Imveliso amathuba Kumda: ingqiqo. Production amathuba ijika

Ezi zibonelelo zisetyenziswa ukuvelisa imveliso enye, ayikwazi ingasetyenziswa ngaxeshanye ukukhululwa komnye. Ngenxa yokuba kule eyimveliso nqaku ibandakanya imali ezinokusetyenziswa kulwenziwo kwemveliso Y, ukunyuka esongwayo ezinye iimpahla kunokubandakanya ukunciphisa inani kwabanye. Oku kubonisa izithintelo yezoqoqosho - umda amandla yemveliso ngokukodwa. Okulandelayo, cinga umda ngokweenkcukacha.

Overview

Ukuba umba impahla X iiyunithi kufuneka bashiye ukuveliswa umthamo othile kwemveliso Y, imibutho yabasebenzi iza kuqinisekisa iindleko zokuvelisa ezilahlekileyo yokuqala okanye iindleko ithuba iinketho. Kodwa nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho nje kuphela ethile iindidi kwempahla, kodwa nabanye abaninzi. Kule meko, ithuba Ixabiso enikwa yi ziiyunithi bebonke - mali.

Imveliso amathuba wezwe: ishedyuli

Ngaxa ngalinye lomgca AE ibonisa anokwenziwa njani izinto kakhulu X kunye Y esebenzisa imithombo emincinane ngokupheleleyo. Le line - imveliso amathuba igophe. Ukuba yonke mayibhekiswe kuveliswe imveliso yokuqala, ngoko ke iya kukhululwa E yunithi, kunye neeyunithi odiyo - yesibini. Ngaxa A, zonke izibonelelo ziya swi ekuvelisweni kwimveliso Y, kwaye X akadalwanga. Kuzo zonke ezinye izikhululo ukuba benze ukhetho. Kuyimfuneko ukuba kangakanani ukuvelisa imveliso X ngokususa ukuveliswa umthamo othile uY umgca indawo nganye AE imela zonke umba ratio kuvumelekile ngokusebenzisa zonke izibonelelo ezikhoyo ngokupheleleyo. Amanqaku, apho ibekwe ngaphakathi kuyo, zalatha ukusetyenziswa engaphelelanga imali ekhoyo. Yonke into eseza ngaphandle kwemida amandla yemveliso kuqoqosho ithathwa ukulwenza imali inikezwe kwezibonelelo.

Ukucaciswa kwamagama

Production amathuba curve ibonisa izibonelelo ezingundoqo 4. Yena salatha izibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo, imfuneko ukwenza ukhetho, ukufumaneka kweendleko amathuba elahlekileyo sandise kunye nokwanda umthamo yemveliso yorhwebo. Xa ihamba ecaleni komda kunye neempawu ukuhla, ukutshintsha ngaloo mveliso isakhiwo ubabalo ekwandiseni inani lweemveliso zolimo, kwandisa umthamo iimpahla Y, ukusuka apho ukwala. Isigqibo sokuba ukuvelisa njani, ubonelela impumelelo ngempumelelo yorhwebo okanye zeteknoloji - ukudala imveliso indlela ibiza kancinane. Ukuphunyezwa kwe ingxaki nkonzo - impendulo yombuzo othi, "lowo ukuvelisa 'yaye' ukuba awabe indlela iimveliso '- kufuna umlinganiselo ngokupheleleyo imbuyekezo kubulungisa kunye nokusasazwa. Le mali yamva ithathwa ukuba kuphunyezwa xa esebenzisa ngokutsha ubutyebi akunakwenzeka ukuphucula intlalo-ntle yomntu, ngaphandle kokunikezela umgangatho wobomi enye. Lo mgaqo ubizwa ngokuba ukusebenza Pareto. Isetyenziswa yi siseko ukusasazwa komvuzo inxaxheba kwinkqubo imveliso ixhomekeke:

• lokukhuthazwa asakhulayo;
• ubungakanani kunye nemveliso supply yabasebenzi.

Ingxaki ubulungisa

Oku kwenzeka kunye nomba ukusebenza allocative kwinkqubo yokusombulula ingxaki le nkonzo. Kukho izimvo ezimbini ngalo mba. Umbono wokuqala icebisa ukuba njengesiseko okusesikweni, ukuphakamisa ukulingana. Sithetha ngayo imeko apho zonke iingeniso kunye lonke umthamo iimveliso ababiwa ngayo eluntwini. Ngokutsho komnye uluvo, ukwabiwa nga njengokufanele xa zihlonelwe iimeko propati yabucala, kwaye akukho isini kunye nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Le meko igalelo ukuyilwa amathuba alinganayo, nto leyo ingeniso equity ebaluleke ngakumbi. Noko ke, kule meko ingeniso ephantsi musa isakhiwo kunye namalungu omeleleyo oluntu nazo kufuneka baqaphele i "fair".

Ingxaki yokunqongophala kwemali

Ngenxa ngasentla, kunokwenziwa isigqibo ukuba kungenzeka yemveliso kumda - ke umda apho kuba kuyimfuneko ukhetho. Le ngxaki, enyanisweni, imela ukhuphiswano phakathi ukusetyenziswa ezinye kwemithombo enqabileyo iinjongo. Ngokubanzi nemiqobo, ezoqoqosho - Kumda yemveliso ithuba, zoya - zezona ngxaki iphambili kwisigaba kwezoqoqosho. Ukuphumeza ukusebenza nokusetyenziswa asethi negalelo izigqibo malunga apho iimpahla neenkonzo, ukuba kangakanani kufuneka avelise ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mba, iinkalo ezimbini:

1. yanele Production, evumela ukuba ukujonga ukuvelisa indlela impahla.

