Indlela yokujonga umtshintshi

Kwihlabathi letheknoloji yanamhlanje ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabatshintshi. Ziza kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhompyutha, ziyafumaneka kwiifowuni kunye nama-radios, kwiikhomputha kunye neenqwelo. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho imfuneko yokujonga ukusebenza kwabo, kwaye kuyakunceda ukwazi ukujonga umtshintshi kunye nento efunekayo kule nto. Izinto ezichazwe kwinqaku libalasela lo mbandela.

Abaguquleli kunye neentlobo zabo

Le sixhobo ifowuni esetyenziswa kwizicwangciso zombane ukuze kukhuliswe umqondiso wokuqala. Yenziwe ngempahla yee-semiconductor. Kukho iindidi ezi-2 zabaguquleli: intsimi kunye ne-bipolar, ezilawulwa kungekhona ngombane, kodwa ngoku. Ukongezelela, banokuba namandla angaphantsi kwaye banamandla, amanqanaba aphantsi kwaye aphezulu. Bahluke ngobukhulu kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo xa bethetha abaguquleli, bathetha iinguqu zabo ze-bipolar, zenziwe kwi-germanium okanye i-silicon. I-bipolar bayabizwa ngokuba bayasebenza ngama-electrons (bathuthe iithwala) kunye nemingxuma. Enye yeemeko zomtshintshi, ophezu komda, ubizwa ngokuba yi-emitter, esinye sesinye isiseko, kunye nesinye, sisekupheleni-umqokeleli. Ngoko i-electrodes 3 yenza i-2 pn yokuhlangana: umqokeleli, ophakathi komqokeleli kunye nesiseko, kunye nomthumeli, ophakathi kwe-emitter kunye nesiseko. I-transistor inokuthi ibe "kwindawo" kwaye "ikhuphe", kwaye utshintsho phakathi kwabo lwenziwa ngophawu lombane.

Injongo ephambili yabatshintshini yilapho isizukulwana, ukukhulisa kunye nokuguqulwa kwamagunya okugesi. Kodwa, njengeyiphi na ifowuni yobugcisa, umtshintshi angakwazi ukusilela. Udinga ukwazi indlela yokuvavanya i-transistor ukuze isiphumo sithembeke. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-multimeters isetyenziswe.

Ukuhlola i-transistor ngumhloli

I-multimeter (umhloli ofanayo) iyisistim ekhethekileyo edibeneyo, esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kombane. Idibanisa imisebenzi emininzi: ubuncinane idibanisa i-ammeter, i-voltmeter, i-Ohmmeter. Kukho izixhobo ze-analog kunye nezixhobo zedijithali, ezikhanyayo, eziphathekayo kunye nezimileyo, ezidibanisa ezininzi izinto.

I-multimeter iyisistim esichazela indlela yokuvavanya i-transistor kwaye yenza ukuba ibonakale. Umhloli uvumela ukuba uqhube uvavanyo ngelixa ulinganisa ukumelana okuphantsi kwisiphaluka, ngelixa ukutywakala kuzwakala, kuvezwa okanye kukhanya.

Ngaphambi kokuqwalasela inkqubo, indlela yokuvavanya i-transistor kunye nomhloli, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ezi zixhobo zihlukaniswe zibe ziindidi ezi-2 ngokuhambelana neloluhlu lwamacandelo kunye nokuqhuba okuhlukeneyo. Ngoko kukho i-semiconductors ene-electronic conductivity (pnp), kunye ne-semiconductors ene-hole conductivity (p-).

Ukujonga ukunyanzelwa kokuqhubeka kwenguqulelo, qhagamshela "ukuthintela" kwe-multimeter kwisiseko, kwaye uqhagamshele "udibaniso" ngomnye ukuya kumthumeli kunye nomqokeleli. Xa ulinganisa ukuchasana okuchaseneyo, tshintsha indawo "yokunciphisa" kunye "nokudibanisa". Ukulinganisa ukungatshintshi kwenguqu ye-pnp, phinda amanyathelo afanayo, kuphela ngokutshintsha i-polarity ngaphambili. Ngethuba lokutshekisha kweenguqu ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya kumthumeli kunye nomqokeleli, kufuneka bafonele 1 ngendlela.

Ekubeni kunokwenzeka ukujonga umtshintshi nge-multimeter, kodwa oku akusiniki isiqinisekiso se-100% sokuncedisa kwesixhobo, ukuze kuthembeke ngakumbi kufuneka kuhlolwe kwimodi esebenzayo. Kule meko, isiphumo siya kuba sithembeke ngakumbi.

Nangona kunjalo: njani ukujonga umtshintshi kwaye uqiniseke ngeziphumo? I-device ye-bipolar, ukuze kube lula, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubaleke nganye yeenguqu zayo njengemifanekiso ye-diode, ngokuqala ukujonga ukunikezela kwabo. Kukho iinguqu ezinamandla eziquka i-diode eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kwi-diit phakathi kwe-emitter kunye nomqokeleli, kunye nomkhuseli wokukhusela phakathi kwesiseko kunye nommiselo. Kuyo nayiphina i-polarity ye-multimeter kweso sitshintshi kuya kubakho ukumelana nokusukela kumashumi amathathu ukuya kumahlanu ohms kwaye kuya kuzwakala ngathi i-diode phakathi kwe-emitter kunye nomqokeleli. Oku kubonisa ukunikezelwa kwe nxalenye.