonga wumbi interlocutor yakhe. Ukufanisa yena kunye naye, umntu uyithabatha ukuziphatha ongumzekelo kwaye yakhiwe ngokufanayo. Ukubonisa uvelwano enye, umntu uthatha nje ingqalelo imo umthombo line, ngelixa ziqhubela phambili ukwakha yokuziphatha yabo bengaxhomekekanga mntwini.

Uvelwano igqalwa enye izakhono ezibalulekileyo wengqondo, ugqirha, utitshala kunye nesikhokelo. ingqalelo Empathic (ukumamela), ngokutsho Rogers, ngaba isimo sengqondo ekhethekileyo iqabane, ngokusekelwe Yindibanisela yokuzazisa kunye novelwano. Ukufakwa kwamanye umntu, evumela ukufikelela uxhumane evulekileyo - umsebenzi lokuzazisa. Oku 'emanzini kwi interlocutor "kwifomu yayo enyulu ineziphumo ezibi - kwengqondo," lubopha "iingxaki umthengi kwaye iqalisa ukuba buhlungu iingxaki zakhe. Apha uza uncedo icandelo empathic - ukukwazi ukuhlalela kude liqabane karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, iseti iindlela ezifana ngokuchonga lomntu nokuba novelwano ivumela kwengqondo ukunika uncedo lokwenene kubathengi.

forms uvelane

amava Empathic kunokuba eyaneleyo kunye ayanelanga. Ngokomzekelo, kwenye intlungu somnye ukhathazekile, kwaye enye - novuyo.

Ngaphezu koko, uvelwano ingaba:

1. Emotional. Ngokusekelwe indlela wokuprojektha nokumxelisa olusebenzayo kunye neyezihlunu ngayo le interlocutor.
2. Cognitive. Ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezikrelekrele.
3. Isimaphambili. It ubonisa ubuchule bomntu ukuqikelela abasabela ngayo interlocutor kuyo nayiphi na imeko ethile.

Ifomu ebalulekileyo uvelwano izenzo uvelwano - amava omnye iimvakalelo zomntu ngamnye, iimvakalelo kunye ithi bahlangabezana omnye. Oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ekuzichongeleni umntu novelwano lwakhe.

egocentrism

Indlela yesithathu okuqonda nomntu, ngokungafaniyo ezimbini ezidlulileyo, nzima ulwazi abantu omnye komnye, kunokuba lula kuyo. Egocentrism - ugxininiso umntu yamava zazo zobuqu kunye neemfuno, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ithe ukukwazi ukuqonda abantu inqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Egocentrism ngu:

1. Enengcombolo. Ebonakalisa kwinkqubo yokucinga nendlela abayibona.
2. Yokuziphatha. Sibonisa ekungakwazini mqondise izizathu ukuziphatha kwabanye.
3. Boqhagamshelwano. Ichazwe abamhloniphi iingqiqo lwesemantiki interlocutor.

umtsalane obudlelwana

Umtsalane - a gravitation okanye umtsalane umntu omnye komnye ngenxa ngazwinye. Kwingcingane yokutsaleleka nabanye abantu yeyona nobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu kunye nembonakalo novelwano omnye komnye. Uphuhliso kuthinjwe qumrhu omnye komnye kwenzeka ngenxa ubudlelwane ngokweemvakalelo, uvavanyo leyo ebangela uluhlu iimvakalelo yaye wavakalisa nje isicwangciso lwentlalo komnye umntu.

reflection

Ukuqwalasela indlela ngokwasengqondweni okuqonda nomntu, singasathethi ke vangama. Bonakalisa kuthiwa lomuntu ngayo uqikelelo yakhe abone abanye abantu. Oko lumelo yomntu malunga uluvo ngaye wathi. Le element of kwingqiqo yolwazi lwentlalo, kwelinye icala, indlela yolwazi lomntu ngayo interlocutor ngokusebenzisa oko akucingayo ngale nto, kodwa kwelinye icala - self-lwazi kuyo. Ngoko ke, i ebanzi uluhlu unxibelelwano ngamnye, iingcamango ngakumbi ngayo ibonwa ngayo abanye, yaye okukhona umntu uyazi ngaye nakwabanye.

bazibandakanye

Le yindlela ebalulekileyo kakhulu kwaye kakhulu abanomdla okuqonda nabanye abantu. Ngemibono kwimeko yomtsalane zokunxibelelana - inkqubo ukucinga uluvo malunga umntu, ngokusekelwe ikhethe buqu (engaguqukiyo).

