I-Isotopes iindidi ezahlukileyo zezinto zeekhemikhali ekubunjweni kwenucleus

Imemori yoluntu yakhiwe ngokudibanisa nokuxhamla. Ngako oko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sihlaziyeke ukunyaniseka, sisasaze izinto zayo ngeeseli kwaye sifumane inkqubo. Ngaphandle koko, imemori enqabe ukuthobela, nokuqiqa-ukuhlalutya. Akunangqiqweni kwimbali yechemistry efana nokuphumelela okubalulekileyo kukudalwa kwetafile zexesha-ukulandelelana, inkqubo kunye nelo logic. Impembelelo yale ntengiso yayininzi kangangokuthi yaphefumlela abaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, uLyubishchev, umongameli wexesha laseRussia, uvelise inkqubo yakhe ukwenzela ukudala i-table of contents yezinto eziphilayo. Le njongo ayizange ifumaneke, kodwa iqobo ngokwayo ibonisa ukubaluleka kwengqiqo yokuqonda kwabantu. Kodwa inyaniso icebile kunezicwangciso ezintle. Ngokomzekelo, kwitheyibhile ephambili ye-chemistry, ezinye izinto ziphule umyalelo wobunzima. Kutheni? Ungaphendula igama elinye - "isotopes". Leli gama lithetha ngokuthe ngqo "ukuhlala kwindawo enye".

Abaninzi basebenza, musa ukukhumbula konke

Itafile zeMendeleyev siqhamo somsebenzi onzima woososayensi abaninzi, kwaye kungekhona kuphela umdali wayo. Wadala ngokukhawuleza umgaqo ngokwawo waza wafumanisa iipatheni ezisisiseko. Kodwa isibalo sobunzima, osibona phantsi kwelungu ngalinye-isityalo somsebenzi wezityalo ezininzi, kwaye ngaphezu koko, akuchanekanga. Oku kungaba njani? Mhlawumbi uke waphawula ukuba inombolo ye-athomu iyinombolo epheleleyo. Kodwa ubunzima bunqabileyo kunye nenani elikhulu leendawo zokugqibela. Kutheni? Kwaye i-isotop efanayo ibeka ityala. Oku kuchazwe ngokucacileyo. Ukuba ukhangelela iinombolo ze "nitrojeni", uza kubona isibalo se-atomic mass at 14,0067. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba "ubamba" i-atrojeni ye-nitrogen yamahhala, inokulinganisa iunithi ze-athomu ezili-10 kunye ne-25. Bahlukile. Yaye yintoni umehluko? Ubunzima be-isotope buqulethe ubuninzi beeponononi kunye nobukhulu beetyutron. Ubuninzi beeponononi luxabisa rhoqo, lenza ukuba into ibe yinto (nitrogen-nitrojeni). Kodwa nge-neutron, i-athomu ingaba zizityebi kwaye zihluphekile. Ngokomzekelo nge nitrojeni, abanokuba ne-18, kunye nezicathulo ezintathu kuphela. Isotopes ziintlobo zee-athomu zezinto ngokuxhomekeke kwinani leetyutron kwi-nucleus. I-nitrogen ine-isotop 16. Ezinye ezinye izakhi zininzi.

Kwaye kufuneka ntoni isayensi?

Ukuba ungezinzulu, unokwenza njani? Ubungayibhala njani ubunzima betafile kwiibalo? Kwakuyiyo, inokwenzeka, ukuthatha i-arithmetic ithetha. Kodwa iisotop ezininzi zizinto ezinokungaqiniseki, ezinye zazo zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngako oko, bekungekho mpazamo yokwenza izibalo kunye nokuqhelaniswa neenkcukacha ezichanekileyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zenza ngokungafaniyo - zibala ubuninzi be-atomic yento ngokumalunga nobuninzi bendalo okanye enye i-isotope. Ngenxa yoko, unokwenzeka ukuba, ngokufuna uphando, unokufumana i-isotope ye-unit units ezili-14, kakhulu kakhulu. Inucleus ye-isotope efunyenwe ngethuba kuya kubakho iiponon 7 kunye ne-7 neutron.

Izizathu zokungacaciswanga

Kutheni i- atomic mass isingqinisisi kakuhle? Kungenxa yokuba isiphetho malunga nalo senziwe ngokubangela - ukusuka ngasese ukuya kubanzi. Asazi ukubunjwa ngokusemthethweni komhlaba ngaphantsi kwe-crust, asizange sihlolisise i-geologically kwanomhlaba wonke woMhlaba. Ngoko ke inani le-atomic mass is a probabilistic. Kusekelwe kolwazi abantu abanalo namhlanje. Kutheni le nto iyanelisa abanosayensi? Kungenxa yokuba ukuchaneka okukhulu kunyanzelekile kuphela kwi -physics ye- molecular, ukuze kubalwe ubuninzi beemali, impazamo inganakwa. Kodwa ukuphulwa komyalelo wolu bunzima bhengezwa yinto yokuba iimpahla zeekhemikhali zenani elibalulekileyo leenqununu ezihlawulwayo - iiponononi. Kwaye lihamba nenani leeponononi ukuba izicwangciso zihlelwe ngokulandelelana.