Iindidi zeelwimi kunye neentlobo zabo. Text njengecandelo olumnandi. iindidi kunye iingxaki sokuzahlula kweelwimi Ulwimi

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela le iindidi kweelwimi esisiseko, unike imizekelo. Uza kufunda ukuba Ezolimi wabalaselisa Unxulumano ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo zihlelwe omnye okanye kwelinye icandelo.

Yintoni na isigaba

Kwaloo Ingcamango "udidi" waphuhliswa kuqala Aristotle. Ngokukodwa, yena wakhetha iindidi-10. Nazi ke: uzabe, intshukumo, ubume, indawo, ixesha, indawo, isimo sengqondo, umgangatho, ubungakanani, indalo. Ngeendlela ezininzi, impembelelo yazo nokwabiwa-inventri okwalandela izivisa ezahlukeneyo, izivisa sesivakalisi izigaba zentetho.

isigaba komqondo

Phambi kokuba kucingwe iindidi zolwimi iingxaki ngokweendidi yeelwimi, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa le kota. Phantsi ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela uhlobo sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo lwamaxabiso yesiphene yesemantiki jikelele okanye ixabiso ethile yale lesiphumo enxulumene indlela yokuvakalisa ( "gca" okanye "ezifihliweyo") kunye nezinga grammaticalization ngolwimi elinikiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, singakwazi ukuthetha phambi ndidi ingqiqo zilandelayo :. Alienability / inalienability, umsebenzi / ukungasebenzi, ebangela, indawo, iinjongo, etc. Ezolimi, kukho iindidi zeelwimi lungelelanisa-esemantiki. Ngezantsi kubo kuthetha kwiiklasi ezifana amagama lizwe, imisebenzi, kunye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Ukuba ibinzana derivational esesikweni ifumana Sema categorical, iindidi zeelwimi zibizwa ngokuba ilizwi-ukubunjwa. Imizekelo iquka: amagama yezilwanyana (libiza-Chik, umsi-ok, indlu-IR), kukho amagama inkokeli (ukubaleka-un, i-WHO-Chik, bafundise-Tel).

udidi yeelwimi obanzi emxinwa

udidi Ulwimi - indibanisela ezinokuthi zibonwe njenge ibanzi kwaye ngendlela emxinwa. Kwimeko yokuqala naliphi iqela lweziqalelo ezo zabelwe esekelwe kwipropati eqhelekileyo. Ngengqiqo imxinwa iindidi zeelwimi i - athile iparameters (iimpawu), ulwahlulo zokuziswa leeyunithi yohlobo olunye iqela elithile leeklasi disjoint. amalungu azo luphawulwa ixabiso elithile uphawu. Imizekelo :. Category uhlobo, kunjalo, ziyaphila / engaphiliyo, voicelessness / ukhathazeke njl Noko ke, eli gama ibonisa elinye lamaxabiso kule parameter (phawu). Imizekelo: udidi inanimateness, uhlobo wenza voicelessness karhulumente wesenzo.

Iintlobo zizintlu ezilandelelanayo kwasetyenziswa iikhrayitheriya ezizintlobo ngeentlobo

Kuxhomekeke apho onesimilo umqondiso elingqinelanayo limi phezu kwaso kakhulu, ngokunjalo kubudlelwane ulwahlulo yeeklasi, ukuze sikwazi ukubona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiindidi. Cwangcisa nga wakhiwe phonemes, ezo iiyunithi eyohlobo olulodwa. Kulo mzekelo, bahlule iindidi ezahlukeneyo awareness kweelwimi. Oku, umzekelo, kokwahlulwa voicelessness / sonority. Omnye umzekelo - kohlobo oonobumba stop. Ngokwesiseko umahluko yokuhlela phonetic wenziwe kule meko.

Cwangcisa tivi ngokweendidi, oko wakhiwe umanyano abambiseneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi iingcebiso, amabinzana kunye namagama. Kulo mzekelo, ukwakheka ilizwi yabelwe, lungelelanisa-lwesemantiki, syntactic, lwegrama kunye nezinye iindidi. Ngokutsho iimpawu ezithile lwesemantiki okanye syntactic kuphunyezwa yokuhlela. Kunokuba abe syntactic efanelekileyo, lwesemantiki, kunye obschekategorialnym (eli gama ziqondwa njenge "wayebhekisela izigaba zentetho").

Zokuhlela kunye nokuguqula iimpawu

Yima kunye nezinye iimpawu. Malunga iiklasi zahlulwe izahlulelo hlula (uyakhetha, engundoqo) kunye uguqulo kancincane (flexion, kunye umehluko). Uphawu ngenxa into ethile WCED iyahlaziywa xa siyafana ukuba element ezinye iklasi ethile hlulo eyahlukileyo kulo kuphela ixabiso kwalo msebenzi. Le inkcaso ubizwa ngokuba ezifanayo. Ukuba oku akwenzeki wathi, kuba element ehambisana ngumqondiso hlula. Kulo meko, singathetha ngayo ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ngakumbi kwiiyunithi ngenxa yokutshintsha? Makhe ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Ngoko, xa izinto kwahluka enye kwenye kuphela imilinganiselo isimo nokuguqula. Ke ukuba zokuhlela, ixabiso layo oqhubekayo, zigxunyekwe yunithi.

