India: ulwimi olusemthethweni. Hindi, IsiNgesi, Bengali kunye nezinye

India - ilizwe umdla kakhulu kwaye ekhethekileyo Ngokwemiqathango yesakhelo kunye nolawulo nemigaqo lwangaphakathi. uhlobo lwaso karhulumente - federal, kwakunye iyunithi yolawulo inkulu izenzo karhulumente eli lizwe. Kuzo zonke imo bathethe zabo wowe ngokusesikweni-siseko ulwimi kunye lwimi ezivela kulo. India, apho ulwimi olusemthethweni, ukongeza Hindi kunye IsiNgesi nangoku ulawula zonke 29 ithi (zamadoda ezisixhenxe Union Territories), kunye nemida phakathi kwabo kwimigaqo yesizwe kweelwimi kunye. Kulo mba, ziyashiyana kakhulu ngobukhulu, labantu nokuphila nemigangatho, izibonelelo ezikhoyo.

Ngokufaneleka kolu phando le umba wolwimi

Kweli phepha, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi imeko yeelwimi India, kuba ngoku kuba bangakhuseleki ngenxa yeenkqubo waphawula ukususa izinto zenkcubeko kunye neminye imiqobo, intsingiselo ukuya Westernization. Kulo mzekelo, le meko iya kuba nzima ukulondoloza ubuqu kunye ukuze baphuhle ngakumbi ngamnye ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwama mabini ngaphezulu kwe elinesihlanu lamakhulu iziyelelane, zipapashwe.

Kakade ke, phezu uninzi lwabo ayoneke ugrogriso lokutshabalala, njengoko India - lizwe yesibini kunezizwana, kunye naluphi na kwiilwimi ezisemthethweni, kukho inani izithethi zayo (ukususela 1.5 million ukuya ku 423 ezigidi - Hindi). Ingxaki iba ekulondolozeni ntumbuluko lolwimi (yokuphepha mboleko kunye simplifications) kwaye kufuneka sizisebenzise, kuba kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini namhlanje kuqala IsiNgesi, IsiSpanish njalo njalo. D. Bathi owned phantse isiqingatha ihlabathi.

Le ingcaciso yembali iimpawu lizwe

Enyanisweni, India iphuhlise ngokwembali kungekhona umbuso owodwa, ngenxa yesizathu esibalulekileyo. Ilizwe kuhlala kwizizwe ezininzi, baqhelisela unqulo lwabo yaye bobakhe kumaqela ezahlukeneyo iilwimi. Bonke aba bantu kwiinkulungwane ezahlukeneyo abaye bahlala phezu yamaNdiya. Phakathi kwabo luhlobo olwahlukileyo yentsebenziswano: omnye mini-ithi abamelwane steyitsi phantsi kwephiko layo, abanye baye bazama ukusasaza ukholo lwabo okanye ukwakha exchange kwezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye uhlanga - i "amaNdiya", okanye kwilizwe obomeleleyo ukuxhumeka ezinzile angaphakathi kunye ikhosi jikelele lezopolitiko ayisebenzi kuba ixesha elide.

Mhlawumbi emhlabeni ityala ukungaqondani nzulu kakhulu izimvo zabanye nokungathembani efanayo, kunye passivity Indians ukungafuni uphawu ukulwa ngokukuko ukuze nantoni na. Ngapha koko, okwangoku eNdiya iintshukumo obuzimele olomeleleyo zobuzwe. It ayiluthe gqiphu lizwe, mhlawumbi nje kuba amaBritane akwazi ikoloni nto ixesha elide ukugcina ulawulo lithi wakha kwi nomzantsi walo ngaphezulu okanye kakuhle ngaphantsi amaziko ulawulo, apho abasemagunyeni Indian ngoku.

iintsapho Language in India

Ilizwe ibalasele kuzo zonke ezine abhalwe ngokusesikweni iilwimi. Kubonakala ukuba:

1. Kwimimandla esemantla central alawulwa usapho Indo-Aryan.
2. South India - ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ ndiyakuthanda.
3. North-mpuma yindawo ukusasaza iilwimi Sino-Tibetan.
4. Ngaphandle Nkwali zinakho zikhawulezelwe iilwimi Australasia okanye avstraziyskoy iqela (izizwe Santals).

Iilwimi ezisemthethweni Indian ithi, inani abathwali

UMgaqo-siseko uthi iilwimi ezisemthethweni 22. Apha ngasezantsi luluhlu lweelwimi of India (in order random), apho States ukwenza unxibelelwano esisiseko. Amanani itsalwa ukususela ngobalo-2002.