Kulo nyaka-1922 ukubonisa izimvo ezinxulumene inaccuracy nobuxoki, V. Limpan yaqalisa ibinzana ezifana "mbono lwentlalo." Njengoko umthetho, ukuyilwa lweepateni nzile into lwentlalo sikhanya nkqu ngamnye.

Kukholelwa ukuba kungenxa iingcinga ukuqonda kakuhle ngokuqinileyo ngohlobo lwemigangatho ezizinzileyo wazuza igunya phezu kwabantu. kuvela ngemibono ngokwemiqathango yokungabikho kolwazi okanye sisiphumo gabalala yamava ngayo ngamnye. Ibhonasi idla ifakwe kwingcaciso evela movie, uncwadi kunye nezinye iindawo.

Ngenxa nemvukelo lomntu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zithembekile, lula ekuhlaleni, ukuphumeza oko kwimigangatho ethile kunye neendidi, ukuze uliqonde ngakumbi kwaye unokuxelwa kwangaphambil. isiseko Cognitive lweenkqubo ingcinga bokwakha ezifana kwesithintelo, ukukhethwa ngokweendidi yokumpompoza esikhulu solwazi lwentlalo. Ngokuphathelele isiseko ezikhuthazayo kule nqubo, oko ukhandwa iinkqubo ixabiso bakhetha ukukhuthaza iqela elithile, apho ukunika abantu azive esekhaya kunye nokhuseleko.

Umsebenzi bazibandakanye:

1. Yokuzalela ulwazi.
2. Formation nokuxhasa umfanekiso ezintle "I".
3. Indalo kunye nenkxaso ideology iqela ukuzithethelela kwaye echaza indlela yeqela.
4. Formation nokuxhasa umfanekiso ezintle "thina".

Ngenxa yoko, iingcinga ezi nabalawuli yobudlelwane bentlalo. iimpawu zazo eziphambili zezi: kuqoqosho yokucinga, uxolo yabo yokuziphatha, ukwaneliseka, notyekelo ndlongondlongo, bokuxhathisa kwaye ombane output yeqela.

ngezigaba i engaguqukiyo

Kukho ezininzi abaye baba nendawo ukuba kucalulo ukuba kuyiyo. Ngokutsho ulwahlulohlulo V. Panferova, neemposiso zezi: kwezentlalo, yabantu kunye ethno-yesizwe.

Uqwalaselo olubukhali lucalulo Rean, njengako apho engaguqukiyo zezi:

1. Yemvelaphi. Oku kwenzeka xa uvavanyo iimpawu kwengqondo yomntu nobuntu bakhe zixhomekeke kwiimpawu imbonakalo, imikhwa ie yemvelaphi.
2. Ethno-kazwelonke. Efanelekileyo kwimeko apho kukho uvavanyo lwengqondo yabantu nempembelelo besekhaya yakhe ethile isizwe, uhlanga okanye isizwe.
3. LweNtlalo kunye nobume. Yiba indawo ukuba xa kuvavanyo ngamnye neempawu zenzeka ngokuxhomekeke ngokuziswa kweencwadi ezikolweni zazo ekuhlaleni.
4. LweNtlalo kunye nendima-idlala. Kulo mzekelo, uvandlakanyo yomntu ngokuxhomekeke indima yentlalo kunye neendima nemisebenzi ngamnye.
5. Ekhululekile nobugcisa. uvavanyo Psychological ubuntu ithe esingeneleiwe yi isibheno amehlo abantu.
6. Ngamazwi zokuziphatha. Umbandela yokuhlola zobuntu iimpawu zayo umphandle: mime, yimidlalo, ulwimi njalo njalo.

Kukho okunye ukuhlelwa. Kuzo, ukongeza engaphambili, zijongwa iimbono ezinjalo: professional (ummeli generic umfanekiso umsebenzi), physiognomic (iimpawu umphandle umntu ezinxulumene), ubuhlanga kunye nezinye.

Okufundwa zithathwa engaguqukiyo yesizwe. Zibonisa ukuzalana abantu amaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo. iingcinga ezinjalo zidla inxalenye nomqondo besizwe kunye ubuni balo, yaye ikhonkco esicacileyo kunye umlinganiswa kazwelonke.

Ukungabikho kweziphumo ulwazi malunga nengcinga enye, njengoko indlela okuqonda nomntu, uyakwazi ukwenza indima endala kwaye zinkuni, ekubumbeni abantu ingcamango ephosakeleyo malunga abanye, yaye deforming iinkqubo ze yentsebenziswano nomntu kunye nokuqondana. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa inyaniso okanye falsity engaguqukiyo zentlalo mfuneko kuphela ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo iimeko ezithile.

ukufanisa kobude

Ukuqwalasela indlela okuqonda loluntu, asifanele ngoyaba into umdla ezifana, njengokuba ukufanisa kobude. Ukungazi okanye hayi ngokwaneleyo ekuqondeni izisusa komnye umntu, abantu wafumana ngokwawo intsilelo ulwazi imnika izizathu zokuba ukuziphatha bobuxoki. Xa Social Psychology, le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'ukufanisa kobude ".

