Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Iimpawu lwemichiza alkynes. Isakhiwo, ukulungiselela, isicelo
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - na imichiza organic. Bonke bephela ezakhiwe imichiza ezifana ezifana carbon kunye hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - ukuba iikhompawundi imichiza, ziphantsi iqela hydrocarbon kulo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukhangela alkynes.
Yintoni na?
Ezi zinto zibizwa kwakhona hydrocarbon iasithilini. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi alkyne inika phambi xa molekyuli zabo yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon atom. Jikelele formula acetylenic hydrocarbon ezinjalo: C n H 2n-2. Esilula elula alkyne - ethini (iasithilini). It has apha ifomula kwemichiza - C 2 H 2. Kwakhona ibhekisa alkynes propyne le formula C 3 N 4. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba acetylenic hydrocarbon kungahlanganisa butyne (C-4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C-10 H 18), njalo njalo. d. Zonke iintlobo alkynes ukubonisa iimpawu ezifanayo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo of alkynes
Ubunjalo bomzimba hydrocarbon iasithilini ukukhumbuza alkenes.
Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, alkynes, molecule eziqulathe ukusuka athom carbon ezimbini ukuya kwezine, kufuneka urhulumente sukube lamntu. Ezo molekyuli yazo ezintlanu ukuya ku-16 athom carbon, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo bolwelo. Abo molekyuli apho 17 okanye ngaphezulu atom element lwekhemikhali, - eziqinileyo.
Alkynes ziyanyibilika uyipheke kwiqondo eliphezulu ngaphezu alkanes kunye alkenes.
Ukunyibilika emanzini mncinci, kodwa ngaphezulu kancinane kunalowo of alkenes kunye alkanes.
Ukunyibilika organic izinyibilikisi liphezulu.
Le alkyne lusetyenziswa kakhulu - iasithilini - uye iimpawu zomzimba ezifana:
- It has akukho umbala;
- esha;
- phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, oko sikwimo sukube of ukulinganiswa;
- Kuye ezixineneyo nganeno umoya;
- ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala - Degrees 83,6 Celsius;
Iimpawu lwemichiza alkynes
Kwezi izinto, le athom ezo semali bond kathathu, nto leyo echaza iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko. Alkynes asabela ngale hlobo:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- ukuxovwa;
- ovuthayo.
Masithathe ngolungelelwano.
hydrogenation
Iimpawu lwemichiza alkynes ukuvumela ukuba nenxaxheba kolu hlobo yokusabela. Olu hlobo leendibano lwekhemikhali, apho kwemolekyuli kweziyobisi anamathela ukuba athom hydrogen olongezelelweyo. Nanku umzekelo sokungamelani kwemichiza enjalo kwimeko propyne:
2H 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
Le yokusabela kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. In kwemolekyuli propyne lokuqala uyanamathela athom ezimbini hydrogen, kwaye eyesibini - inani elifanayo.
halogenation
Le yenye indlela, eyinxenye ye iimpawu eekhemikhali alkynes. kwayo acetylenic ezizizembiwa molecule uyanamathela atom halogen. Le yokugqibela kuquka izinto ezifana chloro, bromo, iodo, njl
Nanku umzekelo sokungamelani enjalo kwimeko ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4
Le nkqubo inye kwakhona kunokwenzeka kunye nezinye hydrocarbon acetylenic.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Kwakhona enye reactions eziphambili, eyinxenye ye iimpawu eekhemikhali alkynes. Ihlala yokuba le nto leyo awasabela ngayo kunye iikhompawundi ezifana NSІ, ni, HBr, kunye nabanye. Le yokusabela wemichiza kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. Makhe sijonge indlela olu hlobo kulo mzekelo ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
kunxano
Lo ngumbala yemichiza leyo qha ngamanzi. Kwakhona Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezibini. Makhe sijonge kuyo kulo mzekelo ethinyl:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH
A into leyo luqokelelane emva indlela kwinqanaba lokuqala ekuthiwa IVinyl utywala.
Ngenxa yokuba ngokommiselo Eltekova OH iqela ezisebenzayo lingabi kufutshane iqhina kabini, ngokutsha athom, ngenxa apho utywala IVinyl usenziwa acetaldehyde.
Inkqubo ukuxovwa reaction obizwa alkyne Kucherova.
elivuthayo
Le nkqubo impefumlelwano alkynes mpilo kwi lobushushu eliphezulu. Cinga avuthayo izinto zeli qela nge iasithilini umzekelo:
2C 2 H 2 + 2Thixo 2 = 2H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Xa agqithisile ioksijini, iasithilini, kunye nezinye alkynes aqhumisele ngaphandle ekumisweni carbon. Ngaloo zabelwe kuphela carbon monoxide kunye namanzi. Nantsi i equation yale yokusabela nge umzekelo propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2H 2 O + 3Ngoko 2
Ukutshisa ezinye hydrocarbon acetylenic kwakhona kwenzeka ngokufanayo. Ngenxa yoko, amanzi iyekelela kunye carbon dioxide.
nezinye ukusabela
Kwakhona acetylenes ayakwazi zakudibana kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi ezifana zesilivere, nobhedu kunye calcium. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukufaka athom Iperoksayidi metal. Qwalasela lo mzekelo ngenxa indlela ne nitrate iasithilini nesilivere:
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O
Enye inkqubo umdla ebandakanya alkynes - basabela Zelinsky. Le ekumisweni benzene ukusuka iethim xa itshiswa ukuya 600 degrees Celsius phambi carbon yasebenza. Inxaki yale yokusabela iyakubonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
polymerization of alkynes kangangoko kunokwenzeka - inkqubo yokunxulumana iimolekyuli eliqela iyeza a Polymer.
indawo yolwamkelo
indlela Alkyne ukuba kukhe kwatshiwo ngentla apha, zilungiselelwa elabhoratri ngeendlela ezininzi.
Lokuqala - i dehydrohalogenation. Likhangeleka ukusabela equation ndlela:
C 2 H 4 Br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2H 2 O + 2KBr
Ngenxa ukwenza le nkqubo kukuba libe shushu reactants, aze ongeze ethanol njengomkhawulezisi.
Kwakhona kukho ithuba alkynes ezivela iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo. Nanku umzekelo:
CaC 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2
Indlela elandelayo ukuvelisa alkyne - dehydrogenation. Nanku umzekelo ukusabela onjalo:
= 3h 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
Ngale ndlela yokusabela zingafumaneka ethini kuphela, kodwa ezinye hydrocarbon acetylenic.
Ukusetyenziswa alkyne
I lisetyenziswe kakhulu kwishishini yaba elula alkyne - ethini. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini kwemichiza le.
- Kufuneka iasithilini okanye ezinye alkynes ku tswala kwenye oganikhi khompawundi ezifana ketones, aldehydes, kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi.
- Kwakhona evela alkynes zingafumaneka izinto ezithi zisetyenziswe ekwenziweni rubbers, Polyvinyl chloride kunye nabanye.
- Ukusuka propyne zingafumaneka njenge acetone ngenxa RAKTs Kucherova.
- Ngaphezu koko, iasithilini isetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni kweekhemikhali ezifana acetic acid, hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, ethyl utywala.
- iasithilini Okuninzi esetyenziswa amafutha kunye nolophu eliphezulu kakhulu amandla omlilo.
- Kwakhona ethynyl omlilo reaction sisetyenziselwa ukuwelda iintsimbi.
- Ngaphezu koko, usebenzisa i iasithilini kunokuqulunqwa carbon Technical.
- Kwakhona, le nto isetyenziswa stand-alone zalapho.
- Iasithilini kunye nezinye hydrocarbon inani eli qela asetyenziswa njengeziqhubeli ngenxa ubushushu yalo phezulu omlilo.
Kule alkynes isicelo iphela.
isiphelo
Njengoko inxalenye yokugqibela etafileni sisishwankathelo iimpawu hydrocarbon iasithilini namalungiselelo abo.
| igama ukusabela | ichazwe | Umzekelo equation |
| halogenation | Ukudibanisa indlela molecule ezi athom ezizizembiwa halogen acetylenic (bromine, ayodini, chlorine, njalo njalo). | C 4 H 6 + 2Mna 2 = C 4 H 6 of I 2 |
| hydrogenation | Ukudibanisa indlela ye atom alkyne hydrogen mpilo. Oku kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. | C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | Ukudibanisa abasabela ngayo iasithilini yomoya ezizizembiwa gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Oku kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. | C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 I C 2 H 3 + ni ka I = C 2 H 4 2 |
| kunxano | Ukusabela, olusekelwe nobudlelwane ngamanzi. Oku kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO |
| Igcwala epheleleyo (omlilo) | Atsetilenovgo sokuthatha hydrocarbon mpilo kwi lobushushu ephakamileyo. Oku kuvelisa carbon monoxide kunye namanzi. | 2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2Thixo 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C |
| Ukusabela idibene neetyuwa metal | It sikuko yokuba ezi athom etyhidiweyo endaweni kunye atom kwi molecule Iperoksayidi hydrocarbon acetylenic. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O |
Fumana alkynes angaba elabhoratri usebenzisa iindlela ezintathu:
- iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo;
- yi dehydrogenation ye-oganikhi khompawundi;
- dehydrohalogenation indlela kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngoko wajonga zonke iimpawu zomzimba kunye eekhemikhali alkyne, iindlela zabo yokuxhoba, izicelo kolu shishino.
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