Ukuguqula zokuhlela iindidi

Kwiimeko ezininzi, uninzi iziqalelo ze isilungisi uphawu. Ngoko ke isigaba xa iyonke nayo ngokuba isilungisi. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe pas (inflectional) didi. Ezi ziquka inani ukusweleka kunye sisibizo, kunjalo, inani, isiphawulo isini, utyekelo, ixesha, umntu, inani ozelwe isenzi. Ukuba kukho inani elaneleyo lweziqalelo ze lesiphumo categorical ke zokuhlela, ngoko kuya kuba udidi olufanayo luphela njalo. Umzekelo, oku ngumphakamo lungelelanisa-esemantiki. Imizekelo: iindawo uhlobo animateness zentetho kunye lesibizo transitivity / umenziwa, iiklasi isenzi ngegama, etc ...

"Imigaqo" yaye "ngaphandle"

Ngoko yintoni uhlobo kufuneka kwaziwe nokuba udidi, kuxhomekeke kudidi lwe kweeyunithi zeelwimi ekuqaleni, yaye yintoni na ke "umthetho" kwiklasi othile, yaye oko ngokuba "into." Umzekelo, oko kuthathwa ukuba ngolwimi Russian ukuba ezinye iindidi zezenzi udidi Uhlobo inflection (isilungisi), yaye ezinye iiklasi zakhe - derivational (ezithathwa). Okanye ungakwazi ukuthatha enye izigqibo ngokunxulumene lonke udidi zeziliphu ngomlomo. Qaphela ukuba bonke bephela thaca yolwimi Russian.

izigaba inikeza

Ukufunda lwesivakalisi ubudlelwane ekhoyo paradigmatic, abaphandi abaninzi sebenzisa ingqiqo ka "iindidi zonxibelelwano kunye lwegrama" okanye "iziphakamiso wophendlo". Ngezantsi kubo ithetha iimpawu yesemantiki eyahlukileyo izivakalisi ezithile (kutshintshwe lwesivakalisi, imvume / ukuphika, tseleustanovka iingxelo). Ngokuqhelekileyo kusenokuba amaxabiso ngamnye data iimpawu (umz, kuphika icandelo). A Inani labaphandi, ingakumbi, N. Y. Shvedova, inika ingqiqo eyahlukileyo. Bethetha iindidi frazoizmenitelnyh. Kukho ezinye izinto.

uhlobo lokubhala

iindidi zegrama kweelwimi kunye neendidi ziphakathi kakhulu zahlolwa ebaluleke kakhulu. uphawu iimpawu zabo - kancincane uhlobo osemqoka, kuthathwa njengesiseko, ukuze inxaxheba yalo syntax, ubukho ngendlela rhoqo apho lubonakaliswa, kwakunye 'ebotshiwe "ukukhetha (igama) Iifomu lilungu iseti kunikwa, omnye imilinganiselo yayo. iindidi zegrama ziinkqubo okuvala imilinganiselo, macala kuphela. Babuza isahlulelo kwiiklasi disjoint amaninzi nezakhiwo zawo. Umzekelo, ezifana intsingiselo yentetho njengoko ifom isinye okanye yesininzi ngokupheleleyo inombolo didi.

Ingcamango yombhalo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele udidi itekisi yeelwimi, ukuchaza ingcamango engundoqo. Text - raznoaspektnogo into yokufunda Ezolimi, kodwa uncwadi okwangoku ingqiqo kukuthi ngentetho evakalayo ngokwahlukileyo. Kwakhona akukho nkcazelo eyamkelekileyo. Ngoko ke, siye sihlolisise oko ezivame kakhulu.

Text jikelele kwachazwa ngokuthi imveliso yemisebenzi ethile yabantu (rechemyslitelnoj). Lo wokugqibela kwenzeka inkqubo yonxibelelwano ongangqalanga ngqo, kwaye inkqubo yolwazi lomntu leyinene.

Text njengecandelo olumnandi

Units ifomu kwanangamacandelo alo (components zezakhiwo) ukuba ayekusebenza kwisivakalisi okanye iqela elinye. Isiphakamiso (texteme, ibinzana, isivakalisi) yeyona nto iphambili kwisicatshulwa. It liqondwe kwaye waqonda njengoko ezinxulumene nayo nayiphi na enye sipho. Oko kukuthi, ukuba icandelo le inxalenye isicatshulwa yonke. Nikela - unit yayo asezantsi bakhe boqhagamshelwano.

SCC (SFU)

Le kwitekisi , kunye nezindululo maxa wambi idibene ibe ngamaqela, abaphandi ezahlukeneyo babe amagama ahlukeneyo. V. A. Buhbinder, umzekelo, ibhekisela ensembles zabo onxwe Isixando Isixando. yonke Complex syntactical (SCC) bakholelwa NS Pospelov wabo, A. P. Peshkovsky, S. G. Ilenko, L. M. Loseva. Microtext (SFU) kubabiza Xhosa Nikolaeva, O Moskalskaya, I. R. Galperin. Boznacheniya ukuba iqela izindululo ezinxulumene phakathi intsingiselo SFU zisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo kunye SCC. Oku ubunye entsonkothileyo kakhulu zesakhiwo, enamakhulu zezindululo ubuncinane ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezo kwimeko enentsingiselo intetho ingqibelelo lwesemantiki, kwakunye isenzo ibe yinxalenye yonxibelelwano ngokupheleleyo.

iziphakamiso Free uqine

Qaphela ukuba isakhiwo yesicatshulwa, hayi zonke izindululo zihlelwa kunye. Olwabiweyo kwaye simahla, ezingaqukwanga kuzo, kodwa semantically enxulumene omnye okanye elinye iqela. Iqulethe izimvo, umbhali umva. Ezi zindululo ke unxulumano phakathi yezoKhuseleko, ngaba indlela leyo eso mikrotema entsha.

Abanye abaphandi nabo baye bakwazi isicatshulwa eyomeleleyo isindululo. Bangakwazi kuqondwe ngaphandle kokwazi umxholo zabanye. Ezi zindululo kwi yezoKhuseleko azifakwanga.

iiyunithi zonxibelelwano kunye neeyunithi ezinkulu

Ziziphi ezinye iindidi zingahlukaniswa umbhalo ulwimi? iziphakamiso Group adityaniswa iibhloko ingxenye enkulu. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo okanye iziqwenga okanye izakhiwo Isimaphambili-isalamane. Elinye igama eliqhelekileyo - iibhloko zonxibelelwano.

Associations kukho omkhulu. Ethetha ziqwempu zeetekisi zilandelayo: intloko, inxalenye umhlathi, mhlathi.

Ngenxa yoko, iziphakamiso kunye namaqela abo - izinto zonxibelelwano eziphambili zetekisi. Bonke abanye lwenziwa njengoko umthetho, umsebenzi yokubhaliweyo-bokwakha. Zidla interphase zonxibelelwano. Sinikeza nkcazelo, yaye le ngcamango.

Iqhina interfacial

Iluphawu unxibelelwano phakathi SCC, iingcebiso, izahluko, imihlathi, kunye nezinye iinxalenye mbhalo, acwangcise ubunye zesakhiwo esemantiki. Kulo mzekelo, ulwalamano lwesemantiki phakathi izindululo ngamnye wasilungiselela lungelelanisa nelulwimi. Kudla a iilinki enxuseneyo okanye chain. Le yokugqibela ndaqonda ngokuphinda inxalenye yokugqibela kwisivakalisi ngendlela enye okanye enye, kuzo nokusetyenziswa elandelayo inxalenye yesakhiwo yayo. Iziphakamiso uxhulumaniso ukufana akazibandakanyi, kwaye kuthelekiswa. Kulo mzekelo, izakhiwo ezilala phezu okanye yokubeka ecaleni ivumela kuthelekiswa, kuxhomekeka kwisiqulatho zabo lungelelanisa.

Iindlela wokuphunyezwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokunxibelelana

Ngoncedo kwezibonelelo ulwimi kuphunyezwa ngalinye iintlobo zonxibelelwano. Umzekelo, ukuba ambaxa amasuntswana kusetyenziswa imibutho yombhalo, intetho igalelo kunye nabanye. Ngokuba ukuphunyezwa amakhonkco chain phakathi izindululo SSC zisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo, milembelele syntactic, intetho kunye nexabiso kunye temporal lwendawo, izimelabizo kunye nabanye. Ngokuphathelele uqhagamshelwano parallel, ukuphumeza olufanelekileyo okukhona xa kusakhiwa izivakalisi. Oku kuchazwe izenzi ukusetyenziswa ucwangciso eqhelekileyo ixesha, izinto anaphoric yomyalelo efanayo, njalo-njalo. D.

iindidi Linguistic creolized iitekisi

Bona luphawulwa iindidi ngokufanayo ekuthiwa-imibhalo yamandulo eyohlobo olulodwa ngomlomo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukucacisa imbono "creolization". Kuyinto indibanisela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo umqondiso oluxandileyo, yimeko elinoxanduva tekstuarnosti. amacandelo Visual yindlela apho creolization zezicatshulwa zomlomo. Baya kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo nentsingiselo yawo kuyo yonke imiba yobugcisa enxulumene kuyilo yesicatshulwa, nto leyo echaphazela intsingiselo yazo. Yima phakathi kwazo zezi zilandelayo: umbala ongasemva kunye nezicwangciso zomgca yesicatshulwa, ithetha iziphumlisi, upelo, ukubunjwa ilizwi, uyilo igrafikhi (kwi ikholam ngokohlobo mzobo), eziprintiweyo abalinganiswa angumqondiso (neeideogram, pictograms) kunye nabanye.

Okubhaliweyo ke ngoko isakhiwo esithile, apho amalungu kunye nezindululo eziliqela ezihambelanayo. iindidi zeelwimi kunye ubhalo - isihloko nto leyo ibonisa ixesha elide kakhulu. Siye sazama ukubalaselisa nto ibalulekileyo ukuba ufuna ukwazi yonke philologist.