Ukuqwalasela indlela abatolika ngayo ukuziphatha kwabanye, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ekuthiwa-imposiso ukufanisa esisiseko. Oku kungenxa yokuba abantu zazi ixabiso nezinye iimpawu zobuntu babukele iimpembelelo meko. Abanye abaphandi bafumanise lo mkhuba "ukufanisa uyazingca." Oku kusekelwe ukukwazi kwabantu bafakele kubo impumelelo, kunye nabanye - ukusilela.

G. Kelly wachaza iintlobo ezintathu sehlo:

1. Personality. Isizathu yayanyaniswa loo mntu wenza isenzo.
2. Injongo. Isizathu yayanyaniswa into apho isenzo ngqo.
3. iimeko ezinxulumene-Attribution. Isizathu yayanyaniswa iimeko okwenzekayo.

I-mkhanyo zikholisa ukubhenela sehlo lobuqu, kwaye nxaxheba odla ubhala off zonke iimeko. Olu phawu ibonakala ngokucacileyo sehlo impumelelo kunye nokusilela.

Imbambano ebalulekileyo xa sibheka sehlo kobude ngumbandela kokufaka inkqubo ehamba yoluvo abantu loo mntu, ingakumbi sokumiswa ukuvela umntu akaziwa. Lo phendla A. Bodylevym ngu ucwaningo apho amaqela ahlukeneyo abantu babonisa ifoto yomntu omnye, ehamba "Umbhali" uhlobo yakhe yokusebenza, "Hero", "yolwaphulo", njalo njalo. Xa adubula ufakelo eni ngomlomo zomntu omnye ezahlukeneyo. Kuye luveze ukuba kukho abantu ingcinga zimpi. Bebizwa beyenza uyakhetha. Iindlela basuke kwezentlalo, ngoku ngokufutshane ukuthetha malunga neziphumo zayo.

Imiphumo okuqonda phakathi

Umphumo Iimbono nabanye usoloko kwakheka kwi kuyiyo.

Amaninzi imiphumela emithathu:

1. ukusebenza Halo. Elibonakaliswe xa umntu omnye engazibaxi izinto ukufana ukuba ungubani komnye, ukudlulisela kubonakale (elilungileyo okanye hayi) komnye kwakhe zonke ezinye iimpawu. Ngexesha lokusekwa umbono wokuqala, isiphumo halo kwenzeka xa umbono omhle indoda kukhokelela uvavanyo ezintle iimpawu zayo zonke, kunye vice versa.
2. Isiphumo igunya. Ebonakalisa kuvavanyo wasemzini. indima Lokulinganisa kulo mzekelo idlala ulwazi okuye kwachazwa ekuqaleni.
3. Umphumo ezintsha. Le isiphumo basuke nabanye lisebenza kuvavanyo umntu amaziyo, xa ingcaciso yakutshanje ngayo iba yeyona ibalulekileyo.

Formation of izimvo malunga interlocutor usoloko iqala kunye novavanyo nendlela abayibona ngayo inkangeleko yakhe, imbonakalo yomzimba kunye nokuziphatha. Kwixesha elizayo, olu lwazi sisiseko umbono kunye nokuqonda yendoda. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi: iimpawu ngamnye lomntu, inqanaba yakhe zenkcubeko, amava alo asekuhlaleni, ozikhethayo kubuhle, njalo-njalo. Imbambano ebalulekileyo kwakhona iimpawu ubudala umntu ofumana.

Umzekelo, umntwana lowo sele uqalile nje ukuya abancinane, xa usebenza nabantu esekelwe kuluvo kubo, nto leyo idala unxibelelwano kunye nabazali. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela umntwana yaba neentlobano ngaphambili, ukuthi kuziveza nochuku, ukungazithembi, ukuthobela, ukuthobela okanye elukhuni.

isiphelo

Ukushwankathela kungentla, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ezisebenza umbono nabanye ziindlela ukutolikwa kunye novavanyo lomntu omnye ngomnye. Ezona ziphambili zezi: ukuchonga, uvelwano, ukuzeyisa centeredness, umtsalane, reflection, nemvukelo, kunye nokunikela kobude. iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ngokweembono nomntu, bakholisa ukuba asebenze ngokubambisana, ukuncedisana omnye.