2. Imveliso kwi ukwabiwa kwemisebenzi, ngokuba kubani kangakanani ukuvelisa.

Umthetho yokwanda kweendleko ithuba

He kubhekwa omnye kakhulu ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni inkqubo. Imveliso amathuba Kumda ibonisa ukuba kunikezelo imveliso nganye olongezelelweyo kukho isiqhelo sokuba yokwandisa iindleko thuba. Isiphumo yalo mthetho kungenxa nakwenzeka interchangeability ngokupheleleyo kwemali. Imveliso ithuba amanqaku kumda ukuba ukungafani ye-asethi. Ayizizo zonke izixhobo kunokuba lula ngokulinganayo ukuswitsha ukusuka ukukhululwa enye imveliso iimveliso komnye.

izixazululo

Izinto ezichazwe ngasentla, nto leyo ibonisa ayeya imveliso amathuba. Intsingiselo kwezoqoqosho lomsebenzi ukuzama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu kunye yenzuzo. Noko ke, kukho iimeko eguqukayo kwimarike, umbuzo othi: "Ngaba ukuhambisa Kumda yemveliso amathuba?" Yinto yokwenene. Imveliso amathuba Kumda linokuba ngaphezulu, ngaphandle kokuba:

1. Ukwandisa isixa-mali ezikhoyo kweli lizwe.

2. Ukufezeka yobuchwepheshe kwimveliso.

3. Ukuphucula ukuya entlanganweni uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

4. Abantu Ukuqesha nokwenza ukuba asebenze nzima.

Zonke ezi ndlela anamagama ezithile:

• indlela Olubanzi. Ubonelela nokwandiswa kwezibonelelo.
• indlela ngokunzulu. Ngaphakathi sikhokelo wayo ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule asethi yenziwe.
• iindlela Non-qoqosho. Oku kusekelwe ukuyilwa kweemeko zokusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo kuRebheka ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo iminqweno kunye nentando yabemi. Lendlela ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni epheleleyo asethi yabasebenzi ezifumaneka kuluntu. Oku, igalelo yokuba Kumda imveliso kungenzeka kwakhona ngezantsi.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo-asethi

Xa imo yezoqoqosho, wexesha elizeleyo zonke iindawo lwendibaniso yokuvelisa iimveliso ezimbini akhiwe kwi kumda amandla yemveliso. Ukuba lonke uluntu iya kuchitha phezu ekudalweni yempahla yabathengi, mhlawumbi ukufumana kubo ngokomthamo, xa engafuni ngokupheleleyo lokuzonwabisa. Esebenzisa esifanayo kunye nenkqubo onokufikelela japan esiphezulu umva. Kwimeko yokugqibela, uluntu luya kubakho kuphela kushishino lokuzonwabisa. Phakathi kwezi meko zahluke kangaka kukho inani elikhulu lwendibaniso kulwabiwo lwezibonelelo kwaye omnye, yaye kwicandelo yesibini. Kuyo nayiphi na indawo ukuvelisa imveliso ngaphezu kwesinye, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umthamo enye, akunakwenzeka. Inani nokuveliswa kwezinto lokuphola sphere nomthengi nje kuphela enye, kodwa asebenze interchangeable kusetyensiswa izixhobo ezinqabileyo.

isiphelo

Olilizwe into ngoku lo mda ubuninzi umthamo kwimveliso, ngenxa yokunqongophala asethi, akakwazi ngaxeshanye ukwandisa umthamo kweempahla kunye neenkonzo yabathengi shishino. Le into kwenziwa ngokwemiqathango zokukhula koqoqosho. Kwimeko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla buso okanye ngqesho kwi imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo abanokukhetha kuzo yokukhululwa iimpahla azibekwa kumgca yenguqu, yaye ngaphakathi kuyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwee-asethi ngokubambisana nga ukwandisa umthamo zemveliso kwiindawo ezimbini phantsi ingqalelo.

Ekuphetheni

Kwimeko yoqoqosho ezintsha neoclassical iindlela zophando yemveli neenkqubo zemveliso iye yaba engafanelekanga kuba ingqiqo yomsebenzi nekhefu abe lichaza kunokuba imfiliba. Kulo mba, njengoko inzululwazi kuqala kufuneka sikhonze ukuphuculwa ezikhoyo kunye nophuhliso iimodeli ezintsha kwimalike yabasebenzi ukuze kwakhiwe ingqiqo ngendlela eyondeleleneyo, nequka. Kufuneka ukubonisa iintsingiselo kuphuhliso loqoqosho ezintsha injani namhlanje. Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ithathele ingqalelo iinguqu ezithi zenzeke kule nkqubo iimfuno zoluntu. Kumalunga ekufezekiseni ngokwanelisa iimfuno eziphathekayo kwanokuqaqambisa iimfuno zentlalo, ukusukela self-Ukuqonda kunye self-nkulumo ngamnye. Ngenxa yezi rearrangements kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba bafumane iinkalo ezingezo-lawulo wemali ngolwalamano nakwiimalike zengqesho. Ezi ziquka wokuqala zonke iimeko kunye nesiqulatho msebenzi, amathuba okukhula lobungcali neyobuchule self-ekufezekisweni yabasebenzi inkqubo yokuvelisa. Konke oku kunefuthe ebalulekileyo umthamo imveliso, nesizathu sokuba ukuqhuba oosomashishini, ebanyanzela ukuba ukuphucula iinkqubo, ukuphumeza inkqubo ezintsha nophuhliso lwamashishini. Konke oku, yena, kunegalelo ukwandiswa amandla emveliso kunye nolawulo yenguqu iinkqubo ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha.