Ifomula eziphilayo noshowo phenol

Phenols - igama eliqhelekileyo le-alkoholi enuka kamnandi. Ngomhla iimpawu mba ezi asidi buthathaka. Ebalulekileyo practical ezibalulekileyo homologues ezininzi C hydroxybenzene ₆ H ₅ 0y (ifomula Phenol) - ummeli elula eklasini. Makhe sihlolisise le zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Phenols. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele kunye nokuhlelwa

Le ndlela yokubala jikelele organic izinto ze-alkoholi enuka kamnandi - R-OH. Molecule ngokwalo phenols kunye cresols kwakhiwa olukhulu - C6H5 phenyl, oludityaniswe ngqo omnye okanye ngaphezulu amaqela hydroxyl KOWU (amaqela hydroxyl). Xa inani labo nganye phenols molecule zahlulwa zibe mono-, khe kunye polyhydric. iikhompawundi Monohydric elolu hlobo phenol kunye cresol. Avamise kakhulu phakathi hydroxybenzenes polyhydric - naphthols eziqulathe kumafa 2 nucleus yayo ezinyibilikiswe.

Phenol - ummeli we-alkoholi elimnandi

phenol abasebenzi textile wayesaziwa sele kwinkulungwane XVIII: nabaluki kusetyenziswa njengendawo yidayi. Xa ulwelo kwamalahle tar ngo-1834 eJamani, lo yemichiza F. कार्ड ikhadi wabalaselisa ziikristale ukwimo kunye livumba kuphawu elimnandi. I-Latin Igama amalahle - carbo, benjenjalo ukumemeza compound carbolic acid (carbolic acid). Abaphandi German baye basilela ukuchonga kweziyobisi. Phenol Ezinto ifomula yasekwa ngo-1842 O. Laurent, abo bakholwayo livela carbolic of benzene. Kuba entsha acid wasebenzisa igama elithi "phenyl". Sharl Zherar wayezimisele ukuba ubuncwane na utywala, waza wayibiza ngokuba phenol. izicelo zokuqala ezimbaxa - amayeza, isikhumba, ukuveliswa needayi. Iimpawu osisiqu ethathelwa ingqalelo:

• Kwande chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₅ WO.
• Ubunzima molekyuli ye umchiza - kunye 94,11. e. m.
• Le ndlela yokubala kakhulu aggregate, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

isakhiwo molecule phenol Electronic and spatial

Isakhiwo Zijika ubisi benzene ezinikezelwa yi German organic usomichiza F. Kekule ngo-1865, yaye ngaphambi nje kokuba - I. Loschmidt. Izazinzulu zinemoletyhule lomba ephilayo ngohlobo of a namacala rhoqo nge alternating iibhondi abangatshatanga kunye kabini. Ngokutsho concepts mihla, ngekhonkco enuka - uhlobo olulodwa yesakhiwo setyhula, ebizwa ngokuba "umxokelelwane conjugated".

Ezintandathu atom carbon ukuvavanya inkqubo sp ² -hybridization electron orbitals. Akazibandakanyi ukuyilwa C-C imixokelelwane zamafu p-electron zilala phezu ngasentla kwaye ngaphantsi moya ongundoqo molecule. Kukho ezimbini ilifu electron eziqhelekileyo esigquma yonke le ringi. Phenol ifomula noshowo engafani, banikwe indlela Ngokwembali nenkcazelo isakhiwo benzene. Ukuze abethelele umlinganiswa hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo enuka kamnandi, ngokuqhelekileyo ingqalelo ezintathu imixokelelwane ezintandathu kabini apho ezinye ezilula ezintathu.

Nokwehlukana ngenxa kwiqela oxy

In elula ezizizembiwa enuka - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - electron Ifu macala. phenol ifomula yohlukile elinye iqela hydroxy. Ubukho hydroxyl waphula isimetri ukuba kubonakaliswe iimpawu kweziyobisi. Ubudlelwane phakathi oksijini hydrogen kwiqela hydroxy - covalent polar. Ukuyekwa pair eziqhelekileyo electron kwi-atom oxygen kukhokelela ngentlawulo phezu kwaso ezimbi (anga). Hydrogen ulahlekelwa elektroni kwaye unenxaxheba intlawulo buso "+". Ukongeza, i-oksijini kwiqela O-H na umnini ngambini ezimbini electron unshared. Omnye wabo ezitsalwa electron ilifu ring enuka kamnandi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, lonxibelelwano, ngamaza ngakumbi iperoksayidi ngokulula indawo iintsimbi. Le modeli ukunika ingcinga yohlobo azilingani kwemolekyuli phenol.

Amanqaku atom kuphazamisa phenol

Enye electron ilifu eziba enuka kwi phenol molecule idityaniswe iqela hydroxyl. Oku kwenzeka phenomenon, igama conjugation, apho kukho ioksijini atom isibini yabo electron ababetsaleleke amaqela hydroxy lenkqubo ring benzene. Ukunciphisa intlawulo ezimbi mababuyekezwe nokwehlukana enkulu ngenxa kwiqela O-H.

I ring ibhedolaki kwakhona kuyahlukahlukana inkqubo lonikezelo ngekhompyutha. Oku kuncitshiswa le carbon ukuba ubotshiwe mpilo, kwaye uyandiswa kwindawo ekufutshane kuyo atom kwi kwizikhundla ortho (2 no-6). Ukuqhathwa ukwenyuka simahla kubo "-". Eminye "shift mninzi - nentshukumo yayo ukusuka atom kule meta-kwizikhundla (3 no-5) ukuya kwekhabhoni para-isikhundla (4). phenol Ifomula ukufunda for lula kunye nokuhlangana mutual ngokuqhelekileyo iquka iinombolo atom ye ring benzene.

Iipropati chemical Inkcaza phenol ngokusekelwe kulwakhiwo elektroniki

Ukuthatha conjugation le ring ibhedolaki hydroxyl kuchaphazela iimpawu zombini amasuntswana kunye nazo zonke izinto. Ngokomzekelo, omnye electron ezixineneyo kwi-atom kwi ortho kunye nezikhundla para (2, 4, 6) lenza C-H omanyanisayo umjikelo phenol enuka kamnandi izidubuli ngakumbi. Ukuncipha isigxina esibi athom kwekhabhoni meta kwizikhundla (3 no-5). Attack kwamasuntswana electrophilic kwi ekudibaneni kwemichiza obala carbon kwi ortho kunye nezikhundla para. Le bromination abasabela utshintsho benzene kwenzeka phantsi zokufudumeza eyomeleleyo phambi kuvala. monogalogenoproizvodnoe kwakhiwa - bromobenzene. Formula phenol ivumela into azithethelele bromine kakhulu kweso ngaphandle ngokushushubeza lo mxube.

ring ibhedolaki kuchaphazela iqela hydroxy uqhagamshelo wokwephuka, ukwandisa oko. Hydrogen uba dyondzisaka, xa kuthelekiswa alkoholi kwizinyibilikisi. Phenol idityaniswe alkalis, ukwakha ityuwa - phenates. Ethanol modem ngealkali, hayi kanye mandithi, iimveliso basabela - ethanolates - ukubola. In chemical amagama phenols - asidi enamandla ngaphezu alkoholi.

Abameli eklasini alkoholi elimnandi

Ezinto homolog ifomula phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. iziyobisi kwizinto zendalo ekrwada zisoloko ikhapha phenol, kananjalo iimpawu kubola. Ezinye homologues of phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Ukusetyenziswa ifomula Ezinto - C ₁₀ H ₇ WO. Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni iidayi, amayeza, iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Used in chemistry eziphilayo zokwenziwa, kunye namayeza.
• Vanillin ngaphandle olukhulu izakhi iqulethe iqela kaEtere kunye nentsalela aldehyde. compound Ezinto ifomula - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin ngokubanzi isetyenziswa flavoring ngumntu.

Formula reagent ukuze silubone phenols

ukuzimisela lomgangatho phenol enokwenziwa usebenzisa bromine. Ngenxa endaweni indlela a kwenze tribromophenol emhlophe. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) elinombala ngombala oluhlaza phambi onyibilikisiweyo chloride ferric. Ngenxa reagent efanayo ngayo phenol kunye triphenol yakheke ukuba umbala Violet. asabela esemgangathweni ukuze resorcinol - imbonakalo ozuba umbala omnyama phambi chloride ferric. Ngokuthe ngcembe, umbala yesisombululo siba mnyama. Ifomula le reagent, ethi isetyenziswe ukuqaphela phenol ethile kunye homologs yayo, - FeCl ₃ (chloride ferric (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - zonke phenols. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele kweziyobisi ukufumanisa ubulungu ezi zihlanganisi ukuya kuthotho enuka kamnandi. Zonke organic equlathe xa phenyl ifomula lwabo olukhulu C ₆ H _5, awanyakazela ngayo amaqela hydroxy zinxulumana ngqo ukubonisa iimpawu ezizodwa. Bahlukile utywala abaveza uhlobo asidi. Ethelekiswa zizinto homologous series benzene, phenols - imichiza umchiza ngakumbi.