• Hindi - 422 million.
• Urdu - 51, 6 million (qaphela, ulwimi karhulumente of Pakistan).
• Ulwimi Bengali okanye Bengali - 83,4 yezigidi.
• Tamil - 61.2 yezigidi.
• Telugu - 75 million.
• Marathi (ulwimi lithi ezininzi kuphuhliswa ngokoqoqosho - Maharashtra) - 81,3 yezigidi.
• Gujarati - 47 million.
• Kannada - 38.7 yezigidi.
• Punjabi - 30 million.
• Ukusebenza - 5.9 million.
• Xhosa Oriya - 34 million.
• Malayalam - 34, 1 Mill.
• Assamese - 13.9 yezigidi.
• Maithili - 13, 1 yezigidi.
• Santalsky - 7.2 million.
• Nepali - 2.9 million.
• Sindhi - 2.7 million.
• Dogra - 2.4 million.
• Manipuri - 1.5 million.
• Konkani - 2.5 million.
• Bodo - 1.4 million.
• Olwimi - ulwimi efile.

India: Ulwimi olusemthethweni - Hindi

Ukuba oluchanileyo kakhulu ukuqwalasela imeko yeelwimi, leyo India, ulwimi olusemthethweni yena yedwa - kukho ezimbini. Kodwa wabathetheli yokuqala nokubaluleke Hindi ulwimi apho, endleleni, uthi urhulumente. Yena ekhululekile kakhulu, yaye kunye Urdu, Bengali, isiPunjabi, njl, livela kulwimi yamandulo Indo-Aryan - .. laso. Lowo uthetha kubo abantu malunga 422-423 yezigidi, nto leyo Hindi ulwimi lwesibini ixhaphakileyo ehlabathini.

Iwonga kunye nendima IsiNgesi

Engathandi Umbuzo ngulo: kutheni e India ulwimi karhulumente - IsiNgesi, apho lwalamano? Ukuze uncedo ulwazi kwimbali yehlabathi. Kubonakala ukuba nkqu ngenkulungwane ye-17 eNgilani ngabantu esekwe kuyo East India Company kukhokelele kurhwebo yayo ithuba ne India. Ekubeni zoke imithombo angaphambili ukuzityebisa, amaBritane iminyaka emakhulu (ngonyaka ka-1850) ingxe- kwilizwe lonke, kwaye India waba thanga Great Britain. zasekwa khona umyalelo yakhe, abasemagunyeni, lodwa IsiNgesi kurhwebo, kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni eganiweyo kwimveliso, ubonelelo zempahla ekrwada kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto.

Ngeli ixesha elichithwa ngaphakathi kummandla yaseBritani, ngoxa ngowe-1947 zange wavakalisa ukuzimela kwayo, labemi-Indiya eziye zahlanganiswa neentlobano bongxowankulu, amaBritane wafunda imodeli yayo ulawulo kwaye zamkelwa ulwimi boyisa kunye neendlela abacinga ngayo. Ngoko ke, India, ulwimi olusemthethweni nalo Hindi, IsiNgesi abone ngokulinganayo yakhe ngokubaluleka.

Le yokugqibela iye isebenzise xa unxibelelana basemzini. Ngokomzekelo, wayekwenza inxaxheba entsimini ukhenketho, ngenxa yokuba kukho inani elikhulu labakhenkethi ngonyaka ngamnye ukuya eholideyini kwi-Indian Ocean. Ukongeza, i-IsiNgesi zonke iintlanganiso ushishino noosomashishini nabezopolitiko e India namahlakani kunye nabalingane ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Country emva kokuzimela geqe, ongazange alahlekelwe amaqhina Unxulumano ohlawulayo neBritani, ngaba ilungu amazwe British Commonwealth.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, e-Indiya uqala imeko olumnandi kunokuba nzima. Ngapha koko, xa ngamnye ithi kweli lizwe yenza unxibelelwano kakhulu ngolwimi esemthethweni, kunzima kakhulu ukuba siphuhlise ukwakha inkqubo yasekhaya eqhelekileyo sikarhulumente. Kusenokubakho ukungaqondani, iingxaki kunye nengxelo oluchanileyo ulwazi, ukuze azalwe ukungawathembi urhulumente ngamandla okanye iintshukumo yesizwe. Noko ke, kukho icala positive. Ubukho uluhlu omkhulu kangaka zeentetho India ibonelela ukuba ngamnye kubo edityaniswe kunye neempawu ezithile zenkcubeko, imilinganiselo yabantu ukuyisebenzisa. Ngoko ke, India namhlanje lilizwe kunye nelifa lenkcubeko osisityebi evus umdla uluntu ehlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, inkcubeko Indiya kuye fumene intlonipho kunye nokuqaphela wakhe, yaye ngenxa yoko ke usisiqinisekiso inkqubela kwixesha elizayo.